Probabilistic modeling of the water availability in a large surface reservoir in the Netherlands

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruud Hurkmans ◽  
Chris Geerse ◽  
Bastiaan Kuijper ◽  
Durk Klopstra ◽  
Bas de Jong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Reservoir ◽  
Open Water ◽  
High Water ◽  
Water Model ◽  
Water Evaporation ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Reservoir Water ◽  
Dry Spells

<p>During dry spells, a large part of the Netherlands depends on water from the IJssel lake, a large surface water reservoir. Water is extracted for a number of purposes, such as irrigation, water quality, shipping and drinking water. Besides local precipitation, the main source of water flowing into the lake is the river IJssel; a distributary of the Rhine. During periods of low discharge and low precipitation, water shortages may occur, as the recent summer of 2018 showed. ​We develop a probabilistic model to simulate water availability in the lake during dry spells. We derive marginal distributions of precipitation, open water evaporation, river discharge and water intake from the surrounding region, based on a 101-year simulation of the deterministic Dutch national water model. We assess the plausibility of the resulting extreme tail of the distributions by comparing them to values based on the ECWMF seasonal reforecasting archive, which, when all ensemble members, years and lead times are combined, contains over 4,000 years of data. All correlations between the four terms are modeled using a four-dimensional copula. The resulting distributions of water availability show aggregated water shortages up to extremely dry (return periods in excess of 10,000 years) conditions. Lake level dynamics are, during dry conditions, dominated by high water demand from the surrounding region (caused by lack of local precipitation) and low IJssel river discharges. A coincidence of these two terms causes the most extreme shortages. Because model is conceptually relatively simple, it is able to run a large number of realizations and is potentially highly suitable for, for example, assessment of measure effectiveness.</p><p> </p>

Observed evaporation dynamics from a large lowland reservoir during a hot summer

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Femke A. Jansen ◽  
Adriaan J. Teuling ◽  
Cor M.J. Jacobs ◽  
Pieter Hazenberg
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Water Evaporation ◽  
Turbulent Heat ◽  
Hydrological Models ◽  
Flux Dynamics ◽  
Driving Mechanisms ◽  
The Future ◽  
Lowland Reservoir

<p>In the past, most field studies on evaporation have focussed on land-atmosphere interactions, while the turbulent exchange above inland water surfaces have remained underexposed. However, due to the differences in characteristics of a land surface and a water body there are other driving mechanisms underlying the process of evaporation. This results in a difference in dynamics of surface evaporation between the land use types and consequently should lead to a different parameterization in hydrological models. Especially in a changing climate the importance of having an understanding of the driving mechanisms of open water evaporation (E­<sub>water</sub>) becomes more crucial to better predict to what extent the quantity and dynamics of E<sub>water</sub> could change in the future. This is essential to improve the parameterization of E<sub>water</sub> in operational hydrological models and therefore to optimize water management now and in the future. For this purpose, we set-up a long-term measurement campaign to measure E<sub>water</sub> and related meteorological variables over a large lowland reservoir in the Netherlands.</p><p>During the hot summer of 2019 two eddy-covariance systems were operational around lake IJsselmeer in the Netherlands. These high-temporal measurements are used to study the dynamics and to identify the forcing mechanisms of E<sub>water</sub>. We present the turbulent heat flux dynamics at several temporal scales over the summer season of 2019 and show how they are related to potential drivers and parameters. From this we develop a simple data based model for estimating hourly E<sub>water</sub> rates. Additionally, we compare E<sub>water</sub> resulting from the direct measurements to E<sub>water</sub> derived from commonly used evaporation models. Furthermore, we investigate and discuss the effect of including spatial variability on the total water loss of the IJsselmeer through E<sub>water</sub>. We achieve this by using the skin water temperature, which is considered an important predictor in the estimation of E<sub>water</sub>. Therefore, we use satellite products containing this information to extrapolate the in-situ observations towards spatially distributed rates of E<sub>water</sub>.</p>

Treadle pump: A low cost irrigation option for marginal farmers

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
ATIQUR RAHMAN ◽  
ASHUTOSH UPADHYAYA ◽  
BP BHATT
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
High Water ◽  
Water Saving ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Human Power ◽  
Dry Spells ◽  
Supplementary Irrigation ◽  
Land Holdings

The population of marginal farmers in India is bound to increase due to continued division of farm holdings. Characteristically, marginal farmers are having more family labours but the production and productivity of their land holdings is low. The foremost reason behind this is the erratic rainfall and lack of assure supplementary irrigation during long dry spells. This paper presents the scope and applicability of a diaphragm based treadle pump in Bihar where groundwater is abundant and available at shallow depths round the year. Therefore, this pump could be very useful for marginal farmers in improving production and productivity of their tiny piece of land, as it uses human power and can be operated by male and female of age group 32- 45 years and lifts water from a depth ranging from 0- 30 feet. The water saving technologies such as bucket kit drum kit etc. could be used with this pump to irrigate the crops with high water productivity.

scholarly journals Experimental Measurements of the Water Evaporation Rate of a Physical Model

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Róbert Turza ◽  
Belo B. Füri
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Evaporation Rate ◽  
High Water ◽  
Hvac Systems ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Water Evaporation ◽  
Specific Enthalpy ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Indoor Environments ◽  
Indoor Swimming Pool

Abstract As the number of indoor swimming pools and wellness centers are currently growing, it is necessary to concentrate on the parameters of indoor environments. These parameters are necessary for the design of the HVAC systems that operate these premises. In indoor swimming-pool facilities, the energy demand is large due to ventilation losses from exhaust air. Since water evaporates from a pool’s surface, exhaust air has a high water content and specific enthalpy. In this paper the results of the water evaporation rate measured from swimming pool surfaces at higher thermal water temperatures are described.

scholarly journals Airborne River-Ice Thickness Profiling with Helicopter-Borne UHF Short-Pulse Radar

1987 ◽  
Vol 33 (115) ◽  
pp. 330-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven A Arcone ◽  
Allan J Delaney
Keyword(s):  
Short Pulse ◽  
Hanging Wall ◽  
Open Water ◽  
High Water ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Ice Thickness ◽  
Frazil Ice ◽  
Pulse Radar ◽  
Detailed Surface ◽  
Ice Conditions

AbstractThe ice-thickness profiling performance of a helicopter-mounted short-pulse radar operating at approximate center frequencies of 600 and 900 MHz was assessed. The antenna packages were mounted 1.2 m off the skid of a small helicopter whose speed and altitude were varied from about 1.8 to 9 m/s and 3 to 12 m. Clutter from the helicopter offered minimal interference with the ice data. Data were acquired in Alaska over lakes (as a proving exercise) and two rivers, whose conditions varied from open water to over 1.5 m of solid ice with numerous frazil-ice formations. The most readily interpretable data were acquired when the ice or snow surface was smooth. Detailed surface investigations on the Tanana River revealed good correlations of echo delay with solid ice depth, but an insensitivity to frazil-ice depth due to its high water content. On the Yukon River, coinciding temporally coherent surface and bottom reflections were associated with solid ice and smooth surfaces. All cases of incoherent surface returns (scatter) occurred over ice rubble. Rough-surface scattering was always followed by the appearance of bottom scattering but, in many cases, including a hanging-wall formation of solid frazil ice, bottom scattering occurred beneath coherent, smooth-surface reflections. Areas of incoherent bottom scattering investigated by drilling revealed highly variable ice conditions, including frazil ice. The minimum ice thickness that could be resolved from the raw data was about 0.2 m with the 600 MHz antenna and less than 0.15 m with the 900 MHz antenna.

Comparison of Stopping Modes for Pod-Driven Ships by Simulation Based on Model Testing

2005 ◽  
Vol 219 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
M D Woodward ◽  
M Atlar ◽  
D Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Load Condition ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Water Model ◽  
Simulation Algorithm ◽  
Time Domain Simulation ◽  
Dynamic Effects ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
Fluid Damping

Conventionally, the stopping of a ship is achieved by direct reversal of propeller rotation. However, the introduction of azimuthing pods presents other options. The following study examines the various modes that may be employed to stop a pod-driven ship. A continuous function is derived describing the hydrodynamic forces on both the propeller and the pod body for any load condition and helm angle, including fluid damping and added mass effects. The proposed function is validated through comparison with comprehensive open water model tests. Next, a time domain simulation algorithm is proposed to examine the dynamic effects including the mass inertia on both the propeller shaft and slewing stock. Finally, a simulation study for the proposed stopping modes is performed using a known design as a case study. Results and discussion are presented.

scholarly journals Estimation of flooded area in the Bahr El-Jebel basin using remote sensing techniques

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 1851-1877 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. H. Shamseddin ◽  
T. Hata ◽  
A. Tada ◽  
M. A. Bashir ◽  
T. Tanakamaru
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Lake Victoria ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Unsupervised Classification ◽  
Water Balance Model ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Water Evaporation ◽  
Flooded Area ◽  
Remote Sensing Techniques

Abstract. In spite of the importance of Sudd (swamp) area estimation for any hydrological project in the southern Sudan, yet, no abroad agreement on its size, due to the inaccessibility and civil war. In this study, remote sensing techniques are used to estimate the Bahr El-Jebel flooded area. MODIS-Terra (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) level 1B satellite images are analyzed on basis of the unsupervised classification method. The annual mean of Bahr El-Jebel flooded area has been estimated at 20 400 km2, which is 96% of Sutcliffe and Park (1999) estimation on basis of water balance model prediction. And only, 53% of SEBAL (Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land) model estimation. The accuracy of the classification is 71%. The study also found the swelling and shrinkage pattern of Sudd area throughout the year is following the trends of Lake Victoria outflow patterns. The study has used two evaporation methods (open water evaporation and SEBAL model) to estimate the annual storage volume of Bahr El-Jebel River by using a water balance model. Also the storage changes due time is generated throughout the study years.

scholarly journals Regulation of Vegetation and Evapotranspiration by Water Level Fluctuation in Shallow Lakes

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 2651
Author(s):  
Qiang Liu ◽  
Liqiao Liang ◽  
Xiaomin Yuan ◽  
Sirui Yan ◽  
Miao Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Water Area ◽  
Water Level Fluctuation ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Water Level Fluctuations ◽  
Water Evaporation ◽  
Level Fluctuation ◽  
Open Water Area ◽  
Annual Scale

Water level fluctuations play a critical role in regulating vegetation distribution, composition, cover and richness, which ultimately affect evapotranspiration. In this study, we first explore water level fluctuations and associated impacts on vegetation, after which we assess evapotranspiration (ET) under different water levels. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was used to estimate the fractional vegetation cover (Fv), while topography- and vegetation-based surface-energy partitioning algorithms (TVET model) and potential evaporation (Ev) were used to calculate ET and water evaporation (Ep). Results show that: (1) water levels were dramatically affected by the combined effect of ecological water transfer and climate change and exhibited significant decreasing trends with a slope of −0.011 m a−2; and (2) as predicted, there was a correlation between water level fluctuation at an annual scale with Phragmites australis (P. australis) cover and open-water area. Water levels also had a controlling effect on Fv values, an increase in annual water levels first increasing and then decreasing Fv. However, a negative correlation was found between Fv values and water levels during initial plant growth stages. (iii) ET, which varied under different water levels at an annual scale, showed different partition into transpiration from P. australis and evaporation from open-water area and soil with alterations between vegetation and open water. All findings indicated that water level fluctuations controlled biological and ecological processes, and their structural and functional characteristics. This study consequently recommends that specifically-focused ecological water regulations (e.g., duration, timing, frequency) should be enacted to maintain the integrity of wetland ecosystems for wetland restoration.

scholarly journals Badanie stabilności barwnych znaczników fluorescencyjnych w silnie zasiarczonych wodach złożowych

Nafta-Gaz ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-91
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Wojtowicz ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Relative Standard Deviation ◽  
Rhodamine B ◽  
Water Reservoir ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Fluorescent Tracers ◽  
Reservoir Water ◽  
Relative Standard

The article presents the issues related to the determination of colored fluorescent tracers such as fluorescein, eosin yellowish, rhodamine B and uranine in reservoir waters by spectrophotometric method. For this purpose, the influence of the pH of the solution on the absorption spectra of the tested tracers was checked. Test results show that fluorescein, rhodamine B and uranine are sensitive to changes in the buffer pH, therefore it is advisable to use stable tracer solutions as well as to control and possibly correct pH in further tests. As part of the study, calibration curves of fluorescein, eosin yellowish, rhodamine B and uranine in distilled water, reservoir water A4 and highly sulfated reservoir waters A5 and A6 were plotted and the analytical methods were validated. Analytical validation included determination of linearity, standard deviation and relative standard deviation of the tested tracers solutions. High values of the regression parameters (0.9927–0.9998) of the analyzed tracers prove a good linear fit, while low values of standard deviation and relative standard deviation prove its repeatability and precision. Particular attention was paid to testing the stability of colored fluorescent tracers in highly sulfated reservoir waters. For this purpose, solutions of the tested tracers were prepared at concentrations of 10 mg/dm3 in distilled water, A4 reservoir water and highly sulfated A5 and A6 reservoir waters. Measurements of the tested tracers in the prepared solutions were performed every 2 days over the period of 1 month. The test results show that fluorescein, eosin yellowish, rhodamine B and uranine solutions are stable in the distilled water and A4 reservoir water, while they degrade in the A5 and A6 reservoir waters. Fluorescein and uranine turned out to be the most sensitive, as they degraded completely in the A6 reservoir water after 20 (fluorescein) and 22 (uranine) days. Yellowish eosin and rhodamine B turned out to be slightly more stable in highly sulfated reservoir waters, as they degraded completely in the A6 reservoir water after 24 days.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document