Pan-arctic glaciers volume changes over 1975-2019

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amaury Dehecq ◽  
Alex Gardner ◽  
Romain Hugonnet ◽  
Joaquin Belart
Keyword(s):  
Canadian Arctic ◽  
Aerial Images ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Glacier Mass Balance ◽  
Russian Arctic ◽  
Elevation Change ◽  
Volume Changes ◽  
Arctic Regions ◽  
Digital Elevation

<p>Glaciers retreat contributed to about 1/3 of the observed sea level rise since 1971 (IPCC). However, long term estimates of glaciers volume changes rely on sparse field observations and region-wide satellite observations are available mostly after 2000. The now declassified images from the American reconnaissance satellite series Hexagon (KH-9), that acquired 6 m resolution stereoscopic images from 1971 to 1986, open new possibilities for glaciers observation.</p><p>Based on recently published methodology (Dehecq et al., 2020, doi: 10.3389/feart.2020.566802), we process all available KH-9 images over the Arctic (Canadian arctic, Iceland, Svalbard, Russian arctic) to generate Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) and ortho-images for the period 1974-1980. We validate the KH-9 DEMs over Iceland against elevation derived from historical aerial images acquired within a month from the satellite acquisition.</p><p>Finally, we calculate the glacier elevation change between the historical DEMs and modern elevation obtained from a time series of ASTER stereo images and validated against ICESat-2 elevation. The geodetic glacier mass balance is calculated for all pan-Arctic regions and analyzed with reference to the last 20 years evolution.</p>

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ECONOMIC SPACE OF THE RUSSIAN ARCTIC

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (7) ◽  
pp. 132-140
Author(s):  
E. A. KORCHAK ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
National Policy ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Russian Arctic ◽  
Economic Space ◽  
Arctic Regions ◽  
Dominant Direction ◽  
Integrated Structures

The purpose of the study was to analyze the structure of the economic space of the Russian Arctic within the framework of determining the prospects for the economic development of the Arctic regions. The unevenness of the economic space of the Russian Arctic and the focus on the extraction and export of natural resources are determined. It is revealed that vertically integrated structures play a key role in the Russian Arctic. It is determined that the specific feature of this region is the ethnoeconomics, the long-term development of which is the dominant direction of the national policy in the field of agriculture of the Russian Arctic.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE RUSSIAN SEGMENT OF THE ARCTIC ZONE AS A REGIONAL MEASUREMENT OF WORLD GEOPOLITICS

2020 ◽  
pp. 73-77
Author(s):  
T.S. Sukhodaeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World Economy ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Russian Arctic ◽  
Competitive Advantages ◽  
Arctic Zone ◽  
Arctic Council ◽  
The World ◽  
Arctic Policy

The article discusses the features of the Arctic zone, its place in the world economy and international relations. The reasons for the intersection of the geopolitical interests of the leading states of the world in this region are revealed. The main directions of scientific and technical cooperation in the development of the Arctic are identified. The role of the Arctic Council in solving the problem of coordinating the interests of various actors in the region is shown. The strategic necessity of the development of the Arctic as a region free of conflicts and rivalry is substantiated. The analysis of the Russian Arctic policy and mechanisms for its implementation. The author substantiates the conclusion that the development of the Russian Arctic zone can become a driving force for the qualitative growth of the national economy, the formation of the country's competitive advantages in the long term, as well as maintaining the global ecological balance and stability.

scholarly journals Regions of the Russian Arctic Zone: State and Problems at the Beginning of the New Development Stage

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3.14) ◽  
pp. 369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyubov Vasilievna Larchenko ◽  
Roman Aleksandrovich Kolesnikov
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Regional Policy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
The State ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Russian Arctic ◽  
Arctic Zone ◽  
Arctic Regions ◽  
Regions Of Russia

In recent years, a new market trading in cryptocurrencies and instruments based on them has been formed. The market of This paper The goal of the study is to analyze the degree of differentiation of the Arctic regions of Russia by the key indicators of socioeconomic development, dependence of their economic development on the raw materials industries, which should be accounted to shape an efficient regional policy by the state and achieve the strategic goals for the reclamation and development of the Russian Arctic zone. The methodology of the study is based on a systematic approach to assessing the socioeconomic and sectoral differentiation of the Arctic regions of Russia. A set of general scientific and special research methods was used. The conducted analysis indicates that all the Arctic regions under study have a narrow raw materials nature of the economy, the sectoral structure is poorly differentiated. The policy of equalizing the per capita income and the cost of living in the Arctic regions with other regions of Russia largely determined the outflow of population from the northern regions. The state regional policy in relation to the Arctic regions should take into account their heterogeneity in order to achieve the results outlined in the strategic documents. 

Development of Tourism in the Arctic Zone and Its Impact on Environment

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1642
Author(s):  
Marina L. BELONOZHKO ◽  
Oleg M. BARBAKOV ◽  
Anton L. ABRAMOVSKY
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Russian Arctic ◽  
Arctic Zone ◽  
The Past ◽  
The North ◽  
Arctic Regions ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Historical Resources ◽  
Almost All

For a long time, the Arctic was considered a territory not adapted for human life (“dead earth”), impassable either by water or by land due to the climate. Currently, not only scientists, but also ordinary travelers and tourists are going to the North Pole. Today, tourism in the Arctic is one of the rapidly developing areas in the past few years. Therefore, the authors studied the development of tourism in the Arctic and its impact on the environment. It has been established that the development of ecological, cultural, scientific, extreme tourism, sport hunting, fishing and cruises is relevant for the Arctic regions. It was determined that the main problem in the development of tourism in the Russian Arctic is the transport and logistics underdevelopment of the region. But, these territories are so rich in natural, cultural, historical resources that there is the possibility of developing almost all types of tourism.

scholarly journals Homeless Inuit in Montreal

2009 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuhiro Kishigami
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Canadian Arctic ◽  
Present Situation ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Arctic Regions ◽  
Inuit Population ◽  
Urban Inuit ◽  
Urban Adaptation ◽  
Inuit Community ◽  
Community Centre

Abstract Migration of the Inuit into southern Canadian cities from the Arctic increased substantially during the 1980s. Approximately 10,000 out of a total of 50,000 Inuit lived outside the Canadian Arctic regions in 2006. As the number of urban Inuit is increasing, so too is that of homeless Inuit in large southern cities. It is estimated that there are more than 90 homeless Inuit in Montreal, which has an Inuit population of about 800. This paper describes the life and characteristics of homeless urban Inuit in Montreal, and the activities of the Native Friendship Centre of Montreal and of the Association of Montreal Inuit, which are essential for their survival. The Inuit of Montreal have yet to form useful social networks to ease their urban adaptation. An Inuit community centre, where information and food can be shared, should be established in Montreal to change the present situation of homeless Inuit.

scholarly journals Glacier-specific elevation changes in parts of western Alaska

2015 ◽  
Vol 56 (70) ◽  
pp. 184-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Le Bris ◽  
F. Paul
Keyword(s):  
Mass Balance ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Entire Region ◽  
Volume Changes ◽  
Sample Mean ◽  
Tidewater Glaciers ◽  
Digital Elevation ◽  
Elevation Changes ◽  
Global Sea Level

AbstractThe meltwater from glaciers in Alaska contributes strongly to global sea-level rise, but accurate determination is challenging as only two comparatively small glaciers have long-term measurements of annual mass balance (Gulkana and Wolverine). Simple upscaling of their values to the entire region is error-prone as their representativeness is unknown and might be biased. Alternatively, differencing digital elevation models (DEMs) from two epochs provides overall volume changes for a longer period of time that can be converted to mass changes using appropriate density assumptions. Here we combine outlines from two glacier inventories to determine glacier-specific elevation changes over a 50 year period for 3180 glaciers in western Alaska using DEM differencing. This allows us to determine the representativeness of the land-terminating Gulkana and Wolverine Glaciers for the entire region and to exclude calving glaciers (marine and lacustrine) from the sample. Mean changes for all land-terminating, lake-terminating and tidewater glaciers are –0.23 ± 0.44, –0.63 ± 0.40 and –0.64 ± 0.66 m a–1, respectively, and –0.7 and –0.6 m a–1 for the two mass-balance or benchmark glaciers. Thus fortuitously their changes better represent calving glaciers and the overall mean (–0.63 ± 1.14 m a–1) than the change of land-terminating glaciers, i.e. they are not representative for their own type. Different methods of considering potential DEM artefacts provide variable mean changes but the same general result.

scholarly journals Dynamic response of an Arctic epishelf lake to seasonal and long-term forcing: implications for ice shelf thickness

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew K. Hamilton ◽  
Bernard E. Laval ◽  
Derek R. Mueller ◽  
Warwick F. Vincent ◽  
Luke Copland
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Canadian Arctic ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Ice Shelf ◽  
Ice Shelves ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Long Term Changes ◽  
Episodic Mixing ◽  
Outflow Pathway

Abstract. Changes in the depth of the freshwater-seawater interface in epishelf lakes have been used to infer long-term changes in the thickness of ice shelves, however, little is known about the dynamics of epishelf lakes and what other factors may influence their depth. Continuous observations collected between 2011 and 2014 in the Milne Fiord epishelf lake, in the Canadian Arctic, showed that the depth of the halocline varied seasonally by up to 3.3 m, which was comparable to interannual variability. The seasonal depth variation was controlled by the magnitude of surface meltwater inflow and the hydraulics of the inferred outflow pathway, a narrow basal channel in the Milne Ice Shelf. When seasonal variation and an episodic mixing of the halocline were accounted for, long-term records of depth indicated there was no significant change in thickness of ice along the basal channel from 1983 to 2004, followed by a period of steady thinning at 0.50 m a-1 between 2004 and 2011. Rapid thinning at 1.15 m a-1 then occurred from 2011 to 2014, corresponded to a period of warming regional air temperatures. Continued warming is expected to lead to the breakup of the ice shelf and the imminent loss of the last known epishelf lake in the Arctic.

scholarly journals Beyond Statistics: a Qualitative Study of Primary Sector Transformation in the Post-Soviet Russian Arctic

2021 ◽  
pp. 60-80
Author(s):  
Kirill A. GALUSTOV ◽  
◽  
Igor A. KHODACHEK ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Regional Level ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Russian Arctic ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Expert Survey ◽  
Primary Sector ◽  
Arctic Regions

The Russian Arctic is at the epicentre of economic, environmental, and social changes. At the same time, the peripheral character of the territory, its strong orientation on primary sector makes the region extremely volatile to suchlike shifts. The study concerns primary sector transformation in the Post-Soviet period when after 1991 significant changes in the economy were observed. The main aim of the paper is to identify the specifics, features and development prospects of the recent primary sector transfor-mation in the Russian Arctic. The statistical methods do not reflect the full picture of the transformation. Firstly, Russia has switched to UN national accounts system only in 1994. Secondly, the Arctic statistics after 2009 for regional level is unavailable. That is why the main method of the research is the expert survey method. The results of the study demonstrate the dominant role of the primary sector and the strong dependence of Russian Arctic regions on these activities. The study identifies the key factors and drivers of the transformation, a specific position of the oil and gas sector and the role of natural resources to be traditionally used in the primary sector. Despite the positive role of economic diversification in the long-term economic development, the corresponding effect for the Arctic regions is not fully expressed. The methodological novelty of the research is an unconventional research method of investigating primary sector transformation on the regional level in the Post-Soviet Russian Arctic, i.e. the expert survey. The method can be applied to other countries and industries.

scholarly journals Migration of the Russian Arctic population: models, routes, results

2020 ◽  
pp. 4-18
Author(s):  
V.V. Fauzer ◽  
◽  
A.V. Smirnov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Arctic ◽  
Population Migration ◽  
Population Movement ◽  
Russian Arctic ◽  
Migration Routes ◽  
Urban Districts ◽  
Arctic Regions ◽  
Migration Dynamics ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Migration Theories

Population migration continues to be the main factor affecting the population dynamics in the Russian Arctic. The article discusses the theoretical provisions that reveal the essence of population migration, presents the main migration theories that explain the mobility of the population in the Arctic conditions. The object of the study is 75 urban and municipal districts of the Russian Arctic. The research focuses on the population migration and its impact on the population of the Russian Arctic. The authors propose a method for studying migration processes by analyzing municipal statistics and directions of movement based on social network data. The method reveals the main migration flows and patterns of population movement in the Arctic regions in 2012—2019. Based on the identified trends, the authors forecast migration dynamics and its impact on the population. Spatial analysis shows that current migration processes in the Arctic are the result of a complex combination of natural, historical, social and economic causes. Using data of the project “The virtual population of Russia”, the authors identify the main routes of population movement in the Arctic regions. The research reveals that residents of urban districts most often move to Moscow and St. Petersburg, and the ones of urban districts — to regional centers. The analysis shows that medium and large cities are of particular importance in migration processes. They are intermediate links of migration routes from the Arctic territories to federal and regional capitals located outside the Arctic. The authors describe three models of migration processes, depending on the age and sex composition of the migrating population and the stages of territory development.

scholarly journals SYSTEMIC PROBLEMS OF TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENT IN THE RUSSIAN ARCTIC

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (34) ◽  
Author(s):  
N.A SEROVA ◽  
◽  
V.A SEROVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Complete Information ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Russian Arctic ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Arctic Regions ◽  
Infrastructure Investments ◽  
Systemic Problems ◽  
Sparse Population

Purpose: to identify systemic problems in the development of transport infrastructure in the Russian Arctic. Methods: the analysis of the main trends and features of the development of the transport infrastructure of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation (AZRF) in 2000-2018 was carried out. Trends in the development of road and rail transport are considered in the most detail. official statistics provides the most complete information only on them. To analyze the dynamics of the provision of land transport infrastructure in the Arctic regions, the Engel coefficient was used, since it is calculated taking into account the area and population size (this is an important circumstance for the Arctic regions, due to their extremely sparse population and the size of the territories). Results: it was revealed that, despite some positive trends, the transport infrastructure of the Russian Arctic is still characterized by a number of problems. Scientific novelty: it is substantiated that the objective difficulties in the development of transport infrastructure in the Arctic regions are caused not only by difficult natural and geographical conditions, but also by systematic underfunding of the transport industry and a lack of infrastructure investments, primarily in socially significant projects that provide intraregional and interregional transport links. Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in scientific and teaching activities, as well as by public authorities in the preparation of target-oriented documents for the development of the transport infrastructure of the Arctic regions.

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