scholarly journals Muon radiography for exploration of Mars geology

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 829-853
Author(s):  
S. Kedar ◽  
H. K. M. Tanaka ◽  
C. J. Naudet ◽  
C. E. Jones ◽  
J. P. Plaut ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Passive Imaging ◽  
Geological Structures ◽  
Minimal Impact ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Muon Radiography ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Muon Production

Abstract. Muon radiography is a technique that uses naturally occurring showers of muons (penetrating particles generated by cosmic rays) to image the interior of large scale geological structures in much the same way as standard X-ray radiography is used to image the interior of smaller objects. Recent developments and application of the technique to terrestrial volcanoes have demonstrated that a low-power, passive muon detector can peer deep into geological structures up to several kilometers in size, and provide crisp density profile images of their interior at ten meter scale resolution. Preliminary estimates of muon production on Mars indicate that the near horizontal Martian muon flux, which could be used for muon radiography, is as strong or stronger than that on Earth, making the technique suitable for exploration of numerous high priority geological targets on Mars. The high spatial resolution of muon radiography also makes the technique particularly suited for the discovery and delineation of Martian caverns, the most likely planetary environment for biological activity. As a passive imaging technique, muon radiography uses the perpetually present background cosmic ray radiation as the energy source for probing the interior of structures from the surface of the planet. The passive nature of the measurements provides an opportunity for a low power and low data rate instrument for planetary exploration that could operate as a scientifically valuable primary or secondary instrument in a variety of settings, with minimal impact on the mission's other instruments and operation.

scholarly journals Muon radiography for exploration of Mars geology

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kedar ◽  
H. K. M. Tanaka ◽  
C. J. Naudet ◽  
C. E. Jones ◽  
J. P. Plaut ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Passive Imaging ◽  
Geological Structures ◽  
Minimal Impact ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Muon Radiography ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Muon Production

Abstract. Muon radiography is a technique that uses naturally occurring showers of muons (penetrating particles generated by cosmic rays) to image the interior of large-scale geological structures in much the same way as standard X-ray radiography is used to image the interior of smaller objects. Recent developments and application of the technique to terrestrial volcanoes have demonstrated that a low-power, passive muon detector can peer deep into geological structures up to several kilometers in size, and provide crisp density profile images of their interior at ten meter scale resolution. Preliminary estimates of muon production on Mars indicate that the near horizontal Martian muon flux, which could be used for muon radiography, is as strong or stronger than that on Earth, making the technique suitable for exploration of numerous high priority geological targets on Mars. The high spatial resolution of muon radiography also makes the technique particularly suited for the discovery and delineation of Martian caverns, the most likely planetary environment for biological activity. As a passive imaging technique, muon radiography uses the perpetually present background cosmic ray radiation as the energy source for probing the interior of structures from the surface of the planet. The passive nature of the measurements provides an opportunity for a low power and low data rate instrument for planetary exploration that could operate as a scientifically valuable primary or secondary instrument in a variety of settings, with minimal impact on the mission's other instruments and operation.

scholarly journals Muon Radiography of Ancient Mines: The San Silvestro Archaeo-Mining Park (Campiglia Marittima, Tuscany)

Universe ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guglielmo Baccani ◽  
Lorenzo Bonechi ◽  
Massimo Bongi ◽  
Debora Brocchini ◽  
Nicola Casagli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Imaging Technique ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Average Density ◽  
High Density ◽  
Low Power Consumption ◽  
Silicon Photomultiplier ◽  
Muon Radiography

Muon absorption radiography is an imaging technique based on the measurement of the absorption of cosmic ray muons. This technique has recently been used successfully to investigate the presence of unknown cavities in the Bourbon Gallery in Naples and in the Chephren Pyramid at Cairo. The MIMA detector (Muon Imaging for Mining and Archaeology) is a prototype muon tracker for muon radiography for application in the fields of archaelogy and mining. It is made of three pairs of X-Y planes each consisting of 21 scintillator bars with a silicon photomultiplier readout. The detector is compact, robust, easily transportable, and has a low power consumption: all of which makes the detector ideal for measurements in confined and isolated environments. With this detector, a measurement from inside the Temperino mine in the San Silvestro archaeo-mining park in Tuscany was performed. The park includes about 25 km of mining tunnels arranged on several levels that have been exploited from the Etruscan time. The measured muon absorption was compared to the simulated one, obtained from the information provided by 3D laser scanner measurements and cartographic maps of the mountain above the mine, in order to obtain information about the average density of the rock. This allowed one to confirm the presence of a partially accessible exploitation opening and provided some hints regarding the presence of a high-density body within the rock.

scholarly journals Muon Radiography of Ancient Mines: the San Silvestro Archaeo-Mining Park (Campiglia Marittima, Tuscany)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guglielmo Baccani ◽  
Lorenzo Bonechi ◽  
Massimo Bongi ◽  
Debora Brocchini ◽  
Nicola Casagli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Imaging Technique ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Average Density ◽  
High Density ◽  
Low Power Consumption ◽  
Silicon Photomultiplier ◽  
Muon Radiography

Muon radiography is an imaging technique based on the measurement of the absorption of cosmic ray muons. This technique has recently been used successfully to investigate the presence of unknown cavities in the Bourbon Gallery in Naples and in the Cheops Pyramid at Cairo. The MIMA detector (Muon Imaging for Mining and Archaeology) is a muon tracker prototype for the application of muon radiography in the Archaeological and Mining fields. It is made of three couples of X-Y planes each consisting of 21 scintillator bars with silicon photomultiplier read-out. The detector is compact, robust, easily transportable and has a low power consumption: all of that makes the detector ideal for measurements in narrow and isolated environments. With this detector we have performed a measurement from inside the Temperino mine in the San Silvestro archaeo-mining park in Tuscany. The park includes about 25 km of mining tunnels arranged on several levels that have been excavated since the Etruscan time. The measured muon absorption was compared to the simulated one, obtained from the information provided by 3D laser scanner measurements and the cartographic maps of the mountain above the mine, in order to obtain information on the average density of the rock. This allowed to confirm the presence of a partially accessible exploitation opening and gave some hints on the presence of a high density body within the rock.

scholarly journals Cosmic-ray driven dynamo in galaxies

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (S274) ◽  
pp. 355-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Hanasz ◽  
D. Wóltanski ◽  
K. Kowalik ◽  
H. Kotarba
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Rotation Period ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Galactic Rotation ◽  
Large Scale Magnetic Field ◽  
Recent Developments

AbstractWe present recent developments of global galactic-scale numerical models of the Cosmic Ray (CR) driven dynamo, which was originally proposed by Parker (1992). We conduct a series of direct CR+MHD numerical simulations of the dynamics of the interstellar medium (ISM), composed of gas, magnetic fields and CR components. We take into account CRs accelerated in randomly distributed supernova (SN) remnants, and assume that SNe deposit small-scale, randomly oriented, dipolar magnetic fields into the ISM. The amplification timescale of the large-scale magnetic field resulting from the CR-driven dynamo is comparable to the galactic rotation period. The process efficiently converts small-scale magnetic fields of SN-remnants into galactic-scale magnetic fields. The resulting magnetic field structure resembles the X-shaped magnetic fields observed in edge-on galaxies.

scholarly journals Recent developments in antibody therapeutics against prion disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Frontzek ◽  
Adriano Aguzzi
Keyword(s):  
Prion Disease ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Prion Diseases ◽  
Human Study ◽  
Cellular Prion Protein ◽  
Passive Immunotherapy ◽  
Amino Terminal ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Health And Disease

Preclinical evidence indicates that prion diseases can respond favorably to passive immunotherapy. However, certain antibodies to the cellular prion protein PrPC can be toxic. Comprehensive studies of structure–function relationships have revealed that the flexible amino-terminal tail of PrPC is instrumental for mediating prion toxicity. In a first-in-human study, an anti-prion antibody has been recently administered to patients diagnosed with sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob's disease, the most prevalent human prion disease. Moreover, large-scale serosurveys have mapped the prevalence of naturally occurring human anti-prion autoantibodies in health and disease. Here, we provide a perspective on the limitations and opportunities of therapeutic anti-prion antibodies.

Recent Developments in the Downstream Processing of Phycobiliproteins from Algae: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 06 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayekpam Chandralekha Devi ◽  
G. K. Hamsavi ◽  
Simran Sahota ◽  
Rochak Mittal ◽  
Hrishikesh A. Tavanandi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Downstream Processing ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Cell Wall Disruption ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Macro Algae

Abstract: Algae (both micro and macro) have gained huge attention in the recent past for their high commercial value products. They are the source of various biomolecules of commercial applications ranging from nutraceuticals to fuels. Phycobiliproteins are one such high value low volume compounds which are mainly obtained from micro and macro algae. In order to tap the bioresource, a significant amount of work has been carried out for large scale production of algal biomass. However, work on downstream processing aspects of phycobiliproteins (PBPs) from algae is scarce, especially in case of macroalgae. There are several difficulties in cell wall disruption of both micro and macro algae because of their cell wall structure and compositions. At the same time, there are several challenges in the purification of phycobiliproteins. The current review article focuses on the recent developments in downstream processing of phycobiliproteins (mainly phycocyanins and phycoerythrins) from micro and macroalgae. The current status, the recent advancements and potential technologies (that are under development) are summarised in this review article besides providing future directions for the present research area.

scholarly journals On the geophysical processes impacting palaeo-sea-level observations

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusuke Yokoyama ◽  
Anthony Purcell
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Sea Level Change ◽  
Sea Level Changes ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Ice Volume ◽  
Level Change ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Geophysical Processes

AbstractPast sea-level change represents the large-scale state of global climate, reflecting the waxing and waning of global ice sheets and the corresponding effect on ocean volume. Recent developments in sampling and analytical methods enable us to more precisely reconstruct past sea-level changes using geological indicators dated by radiometric methods. However, ice-volume changes alone cannot wholly account for these observations of local, relative sea-level change because of various geophysical factors including glacio-hydro-isostatic adjustments (GIA). The mechanisms behind GIA cannot be ignored when reconstructing global ice volume, yet they remain poorly understood within the general sea-level community. In this paper, various geophysical factors affecting sea-level observations are discussed and the details and impacts of these processes on estimates of past ice volumes are introduced.

scholarly journals CNN-Based Classifier as an Offline Trigger for the CREDO Experiment

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (14) ◽  
pp. 4804
Author(s):  
Marcin Piekarczyk ◽  
Olaf Bar ◽  
Łukasz Bibrzycki ◽  
Michał Niedźwiecki ◽  
Krzysztof Rzecki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wavelet Transforms ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Morphological Difference ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Input Image ◽  
Image Features ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Cmos Sensor ◽  
Competition Process

Gamification is known to enhance users’ participation in education and research projects that follow the citizen science paradigm. The Cosmic Ray Extremely Distributed Observatory (CREDO) experiment is designed for the large-scale study of various radiation forms that continuously reach the Earth from space, collectively known as cosmic rays. The CREDO Detector app relies on a network of involved users and is now working worldwide across phones and other CMOS sensor-equipped devices. To broaden the user base and activate current users, CREDO extensively uses the gamification solutions like the periodical Particle Hunters Competition. However, the adverse effect of gamification is that the number of artefacts, i.e., signals unrelated to cosmic ray detection or openly related to cheating, substantially increases. To tag the artefacts appearing in the CREDO database we propose the method based on machine learning. The approach involves training the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to recognise the morphological difference between signals and artefacts. As a result we obtain the CNN-based trigger which is able to mimic the signal vs. artefact assignments of human annotators as closely as possible. To enhance the method, the input image signal is adaptively thresholded and then transformed using Daubechies wavelets. In this exploratory study, we use wavelet transforms to amplify distinctive image features. As a result, we obtain a very good recognition ratio of almost 99% for both signal and artefacts. The proposed solution allows eliminating the manual supervision of the competition process.

scholarly journals Discovery of naturally occurring inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro from Ginkgo biloba leaves via large-scale screening

Fitoterapia ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 104909
Author(s):  
Yuan Xiong ◽  
Guang-Hao Zhu ◽  
Hao-Nan Wang ◽  
Qing Hu ◽  
Li-Li Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ginkgo Biloba ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Large Scale Screening

COMPOSITE TRANSISTOR CELL USING DYNAMIC BODY BIAS FOR HIGH GAIN AND LOW-VOLTAGE APPLICATIONS

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (08) ◽  
pp. 1450108 ◽  
Author(s):  
VANDANA NIRANJAN ◽  
ASHWANI KUMAR ◽  
SHAIL BALA JAIN
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Supply Voltage ◽  
High Gain ◽  
Signal Frequency ◽  
Output Impedance ◽  
Self Cascode ◽  
Intrinsic Gain ◽  
Body Bias

In this work, a new composite transistor cell using dynamic body bias technique is proposed. This cell is based on self cascode topology. The key attractive feature of the proposed cell is that body effect is utilized to realize asymmetric threshold voltage self cascode structure. The proposed cell has nearly four times higher output impedance than its conventional version. Dynamic body bias technique increases the intrinsic gain of the proposed cell by 11.17 dB. Analytical formulation for output impedance and intrinsic gain parameters of the proposed cell has been derived using small signal analysis. The proposed cell can operate at low power supply voltage of 1 V and consumes merely 43.1 nW. PSpice simulation results using 180 nm CMOS technology from Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) are included to prove the unique results. The proposed cell could constitute an efficient analog Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) cell library in the design of high gain analog integrated circuits and is particularly interesting for biomedical and instrumentation applications requiring low-voltage low-power operation capability where the processing signal frequency is very low.

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