scholarly journals Overcoming challenges in the classification of deep geothermal potential

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Breede ◽  
K. Dzebisashvili ◽  
G. Falcone
Keyword(s):  
Rock Properties ◽  
Geothermal Systems ◽  
Carrier Fluid ◽  
Geothermal Potential ◽  
Formation Type ◽  
Minimum Depth ◽  
Universal Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Correlated Factors

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The geothermal community lacks a universal definition of deep geothermal systems. A minimum depth of 400 m is often assumed, with a further sub-classification into middle-deep geothermal systems for reservoirs found between 400 and 1000 m. Yet, the simplistic use of a depth cut-off is insufficient to uniquely determine the type of resource and its associated potential. Different definitions and criteria have been proposed in the past to frame deep geothermal systems. However, although they have valid assumptions, these frameworks lack systematic integration of correlated factors. To further complicate matters, new definitions such as hot dry rock (HDR), enhanced or engineered geothermal systems (EGSs) or deep heat mining have been introduced over the years. A clear and transparent approach is needed to estimate the potential of deep geothermal systems and be capable of distinguishing between resources of a different nature. In order to overcome the ambiguity associated with some past definitions such as EGS, this paper proposes the return to a more rigorous petrothermal versus hydrothermal classification. This would be superimposed with numerical criteria for the following: depth and temperature; predominance of conduction, convection or advection; formation type; rock properties; heat source type; requirement for formation stimulation and corresponding efficiency; requirement to provide the carrier fluid; well productivity (or injectivity); production (or circulation) flow rate; and heat recharge mode. Using the results from data mining of past and present deep geothermal projects worldwide, a classification of the same, according to the aforementioned criteria is proposed.</p>

Management of risks in the activity of industrial enterprises: essence and classification

2019 ◽  
pp. 66-76
Author(s):  
Dmitry Shchukin
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Enterprise ◽  
Risk Category ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Research Risks ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Methods Of Synthesis ◽  
Universal Definition ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Definition Of

The subject of research – risks in the activity of industrial enterprises: essence and classification.The purpose of the article is to study existing approaches to the interpretation of the concept of “risk” and develop its own definition of “risk”, analysis and classification of risks arising in the activities of industrial enterprises, the development of its own classification of the most common and actual risks of an industrial enterprise. Methodology of work – used methods of synthesis, analysis and synthesis (in the study of approaches to the interpretation of the concept of “risk” and the classification of risks of an industrial enterprise), expert methods of evaluation (in determining the most common and actual risks of an industrial enterprise). The results of the work – the proposed their own: the definition of the concept of “risk” and the classification of the most common and actual risks of an industrial enterprise. Conclusions – in modern scientific thought there is no single approach and the only universal definition of the “risk” category. This state of affairs is caused by the complexity of this category, the peculiarities of the research of scholars, in the context of which this category is considered. According to the research, we came to the conclusion that the risk is uncertainty, which causes a potential deviation from the planned goals and expected results.

scholarly journals Concordance, Variance, and Outliers in 4 Contemporary Cardiac Troponin Assays: Implications for Harmonization

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 274-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacobus P J Ungerer ◽  
Louise Marquart ◽  
Peter K O'Rourke ◽  
Urs Wilgen ◽  
Carel J Pretorius
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Cardiac Troponin ◽  
Troponin I ◽  
Troponin T ◽  
Analytical Imprecision ◽  
Universal Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Abbott Architect ◽  
Roche Cobas

Abstract BACKGROUND Data to standardize and harmonize the differences between cardiac troponin assays are needed to support their universal status in diagnosis of myocardial infarction. We characterized the variation between methods, the comparability of the 99th-percentile cutoff thresholds, and the occurrence of outliers in 4 cardiac troponin assays. METHODS Cardiac troponin was measured in duplicate in 2358 patient samples on 4 platforms: Abbott Architect i2000SR, Beckman Coulter Access2, Roche Cobas e601, and Siemens ADVIA Centaur XP. RESULTS The observed total variances between the 3 cardiac troponin I (cTnI) methods and between the cTnI and cardiac troponin T (cTnT) methods were larger than expected from the analytical imprecision (3.0%–3.7%). The between-method variations of 26% between cTnI assays and 127% between cTnI and cTnT assays were the dominant contributors to total variances. The misclassification of results according to the 99th percentile was 3%–4% between cTnI assays and 15%–17% between cTnI and cTnT. The Roche cTnT assay identified 49% more samples as positive than the Abbott cTnI. Outliers between methods were detected in 1 patient (0.06%) with Abbott, 8 (0.45%) with Beckman Coulter, 10 (0.56%) with Roche, and 3 (0.17%) with Siemens. CONCLUSIONS The universal definition of myocardial infarction should not depend on the choice of analyte or analyzer, and the between- and within-method differences described here need to be considered in the application of cardiac troponin in this respect. The variation between methods that cannot be explained by analytical imprecision and the discordant classification of results according to the respective 99th percentiles should be addressed.

scholarly journals A Tool for Every Job: Assessing the Need for a Universal Definition of Tool Use

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin J. Crain ◽  
Tugrul Giray ◽  
Charles I. Abramson
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
Tool Use ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Central Issue ◽  
Educational Literature ◽  
Universal Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Measuring Stick

Once considered only a human behavior, reports of tool use by a variety of animals have accumulated. Likewise, various definitions of tool use have also amassed. Although some researchers argue that understanding the evolutionary drivers of tool use is more important than identifying and describing these behaviors, the central issue of defining what constitutes tool use has not been fully addressed. Here we analyze prominent definitions of tool use and review the application of these definitions in scientific and educational literature. We demonstrate that many behaviors recently described as tool use do not meet criteria for prevalent definitions, while other neglected behaviors may constitute a form of tool use. These examples show how the use of inconsistent definitions of tool use in research can result in different conclusions from the same observations. Our aim is to demonstrate that a universally acceptable definition of tool use based on traditional, evolutionary, and operational understanding of behavior is needed. The rationale is that this review will stimulate the consistent and explicit use of specific terminology in tool use research. This would help define specific examples of each natural observation from a common measuring stick, allowing better comparative studies and classification of these unique behaviors.//

scholarly journals The classification of acute myocardial infarction types and the preconditions for its development. Type II myocardial infarction

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 5-15
Author(s):  
Olga Yu Kuznetsova ◽  
Tatiana A Dubikaitis ◽  
Elena V Frolova ◽  
Irina E Moiseeva ◽  
Irina A Zobenko
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Acute Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Heart Attacks ◽  
Universal Definition ◽  
Definition Of

The article presents the concept of myocardial infarction of the second type in the context of the universal definition of acute myocardial infarction. The problem of differential diagnosis for heart attacks first vs. the second types is discussed.

scholarly journals From Complexity to Information Geometry and Beyond

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-220
Author(s):  
Demetris P. K. Ghikas
Keyword(s):  
Complex Systems ◽  
Algebraic Approach ◽  
Information Geometry ◽  
Short Discussion ◽  
Complex Information ◽  
Microscopic Interactions ◽  
Universal Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Generalized Entropies

Complex Systems are ubiquitous in nature and man-made systems. In natural sciences, in social and economic models and in mathematical constructions are studied and analyzed, are applied in practical problems but without a clear and universal definition of "complexity", let alone classification and quantification. Following the "three-level scheme" of physical theories, observations/experiments, phenomenology, microscopic interactions, we need, starting from the experience of observation to establish appropriate phenomenological parameters and concepts, and in conjunction with a possible knowledge of the nature of microscopic structures to deepen our understanding of a particular system which we "understand as complex". Information Geometry seems to be a useful phenomenological framework, which using generalized entropies, provides some classification and quantification tools. But we need the next level, microscopic structure and interactions of the parts of complex systems. A useful direction is the conceptual niche of hyper-networks and super graphs, where a strong involvement of algebra offers concrete techniques. We believe that appropriate algebraic structures may systematize our approach to microscopic structures of complex systems, and help associate the information geometric phenomenology with concrete properties. In this paper after a short discussion of the problem of "definition of complexity", we introduce our information geometric quantities derived from generalized entropies. Then we present our results of application of information geometry for classification of complex systems. Finally we present our ideas for an abstract algebraic approach which may offer a framework for the microscopic study of complex systems.

Development and Evaluation of Fuzzy Criteria for the Diagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis

1996 ◽  
Vol 35 (04/05) ◽  
pp. 334-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.-P. Adlassnig ◽  
G. Kolarz ◽  
H. Leitich
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Reference Model ◽  
American Rheumatism Association ◽  
Uniform Definition ◽  
Sensitivity Rate ◽  
Fuzzy Techniques ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Specificity Rate

Abstract:In 1987, the American Rheumatism Association issued a set of criteria for the classification of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) to provide a uniform definition of RA patients. Fuzzy set theory and fuzzy logic were used to transform this set of criteria into a diagnostic tool that offers diagnoses at different levels of confidence: a definite level, which was consistent with the original criteria definition, as well as several possible and superdefinite levels. Two fuzzy models and a reference model which provided results at a definite level only were applied to 292 clinical cases from a hospital for rheumatic diseases. At the definite level, all models yielded a sensitivity rate of 72.6% and a specificity rate of 87.0%. Sensitivity and specificity rates at the possible levels ranged from 73.3% to 85.6% and from 83.6% to 87.0%. At the superdefinite levels, sensitivity rates ranged from 39.0% to 63.7% and specificity rates from 90.4% to 95.2%. Fuzzy techniques were helpful to add flexibility to preexisting diagnostic criteria in order to obtain diagnoses at the desired level of confidence.

ABOUT THE PROBLEM OF CLASSIFICATION OF THE CONCEPTS OF INFORMATICS STUDIED AT SECONDARY SCHOOL

2018 ◽  
pp. 4-7
Author(s):  
S. I. Zenko
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Computer Science ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Definition Of

The article raises the problem of classification of the concepts of computer science and informatics studied at secondary school. The efficiency of creation of techniques of training of pupils in these concepts depends on its solution. The author proposes to consider classifications of the concepts of school informatics from four positions: on the cross-subject basis, the content lines of the educational subject "Informatics", the logical and structural interrelations and interactions of the studied concepts, the etymology of foreign-language and translated words in the definition of the concepts of informatics. As a result of the first classification general and special concepts are allocated; the second classification — inter-content and intra-content concepts; the third classification — stable (steady), expanding, key and auxiliary concepts; the fourth classification — concepts-nouns, conceptsverbs, concepts-adjectives and concepts — combinations of parts of speech.

Determining the discount rate when evaluating trade organizations: Some features

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-84
Author(s):  
E.A. Grigor'eva ◽  
A.S. Buzhikeeva
Keyword(s):  
Discount Rate ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Market Value ◽  
Additional Risk ◽  
Evaluation Procedures ◽  
Analytical Research ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Traditional Approaches

Subject. This article deals with the issues of determining the market value of the trading business, taking into account a number of characteristics. Objectives. The article aims to develop certain provisions of the methodology and practice of evaluating the business of trading organizations, namely, taking into account the additional risk of inventory feasibility when calculating the discount rate. Methods. For the study, we used a systems approach, and the cognition, and economic and analytical research methods. Results. The article presents a three-tiered classification of stocks and a definition of risk based on the criteria for dividing stocks by purpose, degree of implementation, and shelf life in accordance with the scale. Based on the classification, the article offers certain recommendations for determining the discount rate when evaluating trading organizations, aimed at taking into account additional risk. Conclusions. Various evaluation procedures within the framework of traditional approaches and methods in relation to trading organizations do not take into account risk specific to this type of economic activity. The proposed methodology for calculating the discount rate for trade organizations takes into account the features of their functioning.

State Failure and the Political Violence Phenomenon: A Comparative Analysis of Iraq and Syria Cases

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 170 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Eylem Özkaya Lassalle
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Political Violence ◽  
State Failure ◽  
The Political ◽  
Collective Violence ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Cold War

The concept of failed state came to the fore with the end of the Cold War, the collapse of the USSR and the disintegration of Yugoslavia. Political violence is central in these discussions on the definition of the concept or the determination of its dimensions (indicators). Specifically, the level of political violence, the type of political violence and intensity of political violence has been broached in the literature. An effective classification of political violence can lead us to a better understanding of state failure phenomenon. By using Tilly’s classification of collective violence which is based on extent of coordination among violent actors and salience of short-run damage, the role played by political violence in state failure can be understood clearly. In order to do this, two recent cases, Iraq and Syria will be examined.

ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF PHEROMONES

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-68
Author(s):  
Nondira Khondhodjayeva ◽  
◽  
Nurmamat Rajabov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Significance ◽  
Ecological Significance ◽  
Definition Of

This article reveals the essence of the concept of "pheromones" and their biological significance. In the article variants of their application in agriculture for struggle against insects-pests are presented. The definition of term and classification of pheromones and their types are given: feromons of insects, feromons of fish, feromons of vertebrates, feromons of humans, fermons of plants, sexual feromons, anxiety feromons, trace feromons, epidemic feromons and their functions and significance for the representative's organism and the environment as a whole

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