Remote data collection methods to inventory COVID-19 interventions in low-income urban settlements

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faith Taylor ◽  
Manshur Talib ◽  
Amos Wandera ◽  
Joseph Mulligan ◽  
Vera Bukachi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Informal Settlement ◽  
Smartphone Application ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Round Trip ◽  
Urban Neighbourhoods ◽  
The Impact

<p>In this PICO, we outline methods used to inventory the spatial distribution and characteristics of COVID-19 response activities (‘interventions’) in Kibera (Nairobi, Kenya). About 1/8 of the World’s Population live in slums and informal settlements. For these people, COVID-19 has presented unique challenges for managing health and livelihoods within the constraints of high-density housing and poor-quality infrastructure. In addition, reliable spatial, demographic and health data is often limited for these areas. Between April and July 2020, using the Survey123 smartphone application, combined with social media searches and phone enumeration, we inventoried 270 individual COVID-19 interventions taking place in Kibera, an informal settlement of 2.67 km<sup>2</sup> and an estimated 187,000 to 1 000,000 inhabitants. Results show a large variety in the type of intervention (58 unique types) and organiser (>88 individual organisers), with 39% of interventions led by small scale organisations such as local NGOs and community groups. We found an uneven spatial distribution of interventions within Kibera, with some already underserved neighbourhoods having less access to COVID-19 relief. Many interventions are clustered around the limited open spaces with good accessibility by road, highlighting the need for better coordination between organisers, and the importance of open space for resilience building. Using isochronal service area analysis, we find that 80% of structures are within a 9-minute round trip of a handwashing station. However, 64% of structures have a 24-54 minute round trip to female sanitary supplies, illustrating gender differences in the impact and recovery from COVID-19. Our data is available online in an interactive map dashboard. Our survey results illustrate that rather than being seen as vectors of disease, low income urban neighbourhoods are part of the solution for managing pandemics, and highlight the importance of infrastructure upgrading and planning to build resilience to a range of shocks and stresses.</p>

scholarly journals Poultry farmer response to disease outbreaks in smallholder farming systems

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis Delabouglise ◽  
Nguyen Thi Le Thanh ◽  
Huynh Thi Ai Xuyen ◽  
Benjamin Nguyen-Van-Yen ◽  
Phung Ngoc Tuyet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Flock Size ◽  
Smallholder Farming ◽  
Southern Vietnam ◽  
Poultry Farms ◽  
The Impact

AbstractAvian influenza outbreaks have been occurring on smallholder poultry farms in Asia for two decades. Farmer responses to these outbreaks can slow down or accelerate virus transmission. We used a longitudinal survey of 53 small-scale chicken farms in southern Vietnam to investigate the impact of outbreaks with disease-induced mortality on harvest rate, vaccination, and disinfection behaviors. We found that in small broiler flocks (≤16 birds/flock) the estimated probability of harvest was 56% higher when an outbreak occurred, and 214% higher if an outbreak with sudden deaths occurred in the same month. Vaccination and disinfection were strongly positively correlated with flock size and farm size, respectively. Small-scale farmers – the overwhelming majority of poultry producers in low-income countries – tend to rely on rapid sale of birds to mitigate losses from diseases. As depopulated birds are sent to markets or trading networks, this reactive behavior has the potential to enhance onward transmission.One sentence summaryA cohort study of fifty three small-scale poultry farms in southern Vietnam reveals that when outbreaks occur with symptoms similar to highly pathogenic avian influenza, farmers respond by sending their chickens to market early, potentially exacerbating the effects of the outbreak.

scholarly journals A Study on the Sustainability of Microfinance Institutions in Serving the Low-Income Group in Malaysia

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. 339-353
Author(s):  
Nur Harena Redzuan ◽  
Amir Abidin Bashir
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Microfinance Institutions ◽  
Poverty Eradication ◽  
The People ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Low Income Groups ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

A microfinance scheme was introduced in Malaysia in the year 1987 as one of the alternatives to poverty eradication strategies in the country by the government. Since then, several institutions have created to carry out the agenda of providing small loans to the low-income group to start up their small-scale business to generate more sources of income to support their household consumption. However, for a certain reason, the people still do not find microfinance an important tool to uplift their economic positions. Most of the low-income groups are still unaware of this golden opportunity tailored for them. Besides, the sustainability of these subsidized microfinance systems implemented by Malaysia had not been appropriately studied. This study explores the attractiveness of the products offered by microfinance institutions and emphasizes the option that the participants must start utilizing the product. This research also explores microfinance facilities that contain conventional finance element which is prohibited in Islamic trade. The study also discusses the measures and actions taken by microfinance institutions in serving the low-income group in Malaysia. This paper employs a qualitative method through interviews and content analysis. The report, journal publications, and other related documents were also analyzed in achieving the objectives. The study provides the impact that it may pave the way to an indistinct understanding of how Islamic microfinance institutions sustain their operations.

scholarly journals Covid-19 and inequality: developing an age-friendly strategy for recovery in low income communities

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 271-279
Author(s):  
Tine Buffel ◽  
Patty Doran ◽  
Mhorag Goff ◽  
Luciana Lang ◽  
Camilla Lewis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Social Infrastructure ◽  
Community Based Interventions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Urban Neighbourhoods ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Impact

Purpose This paper aims to explore the social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on issues facing older people living in urban areas characterised by multiple deprivation. Design/methodology/approach The paper first reviews the role of place and neighbourhood in later life; second, it examines the relationship between neighbourhood deprivation and the impact of COVID-19; and, third, it outlines the basis for an “age-friendly” recovery strategy. Findings The paper argues that COVID-19 is having a disproportionate impact on low-income communities, which have already been affected by cuts to public services, the loss of social infrastructure and pressures on the voluntary sector. It highlights the need for community-based interventions to be developed as an essential part of future policies designed to tackle the effects of COVID-19. Originality/value The paper contributes to debates about developing COVID-19 recovery strategies in the context of growing inequalities affecting urban neighbourhoods.

scholarly journals Older People, Mobility and Transport in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Review of the Research

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (21) ◽  
pp. 6157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Gorman ◽  
Sion Jones ◽  
Jeffrey Turner
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The State ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Knowledge Gaps ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Older populations are rising globally, which in high-income countries has helped to generate a growing literature on the impact of ageing on travel requirements and transport policy. This article aims to provide an initial assessment of the state of knowledge on the impact on transportation policy and usage of the increasing numbers of older people in low- and middle-income countries (LAMICs), through a review of the literature relating to older people and transportation. As both the academic and policy/practice-related literature specifically addressing ageing and transport in LAMICs is limited, the study looks beyond transportation to assess the state of knowledge regarding the ways in which older people’s mobility is affected by issues, such as health, well-being, social (dis)engagement and gender. We find significant knowledge gaps, resulting in an evidence base to support the implementation of policy is lacking. Most research in low-income countries (LICs) is either broad quantitative analysis based on national survey data or small-scale qualitative studies. We conclude that, although study of the differing contexts of ageing in LAMICs as they relate to older people’s mobilities and transport use has barely begun, institutions which both make and influence policymaking recognise the existence of significant knowledge gaps. This should provide the context in which research agendas can be established.

scholarly journals Inadequate dietary intake is not the cause of stunting amongst young children living in an informal settlement in Gauteng and rural Limpopo Province in South Africa: the NutriGro study

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Theron ◽  
A Amissah ◽  
IC Kleynhans ◽  
E Albertse ◽  
UE MacIntyre
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Informal Settlement ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Limpopo Province ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Prudent Diet

AbstractObjectiveTo measure dietary intakes of young children aged 12–24 months and to determine the impact of poor diets on stunting.DesignA quantitative food-frequency questionnaire was adapted, tested and standardised. Trained enumerators conducted in-depth interviews with the mothers/caregivers of the children. Forty stunted children in urban informal settlements and 30 stunted children in rural areas were selected and pair-matched with controls. The data were captured on the Food Finder Program of the Medical Research Council.ResultsIn both urban and rural areas, the diet of stunted and non-stunted groups did differ significantly and all diets were of poor nutritional quality.ConclusionDiets in both areas resembled the recommended prudent diet, i.e. low in fat and high in carbohydrates. Poor quality diets were not the primary cause of stunting.

scholarly journals Impact of improved small-scale livestock farming on human nutrition

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Emran Hossain ◽  
Md. Ahasanul Hoque ◽  
Emanuele Giorgi ◽  
Guillaume Fournié ◽  
Goutam Buddha Das ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Livestock Farming ◽  
Randomised Controlled ◽  
The Impact

AbstractMicronutrient deficiencies and stunting rates are high in many low-income countries. Increasing and diversifying food intake are often challenging for small-scale farmers in lowland areas as flooding often results in crop losses and drowning of livestock. A cluster-randomised controlled trial was conducted over 12-months in Bangladesh, involving 150 small-scale duck rearing households, including 50 control, and 50 households each in two intervention arms. Interventions focussing on improving duck health and duck nutrition were applied on a village level. Data analysis focussed on assessing the impact of interventions on duck mortality, sales and consumption, and on dietary diversity of household members. Improved duck rearing increased the consumption and the sales of ducks. Household selling more ducks were more likely to purchase and consume milk products, contributing to an improved households’ dietary diversity. Our results suggest that improving duck rearing can provide a suitable and sustainable alternative to maintain and improve dietary diversity of households in flood-prone areas.

Forming connections in the digital era: Tinder, a new tool in young Australian intimate life

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 346-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyndsay Newett ◽  
Brendan Churchill ◽  
Brady Robards
Keyword(s):  
Smartphone Application ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
Additional Tool ◽  
Digital Era ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Perceived Impact ◽  
Intimate Life ◽  
The Impact

Tinder is a location-based smartphone application used by young adults. Advertised as a popular and unique way to forge connections, Tinder’s introduction into intimate life is indicative of increased information and communication technology (ICT) usage within this sphere. While the impact of ICT use within intimate life has been debated, little sociological research has investigated Tinder within this context. This article draws on data from a small scale exploratory study, including surveys (n = 203) and interviews (n = 10), examining the use of Tinder by young Australians (aged 18 to 30) and how use contributes to intimate outcomes. While survey results provide insight regarding engagement with Tinder and its use in intimate life, two key themes – (1) Tinder’s use as an additional tool in intimate life and (2) its perceived impact on ‘connection quality’ – demonstrate Tinder’s role in intimate outcomes. Findings support Jurgenson’s depiction of today’s societies as ones characterised by augmented reality rather than digital dualism.

Comparative Analysis of Beneficiaries and Non-beneficiaries about Scientific Livestock Farming Practices

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akshita Chadda ◽  
Y.S. Jadoun ◽  
Jaswinder Singh ◽  
S.K. Kansal
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Knowledge Level ◽  
Farming Practices ◽  
Livestock Farming ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Self Help Groups ◽  
The Impact

Background: Punjab being a productive state in agriculture and livestock farming, various institutions are actively involved in Self Help Group formation for socio- economic development of low-income group. Rural women are engaged in small-scale entrepreneurship programme with the help of Self Help Groups. The present study was conducted to assess the impact of livestock based Self Help Groups on knowledge level regarding the scientific livestock farming practices among the beneficiaries of Self Help Groups and non-beneficiaries. Methods: The study was undertaken in Ludhiana district of Punjab. A multistage random sampling procedure was applied to draw the sample for the study. For meeting the objective; 120 beneficiaries and 60 non-beneficiaries were subjected to structured interview schedule. Result: The study revealed that majority of the beneficiaries (50.00%) and non-beneficiaries (55.00%) had medium level of knowledge regarding overall scientific livestock farming practices. Knowledge Index was higher in case of beneficiaries (61.46) than that of non-beneficiaries (56.68). Self Help Groups had made a significant positive impact on knowledge level of the beneficiaries and thus helped in improving overall socio-economic conditions of the rural women.

Coordinating Sustainable Landscapes for a Low-income Community

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 558d-558
Author(s):  
Joshua H. Reed ◽  
Mary T. Haque
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Strategic Alliance ◽  
Opportunity To Learn ◽  
Independent Study ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
Community Environments ◽  
Project Objectives ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

The City of Clemson, along with the National Wildlife Federation, Habitat for Humanity, and Clemson Univ., recently formed a strategic alliance to incorporate ideas for the landscaping of low-income homes. Their goal was to create an aesthetically pleasing, environmentally responsible design that catered to the future development of the families involved. The low-income housing project was selected as an independent study for Spring 1998. As student project manager I coordinated and documented the project. Objectives of the project were: 1) to promote knowledge and research on environmental issues and culturally diverse populations; 2) to create backyard wildlife habitats and sustainable community environments for low income families; 3) to provide students with the opportunity to learn and mature by participating in a long-term project involving a measurable impact. Project steps included analysis, research, design, planning, scheduling, implementation, and reflection on the impact made by those involved. The City of Clemson, along with the others involved, was delighted to be the first to address the issue of enhancing open space around low-income buildings in addition to landscaping the properties surrounding the homes.

WILLINGNESS TO FORMALIZE: A CASE STUDY OF THE INFORMAL MICRO AND SMALL-SCALE ENTERPRISES IN ZIMBABWE

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (01) ◽  
pp. 1950001 ◽  
Author(s):  
SOPHIA Z. E. MUKORERA
Keyword(s):  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Financial Constraints ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Main Concern ◽  
Registration Process ◽  
Access To Technology ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

The rapidly growing informal micro and small-scale enterprise sector in Zimbabwe is an issue of concern because the government is still struggling to revive the economy from the effects of economic meltdown. Of main concern is the lost revenue through tax evasion. The growing informal sector is believed to be a result of the poor quality of certain institutions, high corruption levels in the country and lack of incentives to formalize. The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of growth constraints on the willingness to formalize by informal MSEs. Twenty internal and external growth inhibiting factors were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and a logistic model was estimated on a dichotomous variable of willing/not willing to formalize. The results show that willingness/unwillingness to formalize by informal entrepreneurs in Zimbabwe is significantly related to institutional imperfections and asymmetry of bureaucracy associated with the registration process, lack of access to technology, market and financial constraints and lack of entrepreneurial and management skills. Improving the bureaucracy of the registration process and access to technology may possibly increase the odds of the informal operators formalizing their businesses. However, improvement in market and financial constraints and entrepreneurial and managerial skills will decrease the odds of willingness to formalize.

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