THE TREND OF USING SEPARATED WATERS AS PROCESS FLUIDS

2015 ◽  
pp. 103-108
Author(s):  
R. E. Shesterikova ◽  
E. A. Shesterikova ◽  
M. V. Popov
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Gas Condensate ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Mineralized Water ◽  
Oil Deposits

It is known that development of gas, gas-condensate and oil deposits is related with production of associated mineralized water. For creation of highly profitable processes of production and processing of hydrocarbons the methods of utilization of secondary sources of raw materials and energy become very important. The volumes of produced associated water at the petroleum complex facilities are so great, that it permits to consider them as a source of raw materials for processing with further receiving various commodity products, for example, process liquids, drilling fluids, iodine, bromine and their compounds.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of demulsifiers for the destruction of highly mineralized water-oil emulsions of the Srednebotuobinsky oil and gas condensate field

2020 ◽  
Vol 217 ◽  
pp. 04001
Author(s):  
Maria Ivanova ◽  
Kirill Tomskii
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Gas Condensate ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Formation Water ◽  
Mineralized Water ◽  
Oil Emulsions ◽  
Chloride Salts

One of the most serious problems of field oil treatment at the Srednebotuobinsky oil and gas condensate field is an abnormally high content of chloride salts, reaching 350 thousand mg / dm3. The high content of chloride salts significantly complicates the preparation of oil and requires other approaches both in production and in the preparation of extracted raw materials. In this paper, the influence of the drilling fluid used in the Srednebotuobinsky oil and gas condensate field together with the most popular demulsifiers and the effect of acidity on the oil dehydration process are considered. To determine the compatibility of the drilling fluid with the formation water of the field, tests were conducted at various concentrations of the drilling fluid at temperatures. Based on the results of the data obtained, the optimal concentration of Flo-Pro NT drilling fluid from M-I Drilling Fluids Co and ANCO-2000 from ANCOR Drilling Fluids was determined at reservoir temperatures and oil treatment temperatures. Under the conditions selected above, the dynamics of desalination and dehydration of oil from the Srednebotuobinsky field were determined at various dosages of demulsifiers DMO 25126 and Dissolvan 13853 and at various acidities of the medium.

scholarly journals Architectural ruins: geoculture of the anatomy of buildings as illustrated by Casa Ippolito, Malta

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lino Bianco
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
History Of ◽  
Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Building Physics

AbstractRuins are a statement on the building materials used and the construction method employed. Casa Ippolito, now in ruins, is typical of 17th-century Maltese aristocratic country residences. It represents an illustration of secondary or anthropogenic geodiversity. This paper scrutinises these ruins as a primary source in reconstructing the building’s architecture. The methodology involved on-site geographical surveying, including visual inspection and non-invasive tests, a geological survey of the local lithostratigraphy, and examination of notarial deeds and secondary sources to support findings about the building’s history as read from its ruins. An unmanned aerial vehicle was used to digitally record the parlous state of the architectural structure and karsten tubes were used to quantify the surface porosity of the limestone. The results are expressed from four perspectives. The anatomy of Casa Ippolito, as revealed in its ruins, provides a cross-section of its building history and shows two distinct phases in its construction. The tissue of Casa Ippolito—the building elements and materials—speaks of the knowledge of raw materials and their properties among the builders who worked on both phases. The architectural history of Casa Ippolito reveals how it supported its inhabitants’ wellbeing in terms of shelter, water and food. Finally, the ruins in their present state bring to the fore the site’s potential for cultural tourism. This case study aims to show that such ruins are not just geocultural remains of historical built fabric. They are open wounds in the built structure; they underpin the anatomy of the building and support insights into its former dynamics. Ruins offer an essay in material culture and building physics. Architectural ruins of masonry structures are anthropogenic discourse rendered in stone which facilitate not only the reconstruction of spaces but also places for human users; they are a statement on the wellbeing of humanity throughout history.

PROSPECTS FOR LOCAL MINERAL AND RAW MATERIALS USE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOUTHWESTERN REGION OF GOMEL REGION

2020 ◽  
pp. 77-87
Author(s):  
Ivan I. Lishtvan ◽  
Boris V. Kurzo ◽  
Oleg M. Gaidukevich ◽  
Alexandr I. Sorokin
Keyword(s):  
Brown Coal ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Bentonite Clay ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Resource Base ◽  
Clay Deposits

The results of the study of the resource potential of Lelchitsky and adjacent regions are presented. It is shown that the raw materials for the production of crushed stone and natural stone in the amount of 1 million m3 is actively extracted in the region with the prospect of volume increasing up to 10 million m3. In addition, peat and sapropel are mined for the production of organic fertilizers, feed additives and drilling fluids. Brown coal and bentonite clay deposits are promising for mining. Peat, sapropel and brown coal should be considered to be raw materials for complex deep processing with the release of more products and materials with high added value. The obtained results allow to conclude that the development of Lelchitsky region and the economic feasibility of building Polesie section of the railway is possible only through integrated development and the most complete use of the entire resource base of the region.

scholarly journals The Neolithic greenstone industry of Chiomonte (northwestern Italy): mineralogy, petrography and archaeometric implications

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-166
Author(s):  
Roberto Giustetto ◽  
Stefania Padovan ◽  
Luca Barale ◽  
Roberto Compagnoni
Keyword(s):  
Energy Dispersive Spectrometry ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Western Alps ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Late Neolithic ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Combined Application ◽  
The Many ◽  
Stone Industry

Abstract. The polished stone industry of Chiomonte (Piedmont region, northwestern Italy), dating back to the middle to late Neolithic, has been studied with a multi-analytical approach, including mineralogical, petrographic and morpho-typological issues, with the aim of providing information about the sources of the raw materials and determining the function of this particular settlement in the prehistoric Western Alps. Most of the lithic tools are made of sensu stricto greenstones (i.e. “Na pyroxene rocks” and “Na pyroxene and garnet rocks”), though a large number of serpentinite tools (25 %) also exist. The combined application of X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), polarising microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (SEM-EDS) led to the detection of specific mineral and chemical “markers”, pointing to the Chiomonte tools likely having come from the Monviso area. However, other closer supply sources, e.g. small meta-ophiolite units in the Orsiera–Rocciavré mountain range or in the lower Susa valley, cannot be ruled out. The presence, on the many retrieved roughouts and broken tools, of raw, yet unpolished surfaces that are ascribable to pebbles and cobbles from alluvial or glacial deposits, suggests that these rocks had been picked up from local “secondary” sources. The abundance of roughouts and broken tools identifies Chiomonte as a second-order manufacturing site, although it is still unclear whether such an activity was restricted to serving local needs or if it contributed to the circulation of greenstone implements on a wider scale.

scholarly journals Problematic of Rattan Resource Management: Conservation and Post-harvest Concerns in Bamenda Town and Its Environs

2020 ◽  
pp. 80-92
Author(s):  
Gilbert Zechia Mofor ◽  
Nadine Yemelong Temgoua ◽  
Ndamsa Dickson Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Urban Communities ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Forest Resources ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Innovative Technologies ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Usage Patterns ◽  
A Chain

The use of durable forest resources in urban areas has raised the question of link between conservation and usage patterns. Population growth in Cameroon urban areas has continued to trigger constant demand for forest resources notably for rattan resources. Owing to the thriving domestic use and trade indicators, it is observed that, the furniture processors have been experiencing considerable demand of rattan products. It was pathetic to observe that, though the whole chain of rattan dependable activities have become an integral part of livelihood strategy for many urban communities, it is without any regulatory rearmament. Such scenario has until recently been ostensibly clear that in Bamenda town is an epitome for non-awareness of the exact species used, ecological attitudes, post-harvest losses, innovative technologies and trade letdown. In the context of such lack of awareness, most socioeconomic and conservation benchmarks have remained trapped in inappropriate operations. It is in this light that, Bamenda town displays a range of concerns about the rattan resources management stakes and challenges. Thus, the main objective of this paper attempts to harness suitable socioeconomic and ecological strategies to ensure sustainability with significant potential for the rattan sources to the thriving investors’ livelihood. The study therefore, explores the stakeholders’ treasure on rattan resources derivatives and perceptions on conservation and socioeconomic standing in Bamenda town, which is a heavily dealing place. The study made use of primary and secondary sources to collect necessary data. The results indicate that, they are a chain of rattan resource investors, multiples sources of raw materials and local rattan workspaces. In addition, the paper established that, there are no conservation awareness and visions, no innovative technologies, insufficient basic knowledge about self-regulatory mechanism for informal trade on a sound rattan management as well as no veritable institutional support structures to strengthen the rattan sector. Therefore, imperiling this activity into a blur future given the gaps observed in the sector. Based on these challenges, the study has proposed pertinent concerns, which have some supportive regimented policies to awareness, sustainable conservation, production and trading trends management for livelihood of the rattan dealers in Bamenda town and beyond.

scholarly journals SOCIOECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE ASSOCIATION OF COLLECTORS OF RECYCLABLE CAJAZEIRAS MATERIALS (ASCAMARC) AND THE CONTRIBUTION OF COLLECTING ACTIVITY TO THE ENVIRONMENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-93
Author(s):  
Patrick Wendell Freire Cidelino ◽  
Everton Vieira da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Scarce Resources ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Socioeconomic Analysis ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
The Social ◽  
Progressive Accumulation ◽  
Waste Pickers

Background: recycling is an essential tool for promoting sustainable development, as mechanisms that reduce the use of virgin raw materials will limit the use of scarce resources and reduce the progressive accumulation of waste. as well as contain their side effects and pollution causing health problems, among others. At the base of the recycling system are the collectors of recyclables, agents of this activity who are the workers who pick, select and sell recyclable materials such as paper, glass, metal, garbage, and other reusable materials. Aim: this study aimed to verify the income earned and the contribution to the sustainable development process arising from collecting recyclable materials. Methods: the proposed study was carried out at the Cajazeiras Waste Pickers Association (ASCAMARC), in this city, Alto Sertão da Paraíba. The population and sample are 13 recyclable waste pickers who actively participate in ASCAMARC and voluntarily agreed to participate in the research after being informed about its objectives. The content analysis technique was used through transcripts of interviews with the target audience and documents from secondary sources, and the collected data were also analyzed in quantitative form. Results and Discussion: the results show that 12 (92.31%) waste pickers earn less than one wage, and 01 (7.69%) waste pickers earn a minimum wage through the activity of collecting recyclable material and that there is currently great concern about the damage generated to the environment by solid wastes that have a long degradation time. It was found that 13 (100%) waste pickers believe that collecting recyclable materials contributes to the environment. Conclusions: It can be concluded from the results obtained the social, economic, and environmental importance of the work of waste pickers, despite the precarious conditions in which they perform the activity, without their participation in the base of the recycling chain, perhaps the environmental situation would be more chaotic in recent times.

Sustainability and Re-invention: The Pot Drum in Sri Lanka

2021 ◽  
pp. 173-182
Author(s):  
Iranga S Weerakkody
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Musical Instrument ◽  
Evolutionary Stage ◽  
Sri Lankan ◽  
Visual Methods ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Monitor Lizard ◽  
Cultural Texts

As indicated by archeological and literary sources, the pot drum has been a membranaphone of popular use since the Anuradhapura kingdom. It has been seen in various forms as Kumbha beraya, kala beraya, bummadiya or bimbisaka. This drum, being made out of clay in the shape of a gourd with an elongated neck or in that of a clay pot had a stretched skin of goat hide, monitor lizard hide or monkey hide. The use of these raw materials and how it brings harmony between the pottery industry and villagers in the processes of making the bummadiya is of importance. Through this research, understanding the Sri Lankan pot drum as a primary musical instrument and studying its historical and cultural aspects served as a foundation. After which, the objectives of identifying the role the pot-drum plays in sustainability were discussed. Finally, an investigation into an evolutionary stage of the pot drum in modern times, the thunpata beraya, was investigated. While this is a qualitative research, literary and archeological sources were used to collect data through discussions and field visits. The cultural texts and articles written throughout the ages on the Sri Lankan pot drum were used as secondary sources. Judgment sampling was the background behind the selection of data sources. Audio-visual methods were also used in collecting data. The human activity of using a material such as clay to express creativity in the form of music is of significance here.

scholarly journals A Combined Pyro- and Hydrometallurgical Approach to Recycle Pyrolyzed Lithium-Ion Battery Black Mass Part 1: Production of Lithium Concentrates in an Electric Arc Furnace

Metals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1069
Author(s):  
Marcus Sommerfeld ◽  
Claudia Vonderstein ◽  
Christian Dertmann ◽  
Jakub Klimko ◽  
Dušan Oráč ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Melting Process ◽  
Electric Arc Furnace ◽  
Electric Arc ◽  
Arc Furnace ◽  
Mineralogical Characterization ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Cobalt Nickel

Due to the increasing demand for battery raw materials such as cobalt, nickel, manganese, and lithium, the extraction of these metals not only from primary, but also from secondary sources like spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is becoming increasingly important. One possible approach for an optimized recovery of valuable metals from spent LIBs is a combined pyro- and hydrometallurgical process. According to the pyrometallurgical process route, in this paper, a suitable slag design for the generation of slag enriched by lithium and mixed cobalt, nickel, and copper alloy as intermediate products in a laboratory electric arc furnace was investigated. Smelting experiments were carried out using pyrolyzed pelletized black mass, copper(II) oxide, and different quartz additions as a flux to investigate the influence on lithium-slagging. With the proposed smelting operation, lithium could be enriched with a maximum yield of 82.4% in the slag, whereas the yield for cobalt, nickel, and copper in the metal alloy was 81.6%, 93.3%, and 90.7% respectively. The slag obtained from the melting process is investigated by chemical and mineralogical characterization techniques. Hydrometallurgical treatment to recover lithium is carried out with the slag and presented in part 2.

The Effects of Glass Bubbles, Clay, Xanthan Gum and Starch Concentrations on the Density of Lightweight Biopolymer Drilling Fluid

2014 ◽  
Vol 625 ◽  
pp. 526-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lim Symm Nee ◽  
Badrul Mohamed Jan ◽  
Brahim Si Ali ◽  
Ishenny Mohd Noor
Keyword(s):  
Xanthan Gum ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Drilling Process ◽  
Hydrocarbon Production ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Environmentally Safe

It is an open secret that currently oil and gas industry is focusing on increasing hydrocarbon production through underbalanced drilling (UBD) and finding ways to ensure the drilling process is less harmful to the environment. Water-based biopolymer drilling fluids are preferred compared to oil based drilling fluids owing to the fact that it causes less pollution to the environment. This paper investigates the effects of varying concentrations of environmentally safe raw materials, namely glass bubbles, clay, xanthan gum and starch concentrations on the density of the formulated biopolymer drilling fluid to ensure that it is suitable for UBD. As material concentrations were varied, the density for each sample was measured at ambient temperature and pressure. Results showed that the final fluid densities are within acceptable values for UBD (6.78 to 6.86 lb/gal). It is concluded that the formulated water-based biopolymer drilling fluid is suitable to be used in UBD operation.

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