Biosolids Incorporation in Mediterranean Soils Increase Phosphate Adsorption

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaniv Freiberg ◽  
Pinchas Fine ◽  
Michael Borisover ◽  
Shahar Baram
Keyword(s):  
Adsorption Capacity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Solid Matrix ◽  
Phosphate Adsorption ◽  
Adsorption Parameters ◽  
Adsorption Sites ◽  
Fe Oxides ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Mediterranean Soils ◽  
The Impact

<p>Contradictory data exists on the impact of biosolids incorporation on ortho-phosphate (IP) binding to arid and semi-arid Mediterranean soils. We used two mature organic amendments (OA) with low IP solubility to study the effect of OAs addition on the IP adsorption parameters of Mediterranean soils. Seven soils, encompassing a wide range of mechanical, chemical and mineralogical properties, were mixed with a biosolids compost (DSC) at 9:1 ratio (w/w dry weight basis). The soils and mixtures were either incubated for seven years under constant temperature (30℃) and moisture content (80% of 30 kPa tension) or were unincubated. IP adsorption parameters were also measured in not-incubated soil DSC mixtures at 97:3 ratio. In all the soils, DSC addition significantly increased the IP adsorption capacities (by Langmuir's model) from 126 to 397 mg IP kg<sup>-1</sup> in the soils to 254 through 669 mg IP kg<sup>-1 </sup>in the soil-DSC-mixtures. The increased capacities were accompanied by a significant decrease in the adsorption affinities, from values of 0.12 to 1.02 L kg<sup>-1</sup> in the soils to 0.05 and 0.25 L kg<sup>-1</sup> in the mixtures. Biosolids addition at 97:3 ratio had a similar effect on the IP adsorption parameters as the 9:1 ratio. These two IP adsorption parameters continued to change along the incubation. The other OA tested was a municipal solid waste compost (MSWC), which was mixed with two montmorillonitic soils at 97:3 ratio (soil:OA), one with high lime and low Al/Fe-oxides contents and the other with low lime and high Al/Fe-oxides content. OA addition increased the IP adsorption capacity in the lime-rich soil, while it did not affect the other. Overall, our results show that the solid matrix of the two OA's used by us embodied IP adsorption sites, most likely through metal bridging with Ca<sup>2+</sup>, which increases the total adsorption capacity of the soil-OA mixture. Concomitantly, DOM from the OAs competes with IP on adsorption sites reducing the soil's adsorption capacity. The magnitude of each one of these two processes depends on the soil and the added OA characteristic and will determine the overall change in the soil's capability to retain IP after biosolids incorporation.</p><p> </p>

scholarly journals ‘If a fight starts, watch the crowd’: The effect of violence on popular support for social movements

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordi Muñoz ◽  
Eva Anduiza
Keyword(s):  
Social Movements ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Popular Support ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Street Violence ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact

Social movements often face tactic diversification. In otherwise nonviolent movements, some groups or radical flanks may resort to violent actions such as street rioting. This article analyzes the impact that these violent episodes can have on popular support for the movement as a whole. To estimate the causal effect of violence, it exploits an unexpected riot outbreak that occurred during the fieldwork of a face-to-face survey in Barcelona in May 2016, led by a squat group linked to the anti-austerity movement known as the 15-M or indignados that emerged during the financial crisis. By comparing respondents interviewed before and after the riots, it finds that the street violence episode reduced support for the 15-M movement by 12 percentage points on average. However, the magnitude of the effect is highly conditional on the respondents’ predispositions towards the movement. Core supporters, that are expected to share the frame of the movement in justifying violent actions, are the least affected by the violent outbreak. On the other extreme, weak supporters, opposers, and non-aligned citizens reduce their support to a larger extent. Results are robust to different specifications and a wide range of robustness checks. These findings have potentially important implications for movements concerned with broadening their support base.

Art History: A Very Short Introduction

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Visual Arts ◽  
Art History ◽  
The Other ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
Western Art ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Critical Approaches ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Global Art

Art history encompasses the study of the history and development of painting, sculpture, and the other visual arts. Art History: A Very Short Introduction considers the issues, debates, and artefacts that make up art history. It explores the emergence of social histories of art and, using a wide range of images, it discusses key aspects of the discipline including how we write about, present, read, and look at art, and the impact this has on our understanding of art history. This second edition includes a new chapter on global art histories, considering how the traditional emphasis on periods and styles in art originated in Western art and can obscure other critical approaches and artwork from non-Western cultures.

scholarly journals Personal Culture Orientation and Consumer Cosmopolitanism: The Moderating Effects of Product Involvement

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Mu-En Chen
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
The Other ◽  
Product Involvement ◽  
Generational Cohort ◽  
Culture Studies ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Country Differences ◽  
The Impact

<p>Cosmopolitan consumers generally refer to individuals who are open and unbiased towards foreign products and identify as citizens of the world. Despite growing relevance of understanding consumer cosmopolitanism (COS) in today’s changing international landscape, both the construct itself is still not that well understood and operationalized, as well as its social and psychographic antecedent. In terms of culture studies, recent culture studies within the IB discipline continue to debate over the appropriate definitions of culture, as well as its conceptualization, operationalization, and especially measurement. This research aims to explore the impact of personal cultural orientations (PCOs), as individual-level culture value concepts, on COS, as well as the potential moderating role of product involvement (e.g., high- vs low-involvement products). Young-adult consumers in Taiwan and New Zealand were chosen to provide a contrast between a typical Western, Anglo-Saxon-based perspective and a typical Eastern, Asian, Confucian-based cultural context.  Overall, this study could not fully support PCOs as having a significant impact on COS, nor product involvement as a moderator. However, COS could not be tested as a second-order reflective latent construct as originally intended in the seminal paper by Riefler et al. (2012). Compared to Riefler et al. (2012)’s paper, differences can be observed in the sampling where Riefler et al. (2012) sampled respondents aged 19 to 93 years (mean=46.6). This suggests that young adults a generational cohort hold significantly different perspectives and dispositions to other generations and the overall population. This finding aligns with recent IB literature in looking for smaller ‘containers’ of culture.  Of the three PCOs tested, two displayed significant effects to COS in both country samples, but only to one dimension of the COS construct (Open-mindedness) and not the other (Diversity appreciation). Hence it is highly likely the PCOs tested in this study have significant effects on COS, if only COS could be operationalized as originally intended as discussed above. This points towards potential issues in appropriateness of the scales used for studies on young adults, as both the PCO and COS scales were developed on a wide range (age diverse) of respondents.  This study also showed that within-country differences appear to be smaller than across-country differences. This is not consistent with previous cross-cultural research in the IB literature, which suggest cultural values differ significantly at the individual level due to differences in individuals’ experiences. Again, such research was done on more diverse respondent populations, not a specific demographic cohort with distinct social experiences. This finding has implications for the general assumption that within-country differences are considerably larger than across-country differences, when it comes to cultural value studies. Thus, when focusing on a specific demographic generational cohort, it seems that even when it comes to representatives from two very diverse cultural backgrounds, one grounded in a more Western and Protestant-based cultural context with more independent identity construal and the other in a more Eastern and Confucian-based cultural context with more interdependent identity construal, my evidence shows grater tendency towards a generational archetype understanding of young adults.</p>

scholarly journals The Impact of Probiotics in Respiratory Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 148-156
Author(s):  
Rafee H. Askandar ◽  
Nasim Ebrahimi
Keyword(s):  
Tract Infection ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Recurrent Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Probiotic Treatment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

Probiotics are viable microorganisms that, if adequately administered, confer great benefits to the host for the prevention or treatment of a wide range of human diseases, including recurrent respiratory tract infection (RRTI), cystic fibrosis, allergies, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). One of the current problems is that the overuse of antibiotics during respiratory tract infection has led to increased resistance to them, which has been demonstrated in numerous examinations that specific lactic acid bacteria (LAB), one of the key probiotics, against bacterial and viral infections of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract, have a protective effect. On the other hand, changes in the gastrointestinal and respiratory microbiomes, especially lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, lead to an increase in allergies and asthma and a balance in the microbiome may improve symptoms. Probiotics are able to increase the number and activity of leukocytes, neutrophils, and NK cells. They can also increase IL-10 expression and decrease the expression of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-8. In addition, they maintain high levels of IgA and produce bacteriocin and ruterin that have antimicrobial activity. Without identifying the specific properties of the probiotic strains and identifying the precise mechanism of their action, probiotic treatment would only be a large hypothesis because the therapeutic and clinical outcomes are different. On the other hand, metagenomics have provided information on how the microbiome interacts with host physiology, leading to new therapeutic targets.

scholarly journals The Role of Mitochondrial Impairment and Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Lithium-Induced Reproductive Toxicity in Male Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Mehdi Ommati ◽  
Mohammad Reza Arabnezhad ◽  
Omid Farshad ◽  
Akram Jamshidzadeh ◽  
Hossein Niknahad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Reproductive Toxicity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mitochondrial Depolarization ◽  
Mitochondrial Impairment ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Testis Tissue

Lithium (Li+) is prescribed against a wide range of neurological disorders. Besides its excellent therapeutic properties, there are several adverse effects associated with Li+. The impact of Li+ on renal function and diabetes insipidus is the most common adverse effect of this drug. On the other hand, infertility and decreased libido is another complication associated with Li+. It has been found that sperm indices of functionality, as well as libido, is significantly reduced in Li+-treated men. These adverse effects might lead to drug incompliance and the cessation of drug therapy. Hence, the main aims of the current study were to illustrate the mechanisms of adverse effects of Li+ on the testis tissue, spermatogenesis process, and hormonal changes in two experimental models. In the in vitro experiments, Leydig cells (LCs) were isolated from healthy mice, cultured, and exposed to increasing concentrations of Li+ (0, 10, 50, and 100 ppm). In the in vivo section of the current study, mice were treated with Li+ (0, 10, 50, and 100 ppm, in drinking water) for five consecutive weeks. Testis and sperm samples were collected and assessed. A significant sign of cytotoxicity (LDH release and MTT assay), along with disrupted testosterone biosynthesis, impaired mitochondrial indices (ATP level and mitochondrial depolarization), and increased biomarkers of oxidative stress were detected in LCs exposed to Li+. On the other hand, a significant increase in serum and testis Li+ levels were detected in drug-treated mice. Moreover, ROS formation, LPO, protein carbonylation, and increased oxidized glutathione (GSSG) were detected in both testis tissue and sperm specimens of Li+-treated mice. Several sperm anomalies were also detected in Li+-treated animals. On the other hand, sperm mitochondrial indices (mitochondrial dehydrogenases activity and ATP levels) were significantly decreased in drug-treated groups where mitochondrial depolarization was increased dose-dependently. Altogether, these data mention oxidative stress and mitochondrial impairment as pivotal mechanisms involved in Li+-induced reproductive toxicity. Therefore, based on our previous publications in this area, therapeutic options, including compounds with high antioxidant properties that target these points might find a clinical value in ameliorating Li+-induced adverse effects on the male reproductive system.

scholarly journals A national mixed-mode seroprevalence random population-based cohort on SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in France: the socio-epidemiological EpiCov study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josiane WARSZAWSKI ◽  
Nathalie BAJOS ◽  
Muriel BARLET ◽  
Xavier de LAMBALLERIE ◽  
Delphine RAHIB ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survey Methodology ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Population Census ◽  
Poverty Level ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

Background: the EpiCov study, initiated at the end of the first national lockdown in France, aimed to provide national and regional estimates of the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and to analyze relations between living conditions and the dynamics of the epidemic. We present and discuss here the survey methodology, and describe the first-round fieldwork. Method: 371,000 individuals aged 15 years or more were randomly selected from the national tax register, stratified by departments, including three overseas departments, and by poverty level with over-representation of people living below the poverty line. Health, socio-economics, migration history, and living conditions were collected through self-computed-assisted web interviews or via computer-assisted telephone interviews. The first-round survey was conducted in May. A random subsample was eligible to receive material for home blood self-sample on dried blood spot (DBS), in order to detect IgG antibodies against the spike protein (Euroimmun ELISA-S), and neutralizing antibodies for non-negative ELISA-S. For the second-round conducted in November, all respondents were eligible for the antibodies detection from home DBS sample, as well as the other household members aged 6 years or more for 20% of them. Participation and adjustment for nonresponse: 134,391 respondents completed the first-round questionnaire from May 2 to June 1, 2020, including 16,970 (12.6%) respondents under the poverty line. Multimodal web/tel interviews was randomly assigned to 20% of the sample. The other were assigned to exclusive CAWI. Overall 17,441 respondents were eligible for home blood sample, among them 12,114 returned the DBS (interquartile date: May 25- June 5). The response probability was first estimated from logit models adjusted on a wide range of auxiliary demographic and socio-economic variables available from the sampling frame, and final weights calibrated to the margins of the population census permitted to correct for a large part of the non-response bias. Conclusion: The Epicov study is one of the largest national random population-based seroprevalence cohort, with both an epidemiological and sociological approaches to evaluate the spread of the COVID-19 epidemic, and the impact on health and living conditions. One of the major interests of this study is the broad coverage of the socio-economic and territorial diversity of the population.

Kinetics of phosphate adsorption on iron oxides formed under the influence of citrate

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Liu ◽  
P. M. Huang
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Surface Chemistry ◽  
Iron Oxides ◽  
Phosphate Adsorption ◽  
Exponential Factor ◽  
Structural Perturbation ◽  
Fe Oxides ◽  
The Impact

The influence of organic acids on the formation of Fe oxyhydroxides and oxides has been intensively studied. However, scant attention has been paid to the subsequent effect on surface chemistry of the Fe oxides formed. The kinetics and mechanisms of phosphate adsorption by the Fe oxides formed in the presence of citrate ligands at initial citrate/Fe(II) molar ratios (MR) of 0, 0.001, 0.01, and 0.1 were investigated using the conventional batch method. The adsorption studies were conducted at the initial phosphate concentration of 0.5 mM and pH 4.0 during the reaction period from 2 min to 56 h at 278, 288, 298, and 313 K. The results show that the phosphate adsorption followed multiple second-order kinetics and had two distinct rates in each reaction system. The amount, rate coefficient, activation energy and pre-exponential factor of phosphate adsorption by the Fe oxides formed greatly varied with their structural and surface properties. These properties, which included crystal structure, specific surface area, surface porosity, surface geometry, and point of zero salt effect (PZSE), differed significantly with the initial citrate/Fe(II) MR at which Fe oxides were formed. The results of this study have cast the light on the role of organic acids such as citric acid in influencing the surface chemistry of naturally occurring Fe oxides through fundamental structural perturbation and the impact on the dynamics of phosphate in terrestrial and aquatic environments. Key words: Kinetics, activation energy, pre-exponential factor, phosphate, iron oxides, citric acid, structural perturbation

scholarly journals Heavy-quark opportunities and challenges at FCC-ee

2021 ◽  
Vol 136 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stéphane Monteil ◽  
Guy Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Quark ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lorentz Boost ◽  
Full Spectrum ◽  
Turn On ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Belle Ii ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Flavour Physics ◽  
Detector Design

AbstractThe abundant production of beauty and charm hadrons in the $$5 \times 10^{12}$$ 5 × 10 12 $$Z^0$$ Z 0 decays expected at FCC-ee offers outstanding opportunities in flavour physics that in general exceed those available at Belle II and are complementary to the heavy-flavour programme of the LHC. A wide range of measurements will be possible in heavy-flavour spectroscopy, rare decays of heavy-flavoured particles and $$C\!P$$ C P -violation studies, which will benefit from the low-background experimental environment, the high Lorentz boost and the availability of the full spectrum of hadron species. This essay first surveys the important questions in heavy-flavour physics and assesses the likely theoretical and experimental landscape at the turn-on of FCC-ee. From this certain, measurements are identified where the impact of FCC-ee will be particularly important. A full exploitation of the heavy-flavour potential of FCC-ee places specific constraints and challenges on detector design, which in some cases are in tension with those imposed by the other physics goals of the facility. These requirements and conflicts are discussed.

scholarly journals The Röntgen celebrations, November 1945

1946 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-44
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Early History ◽  
The Other ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Inaugural Meeting ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Great Discovery ◽  
The Impact

To celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the discovery of X-rays by William Conrad Rontgen, which was made on 8 November 1895, a series of meetings were held in London during November 1945, twelve Societies participating. The inaugural meeting was held under the auspices of the Royal Society at Burlington House on 8 November, and was opened by the reigning President, Sir Henry Dale. He referred to the early history of the discharge in vacuo and gave a lively account of the impact of the discovery on men of science at Cambridge, where he was an undergraduate at the time. The discussion, devoted to various aspects of Rontgen’s great discovery and to its influence, was opened by Sir Lawrence Bragg, who gave an account of the contents of the two chemical papers in which Rontgen announced his findings to the world, one dated December 1895 and the other March 1896. Sir Lawrence drew attention to the wide range of this pioneer work and also to an important early letter of Schuster’s on the rays, published in Nature on 23 January 1896, with a full translation of Rontgen’s first paper.

Impacts of acidity on multiphase chemistry in aqueous particles and clouds

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Schaefer ◽  
Andreas Tilgner ◽  
Havala O. T. Pye ◽  
V. Faye McNeill ◽  
Hartmut Herrmann
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Carbonyl Compounds ◽  
Kinetic Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Aerosol Composition ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Phase Chemistry ◽  
The Impact

&lt;p&gt;The acidity of aqueous atmospheric solutions is a key parameter driving both partitioning of semi-volatile acidic or basic trace gases and their linked aqueous-phase chemistry. On the other hand, acidity of atmospheric aqueous phases, e.g. deliquesced aerosol particles, cloud and fog droplets, is conversely affected by aqueous-phase chemistry processes. Those feedbacks in acidity and chemistry have crucial implications for the (i) tropospheric lifetime of air pollutants, hence air quality and atmospheric aerosol composition, (ii) deposition input into other terrestrial and oceanic ecosystems, (iii) the visibility, (iv) climate and (v) human health. Due to their fundamental role, atmospheric research has gained substantial progress in the understanding in feedbacks of acidity and multiphase chemistry. In the present study, the current state of knowledge on the acidity-multiphase chemistry feedbacks has been summarized. From a wide range of topics, two selected issues focusing on impacts of acidity (i) on the hydration of organic carbonyl compounds and (ii) multiphase chemistry of dissociating organic compounds in aqueous particles and clouds will be presented.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Hydration processes are typically known to be acid- or base-catalyzed. Thus, the acidity of an aqueous solution can affect the hydration and all other processes linked to it. This comprehensive literature study revealed that the hydration of simple aldehydes and ketones as well as dicarbonyls is less affected by acidity. However, for multifunctional carbonyl compounds such as pyruvic acid, the hydration equilibrium constant of the carbonyl group is strongly influenced by the electronic effects of the adjacent group. The hydration of carbonyl groups in compounds that also contain pH sensitive moieties, such as &amp;#945;-oxocarboxylic acids, is highly influenced by the acidity of the surrounding environment. However, this acidity effect is often not considered in multiphase models.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, oxidation reactions of dissociating organic compounds can be affected by acidity. To examine the effect of acidity on the chemical processing of dissociating organic compounds, kinetic data for their oxidation by OH, NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; and O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; have been newly compiled in the present study. Kinetic reactivity data of both protonated and deprotonated organic compounds together with their reactivity ratio &amp;#160;have been investigated to identify possible acidity effects. The present study showed that, for OH reactions, the impact of acidity on the chemical kinetics is often quite small and only important for some specific compounds. On the other hand, for NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; reaction, particularly under cloud conditions, acidity can substantially affect the chemical NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;-initiated processing of organic compounds. Less acidic conditions will enhance the degradation of dissociating compounds via NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; because of more rapid oxidation and possibility of additional ETR pathway. Furthermore, the present O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; kinetic data analyses have demonstrated the role of acidity for ozonolysis processes, especially for phenolic compounds. Overall, the present study summarizes atmospheric implications and needs for future investigations, particularly with respect to changing aerosol and cloud acidity conditions in the future.&lt;/p&gt;

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