scholarly journals The potential for material processing in hydrological systems – a novel classification approach

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 10487-10524
Author(s):  
C. E. Oldham ◽  
D. E. Farrow ◽  
S. Peiffer
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Hydrological Regime ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Hydrologic Cycle ◽  
Biogeochemical Processes ◽  
Classification Approach ◽  
The Past ◽  
And Diffusion ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract. Assessing the potential for transfer or export of biogeochemicals or pollutants from catchments is of primary importance under changing land use and climatic conditions. Over the past decade the connectivity/disconnectivity dynamic of a catchment has been related to its potential to export material, however we continue to use multiple definitions of connectivity, and most have focused strongly on physical (hydrologicaly or hydraulic) connectivity. In this paper we use a dual-lens approach, where the dynamic balance between transport and reaction is constantly in focus, and define ecohydrological connectivity as the ability of matter and organisms to transfer within and between elements of the hydrologic cycle while undergoing biogeochemical transformation. The connectivity/disconnectivity dynamic must take into account the opportunity for a given reaction to occur during transport and/or isolation. Using this definition, we define three distinct regimes: (1) one which is ecohydrologically connected and diffusion dominated; (2) one which is ecohydrologically connected and advection dominated and (3) one which is both hydrologically and ecohydrologically disconnected. Within each regime we use a new non-dimensional number, NE, to compare exposure timescales with reactions timescales. NE is reaction-specific and allows the estimation of relevant spatial scales over which the reactions of interest are taking place. Case studies provide examples of how NE can be used to classify systems according to their sensitivity to shifts in hydrological regime, and gain insight into the biogeochemical processes that are signficant under the specified conditions. Finally, we explore the implications of this dual-lens framework for improved water management, for our understanding of biodiversity, resilience and biogeochemical competitiveness under specified conditions

scholarly journals A generalized Damköhler number for classifying material processing in hydrological systems

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 1133-1148 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Oldham ◽  
D. E. Farrow ◽  
S. Peiffer
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Material Processing ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Biogeochemical Processes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Effective Transfer ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract. Assessing the potential for transfer of pollutants and nutrients across catchments is of primary importance under changing land use and climate. Over the past decade the connectivity/disconnectivity dynamic of a catchment has been related to its potential to export material; however, we continue to use multiple definitions of connectivity, and most have focused strongly on physical (hydrological or hydraulic) connectivity. In contrast, this paper constantly focuses on the dynamic balance between transport and material transformation, and defines material connectivity as the effective transfer of material between elements of the hydrological cycle. The concept of exposure timescales is developed and used to define three distinct regimes: (i) which is hydrologically connected and transport is dominated by advection; (ii) which is hydrologically connected and transport is dominated by diffusion; and (iii) which is materially isolated. The ratio of exposure timescales to material processing timescales is presented as the non-dimensional number, NE, where NE is reaction-specific and allows estimation of relevant spatial scales over which the reactions of interest take place. Case studies within each regime provide examples of how NE can be used to characterise systems according to their sensitivity to shifts in hydrology and gain insight into the biogeochemical processes that are signficant under the specified conditions. Finally, we explore the implications of the NE framework for improved water management, and for our understanding of biodiversity, resilience and chemical competitiveness under specified conditions.

scholarly journals Notes on distribution and relative abundances of some animal species, and on climate in the Kruger National Park during prehistoric times

Koedoe ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ina Plug
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Kruger National Park ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Animal Population ◽  
Faunal Remains ◽  
The Past ◽  
Relative Abundances ◽  
Insight Into

Faunal remains obtained from archaeological sites in the Kruger National Park, provide valuable information on the distributions of animal species in the past. The relative abundances of some species are compared with animal population statistics of the present. The study of the faunal samples, which date from nearly 7 000 years before present until the nineteenth century, also provides insight into climatic conditions during prehistoric times.

scholarly journals Linking carbon and water cycles using stable isotopes across scales: progress and challenges

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 2659-2719 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Werner ◽  
F. Badeck ◽  
E. Brugnoli ◽  
B. Cohn ◽  
M. Cuntz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Isotope Analysis ◽  
Biogeochemical Processes ◽  
Powerful Approach ◽  
Oxygen And Hydrogen Isotopes ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Simultaneous Assessment ◽  
Water Cycles

Abstract. Stable isotope analysis is a powerful tool for tracing biogeochemical processes in the carbon and water cycles. One particularly powerful approach is to employ multiple isotopes where the simultaneous assessment of the D/H,18O/16O and/or 13C/12C in different compounds provide a unique means to investigate the coupling of water and carbon fluxes at various temporal and spatial scales. Here, we present a research update on recent advances in our process-based understanding of the utilization of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen isotopes to lend insight into carbon and water cycling. We highlight recent technological developments and approaches, their strengths and methodological precautions with examples covering scales from minutes to centuries and from the leaf to the globe.

scholarly journals Significados Paleoambientais e Paleoclimáticos dos Paleossolos: Uma Revisão

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
CRISTINA PIERINI ◽  
ANA MARIA PIMENTEL MIZUSAKI
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Oxygen Isotopic Composition ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Sequence Stratigraphic ◽  
Sedimentary Environments ◽  
The Past ◽  
Continental Deposits ◽  
History Of ◽  
Oxygen Isotopic ◽  
Allogenic Processes

The majority of paleosols are described from continental deposits, most commonly from alluvial strata. In these continental records to much little is revealed of conditions between events of sedimentation. In alluvial sedimentary environments, a record of these conditions is not lost and gone forever. They may be interpreted from fossil soils formed on deposits of floods or others agents of deposition. Paleosols can be categorized according to the interplay among deposition, erosion, and the rate of pedogenesis when they formed. Paleosols can help to interpret the history of sediment deposition and the autogenic and allogenic processes that influenced a sedimentary basin. Paleosols are also helpful in stratigraphic studies, including sequence stratigraphic analyses. In addition to their stratigraphic applications, paleosols can be used to interpret landscapes of the past by analyzing paleosol-landscape associations at different spatial scales, ranging from local to basin-wide in scope. Ancient climatic conditions can be interpreted from modern soil analogs or by identifying particular pedogenic properties that modern studies show to have climatic significance. Stable carbon and oxygen isotopic composition are also used to interpret ancient climate. A variety of features of sequences of paleosols may provide quantifiable evidence of the causes and effects of paleoenvironmental change. Paleosols are abundant in some sequences and may provide a detail record of the past. The richness of this record reveals complexities which are fundamental to understanding the long-term accumulation of such sequences.

Recovery boiler sootblowers: History and technological advances

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-60
Author(s):  
HONGHI TRAN ◽  
DANNY TANDRA
Keyword(s):  
Cfd Modeling ◽  
Computing Systems ◽  
The Past ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Recovery Boilers ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics Cfd ◽  
Recovery Boiler ◽  
Steam Parameters ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Deposit Removal

Sootblowing technology used in recovery boilers originated from that used in coal-fired boilers. It started with manual cleaning with hand lancing and hand blowing, and evolved slowly into online sootblowing using retractable sootblowers. Since 1991, intensive research and development has focused on sootblowing jet fundamentals and deposit removal in recovery boilers. The results have provided much insight into sootblower jet hydrodynamics, how a sootblower jet interacts with tubes and deposits, and factors influencing its deposit removal efficiency, and have led to two important innovations: fully-expanded sootblower nozzles that are used in virtually all recovery boilers today, and the low pressure sootblowing technology that has been implemented in several new recovery boilers. The availability of powerful computing systems, superfast microprocessors and data acquisition systems, and versatile computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling capability in the past two decades has also contributed greatly to the advancement of sootblowing technology. High quality infrared inspection cameras have enabled mills to inspect the deposit buildup conditions in the boiler during operation, and helped identify problems with sootblower lance swinging and superheater platens and boiler bank tube vibrations. As the recovery boiler firing capacity and steam parameters have increased markedly in recent years, sootblowers have become larger and longer, and this can present a challenge in terms of both sootblower design and operation.

Upcoming Drifts In Bio-Similars

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geeta Aggarwal ◽  
Manju Nagpal ◽  
Ameya Sharma ◽  
Vivek Puri ◽  
Gitika Arora Dhingra
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Market Competition ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Medicinal Products ◽  
The Past ◽  
Biologic Activity ◽  
Emerging Trends ◽  
Regulatory Guidelines ◽  
Food Drug Administration ◽  
Insight Into

Background: Biopharmaceuticals such as Biologic medicinal products have been in clinical use over the past three decades and have benefited towards the therapy of degenerative and critical metabolic diseases. It is forecasted that market of biologics will be going to increase at a rate of 20% per year, and by 2025, more than ˃ 50% of new drug approvals may be biological products. The increasing utilization of the biologics necessitates for cost control, especially for innovators products that have enjoyed a lengthy period of exclusive use. As the first wave of biopharmaceuticals is expired or set to expire, it has led to various opportunities for the expansion of bio-similars i.e. copied versions of original biologics with same biologic activity. Development of biosimilars is expected to promote market competition, meet worldwide demand, sustain the healthcare systems and maintain the incentives for innovation. Methods: Appraisal of published articles from peer reviewed journals, PubMed literature, latest news and guidelines from European Medicine Agency, US Food Drug Administration (FDA) and India are used to identify data for review. Results: Main insight into the quality requirements concerning biologics, current status of regulation of biosimilars and upcoming challenges lying ahead for the upgrading of marketing authorization of bio-similars has been incorporated. Compiled literature on therapeutic status, regulatory guidelines and the emerging trends and opportunities of biosimilars has been thoroughly stated. Conclusion: Updates on biosimilars will support to investigate the possible impact of bio-similars on healthcare market.

Cybersecurity Teamwork: A Review of Current Practices and Suggested Improvements

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 451-455
Author(s):  
Richard J. Simonson ◽  
Joseph R. Keebler ◽  
Mathew Lessmiller ◽  
Tyson Richards ◽  
John C. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Cyber Security ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
Team Science ◽  
The Past ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Current Practices

As cyber-attacks and their subsequent responses have become more frequent and complex over the past decade, research into the performance and effectiveness of cybersecurity teams has gained an immense amount of traction. However, investigation of teamwork in this domain is lacking due to the exclusion of known team competencies and a lack of reliance on team science. This paper serves to provide insight into the benefit that can be gained from utilizing the extant teamwork literature to improve teams’ research and applications in the domain of cyber-security.

scholarly journals Complex community responses underpin biodiversity change following invasion

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra R. Kortz ◽  
Anne E. Magurran
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Species Richness ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Ecological Systems ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
Mechanistic Approach ◽  
Α Diversity ◽  
Biodiversity Change ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractHow do invasive species change native biodiversity? One reason why this long-standing question remains challenging to answer could be because the main focus of the invasion literature has been on shifts in species richness (a measure of α-diversity). As the underlying components of community structure—intraspecific aggregation, interspecific density and the species abundance distribution (SAD)—are potentially impacted in different ways during invasion, trends in species richness provide only limited insight into the mechanisms leading to biodiversity change. In addition, these impacts can be manifested in distinct ways at different spatial scales. Here we take advantage of the new Measurement of Biodiversity (MoB) framework to reanalyse data collected in an invasion front in the Brazilian Cerrado biodiversity hotspot. We show that, by using the MoB multi-scale approach, we are able to link reductions in species richness in invaded sites to restructuring in the SAD. This restructuring takes the form of lower evenness in sites invaded by pines relative to sites without pines. Shifts in aggregation also occur. There is a clear signature of spatial scale in biodiversity change linked to the presence of an invasive species. These results demonstrate how the MoB approach can play an important role in helping invasion ecologists, field biologists and conservation managers move towards a more mechanistic approach to detecting and interpreting changes in ecological systems following invasion.

scholarly journals An Insight into Saponins from Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd): A Review

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 1059 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khadija El Hazzam ◽  
Jawhar Hafsa ◽  
Mansour Sobeh ◽  
Manal Mhada ◽  
Moha Taourirte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Bitter Taste ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Chenopodium Quinoa ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Mechanical Abrasion ◽  
Important Group ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Insight Into

Saponins are an important group found in Chenopodium quinoa. They represent an obstacle for the use of quinoa as food for humans and animal feeds because of their bitter taste and toxic effects, which necessitates their elimination. Several saponins elimination methods have been examined to leach the saponins from the quinoa seeds; the wet technique remains the most used at both laboratory and industrial levels. Dry methods (heat treatment, extrusion, roasting, or mechanical abrasion) and genetic methods have also been evaluated. The extraction of quinoa saponins can be carried out by several methods; conventional technologies such as maceration and Soxhlet are the most utilized methods. However, recent research has focused on technologies to improve the efficiency of extraction. At least 40 saponin structures from quinoa have been isolated in the past 30 years, the derived molecular entities essentially being phytolaccagenic, oleanolic and serjanic acids, hederagenin, 3β,23,30 trihydroxy olean-12-en-28-oic acid, 3β-hydroxy-27-oxo-olean-12en-28-oic acid, and 3β,23,30 trihydroxy olean-12-en-28-oic acid. These metabolites exhibit a wide range of biological activities, such as molluscicidal, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, hemolytic, and cytotoxic properties.

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