The strong earthquake of 26 November 2019 (MW6.4) and its associate active tectonic of Durresi Region in Albania.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rrapo Ormeni ◽  
Ismail Hoxha ◽  
Petraq Naco ◽  
Dashi Gego
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Strong Earthquake ◽  
Main Shock ◽  
Adriatic Sea ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Seismogenic Zone ◽  
Reverse Fault ◽  
Epicentral Zone ◽  
River Bed

<p>On November 26, 2019, a strong earthquake (Mw6.4) occurred about 16 km, north of the Durresi city in the Adriatic Sea, and 35 km NW from the capital city of Tirana, in the western part of Albania. The main shock of November 26 at 15:20 (UTC) was followed by a great number of aftershocks.<br>The main event is not a shallow one, with the hypocentral depth at 39 km. This fact explains the localized destruction, not only in the epicentral zone but in a larger zone. This earthquake expresses the increase of recently seismic activity of the Adriatic seismogenic zone. The main shock has caused cracking of the earth, especially in the region where the epicenter of the earthquake is located. The largest cracks are in the vicinity of the Erzen river estuary.<br>These cracks have widths ranging from few cms to 1m and extending from several hundred meters to 1 km. The depth of cracking in some cases reaches into 2 meters. Those cracks are numerous and often create parallel systems between them that follow the current river bed or traces of the old river beds (paleoalvei).<br>Liquefaction phenomena have been observed extensively in the area between the villages of Juba and Hamallaj. In this area, there have been observed outflows of pressure water associated with sand and clays. The height of the water has often reached up to 1 meter around the water wells. The phenomenon of liquefaction in these areas has been associated with soil cracks of several cms wide and several tens of meters long.<br>Based on the neotectonic mapping and the focal mechanism of the mainshock, strike 219°, dip 40°, rake -90°, it is considered that the seismotectonic source that generated thisearthquake is related to NW-SE longitudinal tectonic of the Adriatic Sea. Based on the focal plane solutions provided by the IGEWE website, the mainshock was generated by the activation of an NW-SE striking thrust fault with the compression axes in the NE-SW direction.</p><p>Sea Adriatic neotectonic extend from Dalmatic coast to Ionian coast is an ancient tectonic, a reverse fault thrust, thus activated during the Quaternary geologic period to the present day, occasionally with strong earthquakes. The seismic movement has also caused a 10 cm elevation of the terrain in the epicenter of the earthquake, which has been accompanied by a coastline retreat in this area (Hamallaj beach).<br>The 21 September and 26 November 2019 earthquake sequences, as well as the 1926 seismic event that took place in the Durresi region, exhibit a rough NW−SE-trending structure, which is an active seismotectonic zone in western Albania, therefore constituting a threat for nearby urban areas.</p>

scholarly journals KAJI-SAIEARTHQUAKEonNovember 14, 2014 withКР=13.7, Mw=5.4, I0=7 (Kyrgyzstan, SouthernIssyk-Kul’)

2020 ◽  
pp. 364-374
Author(s):  
V. Grebennikova ◽  
A. Frolova ◽  
N. Bagmanova ◽  
A. Berezina ◽  
A. Pershina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Main Shock ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Reverse Fault ◽  
Depth Range ◽  
Southern Coast ◽  
Epicentral Zone ◽  
Isoseismal Map ◽  
Fault Type ◽  
Macroseismic Survey ◽  
H 20

Information on the earthquake with Mw=5.4 that occurred on the southern coast of the Issyk-Kul lake on the southwestern slope of the Tegerek mountains (Kyrgyzstan) on November 14, 2014 is given. The epicenter is located in the Jumgalo-Terskey zone, identified as the Tonsky block, in which felt earthquakes with intensity up to 7 have occurred repeatedly. 231 aftershocks were recorded in the first day, in the second day – 13 aftershocks, then seismic activity decreased. Most of the aftershocks are localized in the depth range of 17–21 km, close to the depth of the main shock (h=20 km). The earthquake had the reverse fault type. Macroseismic survey was fulfilled only in the epicentral zone due to the complex weather conditions (late autumn, highlands). The theoretical isoseismal map was created for receiving the more complete picture of the earthquake impact outside of its epicentral zone.

THE EMPIRICAL GREEN’S FUNCTION TECHNIQUE MODIFICATION FOR ACCELEROGRAM SYNTHESIS IN LOWSEISMICITY REGIONS

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 72-80
Author(s):  
A. A. Krylov
Keyword(s):  
Green’S Function ◽  
Green's Function ◽  
Main Shock ◽  
Amplitude Spectrum ◽  
Strong Motion ◽  
Function Technique ◽  
Focal Region ◽  
Empirical Green’S Function ◽  
Epicentral Zone ◽  
Empirical Green's Function

In the absence of strong motion records at the future construction sites, different theoretical and semi-empirical approaches are used to estimate the initial seismic vibrations of the soil. If there are records of weak earthquakes on the site and the parameters of the fault that generates the calculated earthquake are known, then the empirical Green’s function can be used. Initially, the empirical Green’s function method in the formulation of Irikura was applied for main shock record modelling using its aftershocks under the following conditions: the magnitude of the weak event is only 1–2 units smaller than the magnitude of the main shock; the focus of the weak event is localized in the focal region of a strong event, hearth, and it should be the same for both events. However, short-termed local instrumental seismological investigation, especially on seafloor, results usually with weak microearthquakes recordings. The magnitude of the observed micro-earthquakes is much lower than of the modeling event (more than 2). To test whether the method of the empirical Green’s function can be applied under these conditions, the accelerograms of the main shock of the earthquake in L'Aquila (6.04.09) with a magnitude Mw = 6.3 were modelled. The microearthquake with ML = 3,3 (21.05.2011) and unknown origin mechanism located in mainshock’s epicentral zone was used as the empirical Green’s function. It was concluded that the empirical Green’s function is to be preprocessed. The complex Fourier spectrum smoothing by moving average was suggested. After the smoothing the inverses Fourier transform results with new Green’s function. Thus, not only the amplitude spectrum is smoothed out, but also the phase spectrum. After such preliminary processing, the spectra of the calculated accelerograms and recorded correspond to each other much better. The modelling demonstrate good results within frequency range 0,1–10 Hz, considered usually for engineering seismological studies.

scholarly journals Dip angles of active faults from the surface to the seismogenic zone inferred from a 2D numerical analysis of visco-elasto-plastic models: a case study for the Osaka Plain

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hayami Nishiwaki ◽  
Takamoto Okudaira ◽  
Kazuhiko Ishii ◽  
Muneki Mitamura
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Active Faults ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Seismogenic Zone ◽  
Earthquake Ground Motion ◽  
Convex Curve ◽  
Seismic Reflection Profile ◽  
Geological Structures ◽  
Dimensional Distribution ◽  
Dip Angle

AbstractThe geometries (i.e., dip angles) of active faults from the surface to the seismogenic zone are the most important factors used to evaluate earthquake ground motion, which is crucial for seismic hazard assessments in urban areas. In Osaka, a metropolitan city in Japan, there are several active faults (e.g., the Uemachi and Ikoma faults), which are inferred from the topography, the attitude of active faults in surface trenches, the seismic reflection profile at shallow depths (less than 2 km), and the three-dimensional distribution of the Quaternary sedimentary layers. The Uemachi and Ikoma faults are N–S-striking fault systems with total lengths of 42 km and 38 km, respectively, with the former being located ~ 12 km west of the latter; however, the geometries of each of the active faults within the seismogenic zone are not clear. In this study, to examine the geometries of the Uemachi and Ikoma faults from the surface to the seismogenic zone, we analyze the development of the geological structures of sedimentary layers based on numerical simulations of a two-dimensional visco-elasto-plastic body under a horizontal compressive stress field, including preexisting high-strained weak zones (i.e., faults) and surface sedimentation processes, and evaluate the relationship between the observed geological structures of the Quaternary sediments (i.e., the Osaka Group) in the Osaka Plain and the model results. As a result, we propose geometries of the Uemachi and Ikoma faults from the surface to the seismogenic zone. When the friction coefficient of the faults is ~ 0.5, the dip angles of the Uemachi and Ikoma faults near the surface are ~ 30°–40° and the Uemachi fault has a downward convex curve at the bottom of the seismogenic zone, but does not converge to the Ikoma fault. Based on the analysis in this study, the dip angle of the Uemachi fault zone is estimated to be approximately 30°–40°, which is lower than that estimated in the previous studies. If the active fault has a low angle, the width of the fault plane is long, and thus the estimated seismic moment will be large.

The City of Oslo in Jan Erik Vold’s Poems

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 219-230
Author(s):  
Raluca-Daniela Duinea
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Social Criticism ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Urban Landscapes ◽  
Reading Technique ◽  
Social Critical ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The City ◽  
Selection Of

"The City of Oslo in Jan Erik Vold’s Poems. The aim of this paper is to examine, from a cultural and social perspective, the Norwegian urban areas and everyday situations in Jan Erik Vold’s (b. 1939) poems. Our close-reading technique reveals important social aspects, different places and streets, located in the capital city of Norway, Oslo. These urban poems written by the contemporary Norwegian poet Jan Erik Vold contribute to the reconstruction of a new Norwegian cultural identity as it is reflected in a selection of poems taken from Mor Godhjertas glade versjon. Ja (Mother Goodhearted’s Happy Version. Yes, 1968), followed by the poet’s wanderings in the city of Oslo in En som het Abel Ek (One Named Abel Ek, 1988), and concluding with his bitter social criticism in Elg (Moose, 1989) and IKKE. Skillingstrykk fra nittitallet (Not: Broadsides from the Nineties, 1993). Vold’s urban poems emphasise the transition from nyenkle (new simple), friendly and descriptive poems which present closely the city of Oslo on foot, to short, political and social critical poems from the 90s. Thus, it is of great importance to traverse various urban ‘landscapes’ in different periods of time, beginning with the 1960s, followed by the 80s and the 90s. Keywords: Jan Erik Vold, urban poems, social criticism, Norwegian urban areas, the city of Oslo "

Observations of the Coyote Lake, California earthquake sequence of August 6, 1979

1980 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 559-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Uhrhammer
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Fault Zone ◽  
Strong Earthquake ◽  
Main Shock ◽  
B Value ◽  
Aftershock Sequence ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
Temporal And Spatial Characteristics ◽  
Largest Aftershock

abstract At 1705 UTC on August 6, 1979, a strong earthquake (ML = 5.9) occurred along the Calaveras fault zone south of Coyote Lake about 110 km southeast of San Francisco. This strong earthquake had an aftershock sequence of 31 events (2.4 ≦ ML ≦ 4.4) during August 1979. No foreshocks (ML ≧ 1.5) were observed in the 3 months prior to the main shock. The local magnitude (ML = 5.9) and the seismic moment (Mo = 6 × 1024 dyne-cm from the SH pulse) for the main shock were determined from the 100 × torsion and 3-component ultra-long period seismographs located at Berkeley. Local magnitudes are determined for the aftershocks from the maximum trace amplitudes on the Wood-Anderson torsion seismograms recorded at Berkeley (Δ ≊ 110 km). Temporal and spatial characteristics of the aftershock sequence are presented and discussed. Some key observations are: (1) the first six aftershocks (ML ≧ 2.4) proceed along the fault zone progressively to the south of the main shock; (2) all of the aftershocks (ML ≧ 2.4) to the south of the largest aftershock (ML = 4.4) have a different focal mechanism than the aftershocks to the north; (3) no aftershocks (ML ≧ 2.4) were observed significantly to the north of the main shock for the first 5 days of the sequence; and (4) the b-value (0.70 ± 0.17) for the aftershock sequence is not significantly different from the average b-value (0.88 ± 0.08) calculated for the Calaveras fault zone from 16 yr of data.

scholarly journals Parasites of Zoonotic Interest Detected in Felis catus domesticus in Midwestern Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-33
Author(s):  
Stephanie Ballatore Holland Lins ◽  
Maria Elizabeth Cavalheiros Dorval ◽  
Elenir Rose Jardim Cury Pontes ◽  
Ana Paula Antunes Nogueira ◽  
Eduardo de Castro Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Aelurostrongylus Abstrusus ◽  
Parasitic Species ◽  
Dipylidium Caninum ◽  
Parasitic Zoonoses ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
Mato Grosso Do Sul

Interactions between humans and animals can be considerably beneficial to human well-being, and the demand for domestic cats as pets has increased in recent years. Despite these benefits, however, cats may  contribute to environmental dissemination of zoonotic pathogens, with potential risks to human health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and diversity of feline parasites of zoonotic interest in Campo Grande, the capital city of Mato Grosso do Sul state, Midwestern Brazil, where studies on feline parasitic fauna remain scarce. Fecal samples from 210 male and female cats of varying ages, sheltered at the local Center for Zoonosis Control, were examined. Spontaneous and ether centrifugal sedimentation were used to detect the parasites, found in 149 animals (71.0%), 93 (62.4%) of which were infected with a single parasitic species and 56 (37.6%) with two or more species. Ten parasitic species were detected, where Ancylostoma sp. was the most frequent (65.2%), followed by Platynosomum concinnum (21.0%), Cystoisospora sp. (7.1%), Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (1.9%), Strongyloides sp. (1.9%), Dipylidium caninum (1.4%), Giardia sp. (1.0%), Toxocara sp. (1.0%), Physaloptera praeputialis (1.0%), and Sarcocystis sp. (0.5%). The results obtained are relevant to human and veterinary public health policies and demonstrate the cats’ role in the transmission chain of parasitic zoonoses, particularly in urban areas. The findings can also serve to raise awareness among veterinarians and cat owners on the importance of preventive interventions to ensure healthier cohabitation with pets by reducing human exposure to cat borne parasites in urban areas.   Keywords: Zoonoses. Felines. Helminths. Protozoa. One Health. Resumo As interações entre humanos e animais podem ser consideravelmente benéficas para o bem-estar humano, e a demanda por gatos domésticos como animais de estimação aumentou nos últimos anos. Apesar desses benefícios, no entanto, os gatos podem contribuir para a disseminação ambiental de patógenos zoonóticos, com riscos potenciais para a saúde humana. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a prevalência e diversidade de parasitos de interesse zoonótico em felinos de Campo Grande, capital do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, no Centro-Oeste do Brasil, onde estudos sobre a fauna parasitária felina permanecem escassos. Foram examinadas amostras fecais de 210 gatos machos e fêmeas de idades variadas, abrigados no Centro de Controle de Zoonoses local. Sedimentação espontânea e sedimentação por centrifugação em éter foram utilizadas para detectar os parasitos, encontrados em 149 animais (71,0%), 93 (62,4%) dos quais foram infectados com uma única espécie parasitária e 56 (37,6%) com duas ou mais espécies. Foram detectadas dez espécies parasitárias, sendo Ancylostoma sp. o mais frequente (65,2%), seguido por Platynosomum concinnum (21,0%), Cystoisospora sp. (7,1%), Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (1,9%), Strongyloides sp. (1,9%), Dipylidium caninum (1,4%), Giardia sp. (1,0%), Toxocara sp. (1,0%), Physaloptera praeputialis (1,0%) e Sarcocystis sp. (0,5%). Os resultados obtidos são relevantes para as políticas de saúde pública humana e veterinária e demonstram o papel dos gatos na cadeia de transmissão das zoonoses parasitárias, principalmente nas áreas urbanas. As descobertas também podem servir para conscientizar os veterinários e donos de gatos da importância de intervenções preventivas para garantir uma coabitação mais saudável com animais de estimação, reduzindo a exposição humana a parasitos transmitidos por gatos em áreas urbanas.   Palavras-chave:  Zoonoses. Felinos. Helmintos. Protozoários. Saúde Única.

scholarly journals Housing Resources and Needs in Light of Modern Urban Transformations: the Case of Poznan

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-78
Author(s):  
Sławomir Palicki
Keyword(s):  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Real Estate Market ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Central Cities ◽  
The Real Estate ◽  
Suburban Areas ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Urban Transformations

Abstract Polish cities have been at the stage of a dynamic suburban development for over a decade (which has led to the phenomenon of urban sprawl beyond any control). The population of big urban areas, together with their agglomerations is continuously increasing; however, migration tendencies towards suburban areas are strong as well. In such a situation, the question arises regarding the possibilities and the methods of suppressing the outflow of people to the neighboring communities, and once again, making the city an attractive place to live. The attempt to explain such an issue requires research into both the housing infrastructure and its inhabitants. Poznan has been severely affected by suburbanization. The diagnosis and assessment of Poznan housing resources and the preferences of its inhabitants are the starting point for taking further steps in making the housing conditions more attractive. The article shows the initial results of widespread research regarding housing in the capital city of the Wielkopolska Province (comprising over 2,500 households). A similar study for the entire agglomeration (Poznan County) is due to be completed soon. It will allow for a comparative analysis and formulating recommendations regarding the conditions and the direction of changes on the real estate market which would increase the attractiveness of central cities suffering from suburbanization. In a wider context, the publication might be seen as an analysis of one of the elements of modern urban changes, such as either market driven, or free and spontaneous processes of urban sprawl, and conscious actions taken by local governments (together with developers) regarding the integrated urban revitalization policy.

scholarly journals Urban greenhouse gas emissions from the Berlin area: A case study using airborne CO2 and CH4 in situ observations in summer 2018

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa Klausner ◽  
Mariano Mertens ◽  
Heidi Huntrieser ◽  
Michal Galkowski ◽  
Gerrit Kuhlmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Emission Flux ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Mixing Ratios

<p>Urban areas are recognised as a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), such as carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) and methane (CH<sub>4</sub>). The total amount of urban GHG emissions, especially for CH<sub>4</sub>, however, is not well quantified. Here we report on airborne in situ measurements using a Picarro G1301-m analyser aboard the DLR Cessna Grand Caravan to study GHG emissions downwind of the German capital city Berlin. In total, five aircraft-based mass balance experiments were conducted in July 2018 within the Urban Climate Under Change [UC]<sup>2</sup> project. The detection and isolation of the Berlin plume was often challenging because of comparatively small GHG signals above variable atmospheric background concentrations. However, on July 20<sup>th</sup> enhancements of up to 4 ppm CO<sub>2</sub> and 21 ppb CH<sub>4</sub> were observed over a horizontal extent of roughly 45 to 65 km downwind of Berlin. These enhanced mixing ratios are clearly distinguishable from the background and can partly be assigned to city emissions. The estimated CO<sub>2</sub> emission flux of 1.39 ± 0.75 t s<sup>-1 </sup>is in agreement with current inventories, while the CH<sub>4</sub> emission flux of 5.20 ± 1.61 kg s<sup>-1</sup> is almost two times larger than the highest reported value in the inventories. We localized the source area with HYSPLIT trajectory calculations and the high resolution numerical model MECO(n) (down to ~1 km), and investigated the contribution from sewage-treatment plants and waste deposition to CH<sub>4</sub>, which are treated differently by the emission inventories. Our work highlights the importance of a) strong CH<sub>4</sub> sources in the surroundings of Berlin and b) a detailed knowledge of GHG inflow mixing ratios to suitably estimate emission rates.</p>

scholarly journals URBAN GROWTH AND WATER QUALITY IN THIMPHU, BHUTAN

2013 ◽  
pp. 82-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nandu Giri ◽  
O. P. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Water Quality Data

Detailed study was undertaken in 2008 and 2009 on assessment of water quality of River Wang Chhu which flows through Thimphu urban area, the capital city of Bhutan. The water samples were examined at upstream of urban area, within the urban area and its downstream. The water samples were analyzed by studying the physico-chemical, biological and benthic macro-invertebrates. The water quality data obtained during present study are discussed in relation to land use/land cover changes(LULC) and various ongoing human activities at upstream, within the each activity areas and it’s downstream. Analyses of satellite imagery of 1990 and 2008 using GIS revealed that over a period of eighteen years the forest, scrub and agricultural areas have decreased whereas urban area and road network have increased considerably. The forest cover, agriculture area and scrub decreased from 43.3% to 42.57%, 6.88% to 5.33% and 42.55% to 29.42%, respectively. The LULC changes effect water quality in many ways. The water temperature, pH, conductivity, total dissolved solids, turbidity, nitrate, phosphate, chloride, total coliform, and biological oxygen demand were lower at upstream and higher in urban area. On the other hand dissolved oxygen was found higher at upstream and lower in urban area. The pollution sensitive benthic macro-invertebrates population were dominant at upstream sampling sites whereas pollution tolerant benthic macro-invertebrates were found abundant in urban area and its immediate downstream. The rapid development of urban infrastructure in Thimphu city may be posing serious threats to water regime in terms of its quality. Though the deterioration of water quality is restricted to a few localized areas, the trend is serious and needs proper attention of policy planners and decision makers. Proper treatment of effluents from urban areas is urgently needed to reduce water pollution in such affected areas to check further deterioration of water quality. This present study which is based on upstream, within urban area and downstream of Thimphu city can be considered as an eye opener.

Rejecting Ethnic Pandering in Urban Africa: A Survey Experiment on Voter Preferences in Nairobi, Kenya

2021 ◽  
pp. 106591292110405
Author(s):  
Hye-Sung Kim ◽  
Jeremy Horowitz
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Political Mobilization ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Effective Strategy ◽  
Voter Preferences ◽  
Electoral Support ◽  
Urban Africa ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Vignette Experiment

Ethnic pandering, in which candidates promise to cater to the interests of coethnic voters, is presumed to be an effective strategy for increasing electoral support in Africa’s emerging multiethnic democracies. However, ethnic political mobilization may be disdained by citizens for its divisive and polarizing effects, particularly in urban areas. As a result, pandering may fall on deaf ears among Africa’s urban voters. This study examines how voters in Kenya’s capital city, Nairobi, respond to ethnic pandering using data from a vignette experiment conducted in 2015 and a replication study implemented in 2016. Results show that respondents are more supportive of candidates who make ethnically inclusive rather than targeted appeals, regardless of whether the candidate is identified as a coethnic. We propose that the results are driven by a broad distaste among urban voters for parochial politics, rather than by strategic calculations related to candidate viability.

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