The airport-sCAle seveRe weather nowcastinG prOject (CARGO)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riccardo Biondi ◽  
Pierre-Yves Tournigand ◽  
Enrico Solazzo ◽  
Eugenio Realini ◽  
Corrado Cimarelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapour ◽  
Heavy Rain ◽  
Severe Weather ◽  
Time Range ◽  
Atmospheric Parameter ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Temporal Behaviour ◽  
Convective Systems ◽  
Integrated Water Vapour ◽  
Deep Convective Systems

<p>Monitoring and predicting extreme atmospheric events, such as deep convective systems, is very challenging especially when they develop locally in a short time range. Despite the great improvement in model parametrization and the use of satellite measurements, there are still <strong>l</strong>arge uncertainties on the knowledge of the dynamical processes of deep convective systems at local scale.</p><p>We use an innovative approach integrating a dense network of in situ measurements and satellite-based observations/products for the improvement of meteorological nowcasting at airport spatial scale focusing on the Malpensa airport (Italy). We add to the standard atmospheric parameters analysis, the information of integrated water vapour and lightning spatio-temporal behaviour (potential heavy rain precursors) during heavy rain phenomena detected by meteorological radars. The study is based on the anomaly of each atmospheric parameter during a convective event in comparison to its climatology in non-pre-convective environment, so that we are able to detect the variation with respect to the “standard” conditions. The ground based GNSS receivers (allowing the determination of the integrated water vapour trend before and during the storm), together with the lightning detectors, the weather stations (providing the trend of temperature, humidity and wind fields), the radiosondes and the GNSS radio occultations (allowing the estimation of vertical profiles of temperature, pressure and humidity) provide information on the pre-convective and non-pre-convective environment as a 3D picture of the atmospheric conditions.</p><p>The final goal is the test of a severe weather events nowcasting algorithm with high spatial resolution, and based on neural networks, for improving aviation safety. This is followed by the development of a user-friendly tailored final product, easily understandable by the Air Traffic Management stakeholder.</p><p>We have collected more than 600 cases suitable to develop the neural network algorithm. We show here the algorithm implementation and the meteorological characterization of deep convection usually developing on the Malpensa airport area.</p>

scholarly journals Quality assessment of integrated water vapour measurements at the St. Petersburg site, Russia: FTIR vs. MW and GPS techniques

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 4521-4536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yana A. Virolainen ◽  
Yury M. Timofeyev ◽  
Vladimir S. Kostsov ◽  
Dmitry V. Ionov ◽  
Vladislav V. Kalinnikov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Assessment ◽  
Water Vapour ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Microwave Radiometer ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Assessment Protocol ◽  
Clear Sky ◽  
Integrated Water Vapour ◽  
Sky Conditions

Abstract. The cross-comparison of different techniques for atmospheric integrated water vapour (IWV) measurements is the essential part of their quality assessment protocol. We inter-compare the synchronised data sets of IWV values measured by the Bruker 125 HR Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), RPG-HATPRO microwave radiometer (MW), and Novatel ProPak-V3 global navigation satellite system receiver (GPS) at the St. Petersburg site between August 2014 and October 2016. As the result of accurate spatial and temporal matching of different IWV measurements, all three techniques agree well with each other except for small IWV values. We show that GPS and MW data quality depends on the atmospheric conditions; in dry atmosphere (IWV smaller than 6 mm), these techniques are less reliable at the St. Petersburg site than the FTIR method. We evaluate the upper bound of statistical measurement errors for clear-sky conditions as 0.29 ± 0.02 mm (1.6 ± 0.3 %), 0.55 ± 0.02 mm (4.7 ± 0.4 %), and 0.76 ± 0.04 mm (6.3 ± 0.8 %) for FTIR, GPS, and MW methods, respectively. We propose the use of FTIR as a reference method under clear-sky conditions since it is reliable on all scales of IWV variability.

scholarly journals Quality assessment of integrated water vapour measurements at St. Petersburg site, Russia: FTIR vs. MW and GPS techniques

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yana A. Virolainen ◽  
Yury M. Timofeyev ◽  
Vladimir S. Kostsov ◽  
Dmitry V. Ionov ◽  
Vladislav V. Kalinnikov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Assessment ◽  
Water Vapour ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Microwave Radiometer ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Assessment Protocol ◽  
Integrated Water Vapour ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite

Abstract. The cross-comparison of different techniques for atmospheric integrated water vapour (IWV) measurements is the essential part of their quality assessment protocol. We inter-compare the synchronised data sets of IWV values measured by Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer Bruker 125 HR (FTIR), microwave radiometer RPG-HATPRO (MW) and global navigation satellite system receiver Novatel ProPak-V3 (GPS) at St. Petersburg site between August 2014 and October 2016. Generally, all three techniques agree well with each other and therefore are suitable for monitoring IWV values at St. Petersburg site. We show that GPS and MW data quality depends on the atmospheric conditions; in dry atmosphere (IWV smaller than 6 mm), these techniques are less reliable at St. Petersburg site than the FTIR method. We evaluate the upper bound of statistical measurement errors for clear-sky conditions as 0.33 ± 0.03 mm (2.0 ± 0.3 %), 0.54 ± 0.03 mm (4.5 ± 0.3 %), and 0.76 ± 0.04 mm (6.3 ± 0.7 %) for FTIR, GPS and MW methods, respectively. We conclude that accurate spatial and temporal matching of different IWV measurements is necessary for achieving the better agreement between various methods for IWV monitoring.

Performance Characteristics of Waterproof Breathable Fabrics

2000 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 306-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapour ◽  
Considerable Effect ◽  
Performance Characteristics ◽  
Atmospheric Parameter ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Vapour Permeability ◽  
Permeability Characteristics ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Relationship

The effect of atmospheric conditions on the water vapour permeability characteristics of waterproof breathable fabrics has been studied. Several types of waterproof breathable fabrics were tested for vapour permeability under a wide range of atmospheric temperatures and relative humidities. It was found that atmospheric conditions have a considerable effect on the vapour permeability characteristics and that there are differences in behaviour between the various types of fabric. The two main variables influencing vapour permeability are identified. Regression equations for the relationship between vapour permeability and the main atmospheric parameter are presented. Conclusions are drawn about the capabilities of the fabrics under conditions of use.

scholarly journals Comparison of Radar-Based Hail Detection Using Single- and Dual-Polarization

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Skripniková ◽  
Řezáčová
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Heavy Rain ◽  
Radar Data ◽  
Severe Weather ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Polarimetric Radar ◽  
Dual Polarization ◽  
Rain Events ◽  
Single Polarization ◽  
Strong Agreement

The comparative analysis of radar-based hail detection methods presented here, uses C-band polarimetric radar data from Czech territory for 5 stormy days in May and June 2016. The 27 hail events were selected from hail reports of the European Severe Weather Database (ESWD) along with 21 heavy rain events. The hail detection results compared in this study were obtained using a criterion, which is based on single-polarization radar data and a technique, which uses dual-polarization radar data. Both techniques successfully detected large hail events in a similar way and showed a strong agreement. The hail detection, as applied to heavy rain events, indicated a weak enhancement of the number of false detected hail pixels via the dual-polarization hydrometeor classification. We also examined the performance of hail size detection from radar data using both single- and dual-polarization methods. Both the methods recognized events with large hail but could not select the reported events with maximum hail size (diameter above 4 cm).

Monitoring of Integrated Water Vapour from ground-based GPS observations and their assimilation in a limited-area NWP model

2002 ◽  
Vol 27 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 341-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Tomassini ◽  
G. Gendt ◽  
G. Dick ◽  
M. Ramatschi ◽  
C. Schraff
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapour ◽  
Limited Area ◽  
Integrated Water Vapour ◽  
Nwp Model ◽  
Gps Observations

scholarly journals Life cycle of midlatitude deep convective systems in a Lagrangian framework

2012 ◽  
Vol 117 (D23) ◽  
pp. n/a-n/a ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhe Feng ◽  
Xiquan Dong ◽  
Baike Xi ◽  
Sally A. McFarlane ◽  
Aaron Kennedy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Convective Systems ◽  
Lagrangian Framework ◽  
Deep Convective Systems

Heavy rainfall in the northern coast of Ecuador in the aftermath of El Niño 2015/2016 and its predictability 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis E. Pineda ◽  
Juan Changoluisa ◽  
Ángel G. Muñoz
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Rainfall ◽  
Heavy Rain ◽  
Rainfall Anomaly ◽  
Precipitation Event ◽  
Lead Times ◽  
Northern Coast ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
The North ◽  
Ensemble Mean ◽  
Rainfall Anomalies

<p>In January 2016, a high precipitation event (HPE) affected the northern coast of Ecuador leading to devastating flooding in the Esmeraldas’ river basin. The HPE appeared in the aftermath of the 2015/2016 El Niño as an early onset of heavy rainfalls otherwise expected in the core rainy season (Mar-Apr). Using gauge data, satellite imagery and reanalysis we investigate the daily and ‘weather-within-climate’ characteristics of the HPE and its accompanying atmospheric conditions. The convective storms developed into a mesoscale convective complex (MCC) during nighttime on 24<sup>th</sup> January. The scale size of the heavy rainfall system was about 250 km with a lifecycle lasting 16 hours for the complete storm with 6 hours of convective showers contributing to the HPE. The genesis of the MCC was related to above-normal moisture and orographic lifting driving convective updrafts; the north-south mountain barrier acted as both a channel boosting upslope flow when it moves over hillslopes; and, as a heavy-rain divide for inner valleys. The above normal moisture conditions were favored by cross-time-scale interactions involving the very strong El Niño 2015/2016 event, an unusually persistent Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) in phases 3 and 6, remotely forced by tropical synoptic scale disturbances. In the dissipation stage, a moderate low-level easterly shear with wind velocity of about 10 m/s moved away the unstable air and the convective pattern disappear on the shore of the Esmeraldas basin.</p><p> </p><p>We use ECMWF re-forecast from the Sub-seasonal to Seasonal (S2S) prediction project dataset and satellite observations to investigate the predictability of the HPE. Weekly ensemble-mean rainfall anomaly forecasts computed from raw (uncorrected) S2S reforecast initialized on 31st Dec 2015, 7th, 14th and 21st Jan 2016 are used to assess the occurrence of rainfall anomalies over the region. The reforecast represents consistently, over all lead times, the spatial pattern of the HPE. Also, the ensemble-mean forecast shows positive rainfall anomalies at times scales of 1-3 weeks (0-21 days) at nearly all initialization dates and lead times, predicting this way successfully the timing and amplitude of the highest HPE leading the 25th January flood.</p>

scholarly journals Cause Analysis on Eastward Movement of Southwest China Vortex and Its Induced Heavy Rainfall in South China

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongren Chen ◽  
Yueqing Li ◽  
Tianliang Zhao
Keyword(s):  
South China ◽  
Heavy Rainfall ◽  
Southwest China ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Vertical Wind Shear ◽  
Heavy Rain ◽  
Convective Systems ◽  
Rainfall Occurrence ◽  
Positive Vorticity ◽  
Upper Level Jet

The movement of southwest China vortex (SWV) and its heavy rainfall process in South China had been investigated during June 11–14, 2008. The results show that under the steering of upper-level jet (ULJ) and mid-level westerly trough, SWV moved eastward from southern Sichuan Plateau, across eastern Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau to South China, forming an obvious heavy rain belt. SWV developed in the large storm-relative helicity (SRH) environment, as environmental wind field continuously transferred positive vorticity to it to support its development. The thermodynamic structures of distinctive warm (cold) advections in front (rear) of the SWV movement are also important factors for the SWV evolutions with a southwest low-level jet (LLJ) and vertical wind shear. SWV development was associated with the distributions of negative MPV1 (the barotropic item of moist potential vorticity) and positive MPV2 (the baroclinic item of it). The MPV1 and MPV2 played the dominant role in the formation and the evolution of SWV, respectively. The mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) frequently occurred and persisted in water vapor convergence areas causing the severe heavy rainfall. The areas of high moist helicity divergence and heavy rainfall are consistent, and the moist helicity divergence could be a good indicator for heavy rainfall occurrence.

The Bow and Arrow Mesoscale Convective Structure

2013 ◽  
Vol 141 (5) ◽  
pp. 1648-1672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly M. Keene ◽  
Russ S. Schumacher
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Rainfall ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Weather Prediction ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Severe Weather ◽  
Cold Pool ◽  
Horizontal Shear ◽  
Convective Systems ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Bow And Arrow

Abstract The accurate prediction of warm-season convective systems and the heavy rainfall and severe weather associated with them remains a challenge for numerical weather prediction models. This study looks at a circumstance in which quasi-stationary convection forms perpendicular to, and above the cold-pool behind strong bow echoes. The authors refer to this phenomenon as a “bow and arrow” because on radar imagery the two convective lines resemble an archer’s bow and arrow. The “arrow” can produce heavy rainfall and severe weather, extending over hundreds of kilometers. These events are challenging to forecast because they require an accurate forecast of earlier convection and the effects of that convection on the environment. In this study, basic characteristics of 14 events are documented, and observations of 4 events are presented to identify common environmental conditions prior to the development of the back-building convection. Simulations of three cases using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) are analyzed in an attempt to understand the mechanisms responsible for initiating and maintaining the convective line. In each case, strong southwesterly flow (inducing warm air advection and gradual isentropic lifting), in addition to directional and speed convergence into the convective arrow appear to contribute to initiation of convection. The linear orientation of the arrow may be associated with a combination of increased wind speeds and horizontal shear in the arrow region. When these ingredients are combined with thermodynamic instability, there appears to be a greater possibility of formation and maintenance of a convective arrow behind a bow echo.

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