scholarly journals The Neolithic greenstone industry of Chiomonte (northwestern Italy): mineralogy, petrography and archaeometric implications

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-166
Author(s):  
Roberto Giustetto ◽  
Stefania Padovan ◽  
Luca Barale ◽  
Roberto Compagnoni
Keyword(s):  
Energy Dispersive Spectrometry ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Western Alps ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Late Neolithic ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Combined Application ◽  
The Many ◽  
Stone Industry

Abstract. The polished stone industry of Chiomonte (Piedmont region, northwestern Italy), dating back to the middle to late Neolithic, has been studied with a multi-analytical approach, including mineralogical, petrographic and morpho-typological issues, with the aim of providing information about the sources of the raw materials and determining the function of this particular settlement in the prehistoric Western Alps. Most of the lithic tools are made of sensu stricto greenstones (i.e. “Na pyroxene rocks” and “Na pyroxene and garnet rocks”), though a large number of serpentinite tools (25 %) also exist. The combined application of X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), polarising microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (SEM-EDS) led to the detection of specific mineral and chemical “markers”, pointing to the Chiomonte tools likely having come from the Monviso area. However, other closer supply sources, e.g. small meta-ophiolite units in the Orsiera–Rocciavré mountain range or in the lower Susa valley, cannot be ruled out. The presence, on the many retrieved roughouts and broken tools, of raw, yet unpolished surfaces that are ascribable to pebbles and cobbles from alluvial or glacial deposits, suggests that these rocks had been picked up from local “secondary” sources. The abundance of roughouts and broken tools identifies Chiomonte as a second-order manufacturing site, although it is still unclear whether such an activity was restricted to serving local needs or if it contributed to the circulation of greenstone implements on a wider scale.

scholarly journals Shokpartas: a New Eneolithic Site in Central Saryarka

2021 ◽  
Vol 134 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-48
Author(s):  
V.V. Varfolomeev ◽  
◽  
V.K. Merts ◽  
I.V. Merts ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Cultural Affiliation ◽  
Siliceous Rocks ◽  
The Common ◽  
Manufacturing Techniques ◽  
Stone Industry ◽  
The Right

The paper deals with Eneolithic materials of the settlement Shokpartas, which is located on the right side of the mountain range with the same name as the Taldy River in the Central Saryarka. The main archaeological complex of the monument belongs to the late bronze age and contains materials of the BegazyDandybai (Sargarin-Alexeyev) culture, which is part of the common culture of roller ceramics. In 2018, part of an earthen type dwelling was investigated in the settlement. In the cultural layer of the settlement, together with Sargary utensils, were found flaked stone tools and several fragments of pottery with Neolithic appearance. Stratigraphically, it is impossible to separate these two complexes since the early layer is destroyed by later structures. The stone industry of the Eneolithic period is represented by 526 items, among which there are nuclei, bifaces, flakes, and scrapers. They are made of typical local siliceous rocks. A special feature of the collection is the absence of small arrowheads with a notch in the base, which are markers of Eneolithic complexes of the steppe zone. The presence on the monument of remnants of blanks of nuclei, a large amount of broken stone, production waste, allow us to consider it as a storage- workshop for the primary processing of stone. According to the typology of some tools, the raw materials and manufacturing techniques, the materials are found analogical to in the Eneolithic layer 1a of the Shiderty 3 site, as well as in the synchronous monuments of Northern Kazakhstan and Turgai. The stone industry of Shokpartas is associated with a small number of ceramics decorated with «false textiles» with the method of “pulling through «and «combing». This kind of ceramics have similarities with those found in locals, in the South-Western Kulunda, the Upper Irtysh region and in the Middle Trans-Urals. However, «false-textile» ceramics in General are not typical in Saryarka while mainly prevails on the right Bank of the Irtysh in complexes of the Borly 4 type. The age of the artifacts is determined based on stratigraphic observations of the occurrence of stone industries of a similar type at the stratified site of Shiderty 3 and is supplemented by radiocarbon analysis of Eneolithic complexes in Kazakhstan. Based on this, the early materials of the Shokpartas settlement can be tentatively dated within the second half of the IV-turn of the IV-III Millennium BC, assuming a relatively late age within the epoch. It is difficult to clearly determine their cultural affiliation, which is due to the lack of knowledge of the Eneolithic of Central Kazakhstan, so at this stage of problem, Shokportas materials can only be considered within the Ust-Narym-Shiderty circle of monuments, which tends to the Irtysh Region.

THE TREND OF USING SEPARATED WATERS AS PROCESS FLUIDS

2015 ◽  
pp. 103-108
Author(s):  
R. E. Shesterikova ◽  
E. A. Shesterikova ◽  
M. V. Popov
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Gas Condensate ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Mineralized Water ◽  
Oil Deposits

It is known that development of gas, gas-condensate and oil deposits is related with production of associated mineralized water. For creation of highly profitable processes of production and processing of hydrocarbons the methods of utilization of secondary sources of raw materials and energy become very important. The volumes of produced associated water at the petroleum complex facilities are so great, that it permits to consider them as a source of raw materials for processing with further receiving various commodity products, for example, process liquids, drilling fluids, iodine, bromine and their compounds.

scholarly journals Architectural ruins: geoculture of the anatomy of buildings as illustrated by Casa Ippolito, Malta

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lino Bianco
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
History Of ◽  
Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Building Physics

AbstractRuins are a statement on the building materials used and the construction method employed. Casa Ippolito, now in ruins, is typical of 17th-century Maltese aristocratic country residences. It represents an illustration of secondary or anthropogenic geodiversity. This paper scrutinises these ruins as a primary source in reconstructing the building’s architecture. The methodology involved on-site geographical surveying, including visual inspection and non-invasive tests, a geological survey of the local lithostratigraphy, and examination of notarial deeds and secondary sources to support findings about the building’s history as read from its ruins. An unmanned aerial vehicle was used to digitally record the parlous state of the architectural structure and karsten tubes were used to quantify the surface porosity of the limestone. The results are expressed from four perspectives. The anatomy of Casa Ippolito, as revealed in its ruins, provides a cross-section of its building history and shows two distinct phases in its construction. The tissue of Casa Ippolito—the building elements and materials—speaks of the knowledge of raw materials and their properties among the builders who worked on both phases. The architectural history of Casa Ippolito reveals how it supported its inhabitants’ wellbeing in terms of shelter, water and food. Finally, the ruins in their present state bring to the fore the site’s potential for cultural tourism. This case study aims to show that such ruins are not just geocultural remains of historical built fabric. They are open wounds in the built structure; they underpin the anatomy of the building and support insights into its former dynamics. Ruins offer an essay in material culture and building physics. Architectural ruins of masonry structures are anthropogenic discourse rendered in stone which facilitate not only the reconstruction of spaces but also places for human users; they are a statement on the wellbeing of humanity throughout history.

scholarly journals Thermoplastic Pultrusion: A Review

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 180
Author(s):  
Kirill Minchenkov ◽  
Alexander Vedernikov ◽  
Alexander Safonov ◽  
Iskander Akhatov
Keyword(s):  
Composite Structures ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Thermoplastic Composites ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Transportation Industry ◽  
Architectural Engineering ◽  
Simulation Techniques ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
The Many ◽  
Lower Production

Pultrusion is one of the most efficient methods of producing polymer composite structures with a constant cross-section. Pultruded profiles are widely used in bridge construction, transportation industry, energy sector, and civil and architectural engineering. However, in spite of the many advantages thermoplastic composites have over the thermoset ones, the thermoplastic pultrusion market demonstrates significantly lower production volumes as compared to those of the thermoset one. Examining the thermoplastic pultrusion processes, raw materials, mechanical properties of thermoplastic composites, process simulation techniques, patents, and applications of thermoplastic pultrusion, this overview aims to analyze the existing gap between thermoset and thermoplastic pultrusions in order to promote the development of the latter one. Therefore, observing thermoplastic pultrusion from a new perspective, we intend to identify current shortcomings and issues, and to propose future research and application directions.

The many faces of disability in evidence for policy and practice: embracing complexity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Rivas ◽  
Ikuko Tomomatsu ◽  
David Gough
Keyword(s):  
Minority Groups ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Deficit Model ◽  
Research Recruitment ◽  
Combined Application ◽  
Models Of Disability ◽  
People With Disability ◽  
The Many ◽  
Evidence For Policy ◽  
Existing Data

Background: This special issue examines the relationship between disability, evidence, and policy.Key points: Several themes cut across the included papers. Despite the development of models of disability that recognise its socially constructed nature, dis/ableism impedes the involvement of people with disability in evidence production and use. The resultant incomplete representations of disability are biased towards its deproblematisation. Existing data often homogenise the heterogeneous. Functioning and impairment categories are used for surveys, research recruitment and policy enactments, that exclude many. Existing data may crudely evidence some systematic inequalities, but the successful and appropriate development and enactment of disability policies requires more contextual data. Categories and labels drawn from a deficit model affect social constructions of identity, and have been used socially and politically to justify the disenfranchisement of people with disability. Well rehearsed within welfare systems, this results in disempowered and devalued objects of policy, and, as described in one Brazilian paper, the systematic breakup of indigenous families. Several studies show the dangers of policy developed without evidence and impact assessments from and with the intended beneficiaries.Conclusions and implications: There is a need to mitigate barriers to inclusive participation, to enable people with disability to collaborate as equals with other policy actors. The combined application of different policy models and ontologies, currently in tension, might better harness their respective strengths and encourage greater transparency and deliberation regarding the flaws inherent in each. Learning should be shared across minority groups.

scholarly journals THE VARIANT OF THE TRANSITIONTO THE ENEOLITHIC IN THE LOWER VOLGAREGION

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.А. Выборнов ◽  
Н.C. Дога ◽  
М.А. Кулькова
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Late Neolithic ◽  
Lower Volga Region ◽  
Lower Volga

Территория Нижнего Поволжья имеет важное значение для изучения культурогенеза. Особенно это касается переходных периодов. Исследователи относят прикаспийскую культуру к позднему неолиту или раннему энеолиту. Сравнение количества памятников, мощности слоев, жилищ, числа находок на стоянках не свидетельствует в пользу их увеличения по сравнению с поздненеолитическими. Ни появившиеся признаки (воротничок, гребенчатый штамп, сырье для изготовления орудий и др.), ни даже наличие элементов производящего хозяйства у носителей прикаспийской культуры не служат периодизационным критерием. Ведущим признаком перехода от неолита к энеолиту должны быть изменения в технологии изготовления орудий труда. Это прослеживается в появлении техники усиленного отжима. Учитывая отсутствие признаков металлообработки, прикаспийскую культуру следует относить к переходу от неолита к энеолиту. The area of the Lower Volga region is crucial for the studies of culturogenesis, especially, the transition periods. Scholars refer the Caspian culture to the Late Neolithic or the Early Eneolithic. The comparison of these two periods demonstrates that in the Early Eneolithic the number of sites, thickness of layers, dwellings, number of finds at the sites did not increase. There are a number of attributes (a collared rim, combed stamp, raw materials for manufacturing tools, etc.), but they are not technology-based. Presence of elements of producing economy in the area inhabited by representatives of the Caspian culture population is not used as a periodization criterion. Changes in the technology of manufacturing tools and implements must be used as the main evidence of the transition from the Neolithic to the Eneolithic. This transition manifests itself in the emergence of high pressure technology. Considering a lack of metalworking evidence, the Caspian culture should be referred to the period of transition from the Neolithic to the Eneolithic.

scholarly journals Ground stone industry from Pericei-Keller tag. A secondary production centre?

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 52-63
Author(s):  
Mihai Dunca ◽  
Sanda Băcueț Crișan
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Production ◽  
Stone Tools ◽  
Port Site ◽  
Late Neolithic ◽  
Working Process ◽  
North West ◽  
Neolithic Site ◽  
Ground Stone ◽  
Stone Industry

This article analyses ground stone discoveries from the late neolithic site of Pericei located in north-west of Romania, in Șimleu Depression. Combined characteristics of chisels and adzes in working process are discussed along with their context, especially those connected to stone working: the layer, dwellings and pebble agglomerations. We conclude that Pericei was a production center for stone chisels, appeared to supply the demand that until then was satisfied by Suplac/Porț site that continued to produce ground stone tools for a longer period.

scholarly journals Problematic of Rattan Resource Management: Conservation and Post-harvest Concerns in Bamenda Town and Its Environs

2020 ◽  
pp. 80-92
Author(s):  
Gilbert Zechia Mofor ◽  
Nadine Yemelong Temgoua ◽  
Ndamsa Dickson Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Urban Communities ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Forest Resources ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Innovative Technologies ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Usage Patterns ◽  
A Chain

The use of durable forest resources in urban areas has raised the question of link between conservation and usage patterns. Population growth in Cameroon urban areas has continued to trigger constant demand for forest resources notably for rattan resources. Owing to the thriving domestic use and trade indicators, it is observed that, the furniture processors have been experiencing considerable demand of rattan products. It was pathetic to observe that, though the whole chain of rattan dependable activities have become an integral part of livelihood strategy for many urban communities, it is without any regulatory rearmament. Such scenario has until recently been ostensibly clear that in Bamenda town is an epitome for non-awareness of the exact species used, ecological attitudes, post-harvest losses, innovative technologies and trade letdown. In the context of such lack of awareness, most socioeconomic and conservation benchmarks have remained trapped in inappropriate operations. It is in this light that, Bamenda town displays a range of concerns about the rattan resources management stakes and challenges. Thus, the main objective of this paper attempts to harness suitable socioeconomic and ecological strategies to ensure sustainability with significant potential for the rattan sources to the thriving investors’ livelihood. The study therefore, explores the stakeholders’ treasure on rattan resources derivatives and perceptions on conservation and socioeconomic standing in Bamenda town, which is a heavily dealing place. The study made use of primary and secondary sources to collect necessary data. The results indicate that, they are a chain of rattan resource investors, multiples sources of raw materials and local rattan workspaces. In addition, the paper established that, there are no conservation awareness and visions, no innovative technologies, insufficient basic knowledge about self-regulatory mechanism for informal trade on a sound rattan management as well as no veritable institutional support structures to strengthen the rattan sector. Therefore, imperiling this activity into a blur future given the gaps observed in the sector. Based on these challenges, the study has proposed pertinent concerns, which have some supportive regimented policies to awareness, sustainable conservation, production and trading trends management for livelihood of the rattan dealers in Bamenda town and beyond.

scholarly journals SOCIOECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE ASSOCIATION OF COLLECTORS OF RECYCLABLE CAJAZEIRAS MATERIALS (ASCAMARC) AND THE CONTRIBUTION OF COLLECTING ACTIVITY TO THE ENVIRONMENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-93
Author(s):  
Patrick Wendell Freire Cidelino ◽  
Everton Vieira da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Scarce Resources ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Socioeconomic Analysis ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
The Social ◽  
Progressive Accumulation ◽  
Waste Pickers

Background: recycling is an essential tool for promoting sustainable development, as mechanisms that reduce the use of virgin raw materials will limit the use of scarce resources and reduce the progressive accumulation of waste. as well as contain their side effects and pollution causing health problems, among others. At the base of the recycling system are the collectors of recyclables, agents of this activity who are the workers who pick, select and sell recyclable materials such as paper, glass, metal, garbage, and other reusable materials. Aim: this study aimed to verify the income earned and the contribution to the sustainable development process arising from collecting recyclable materials. Methods: the proposed study was carried out at the Cajazeiras Waste Pickers Association (ASCAMARC), in this city, Alto Sertão da Paraíba. The population and sample are 13 recyclable waste pickers who actively participate in ASCAMARC and voluntarily agreed to participate in the research after being informed about its objectives. The content analysis technique was used through transcripts of interviews with the target audience and documents from secondary sources, and the collected data were also analyzed in quantitative form. Results and Discussion: the results show that 12 (92.31%) waste pickers earn less than one wage, and 01 (7.69%) waste pickers earn a minimum wage through the activity of collecting recyclable material and that there is currently great concern about the damage generated to the environment by solid wastes that have a long degradation time. It was found that 13 (100%) waste pickers believe that collecting recyclable materials contributes to the environment. Conclusions: It can be concluded from the results obtained the social, economic, and environmental importance of the work of waste pickers, despite the precarious conditions in which they perform the activity, without their participation in the base of the recycling chain, perhaps the environmental situation would be more chaotic in recent times.

Industrial Parks as a Solution to Expanding Urbanization

2018 ◽  
pp. 327-345
Author(s):  
Moses Kibe Kihiko
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Development ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Industrial Clusters ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Business Environments ◽  
Industrial Parks ◽  
Export Tax ◽  
China Model ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Many

In a bid to foster the continent's industrialization, Sub-Saharan Africa launched industrial clusters or parks for channeling foreign know-how and capital and are bypassing the many obstacles of domestic business environments. Due to the high degree of failure experienced in many parts Africa, the China model of success story can serve as a case study of commitment top leadership, political goodwill, focused legal and regulatory framework, setting up favorable location advantages, tax breaks, duty-free imports of raw materials, export tax exemption, updated and modern technologies. It is also important African industrial development to build local manufacturing capacity, skilled people, including strengthening the concept of public-private partnership, but above all, investing in infrastructure.

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