scholarly journals Role of cabbeling in water densification in the Greenland Basin

Ocean Science ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Kasajima ◽  
T. Johannessen
Keyword(s):  
Barents Sea ◽  
Water Mass ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Maximum Velocity ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Intermediate Water ◽  
Greenland Sea ◽  
Velocity Magnitude ◽  
Basin Scale ◽  
Greenland Basin

Abstract. The effects of cabbeling mixing on water mass modification in the Greenland Sea were explored by hydrographic observations across the Greenland Basin in summer 2006. The neutral surface was chosen as a reference frame, and the strength of cabbeling mixing was quantified by the dianeutral velocity magnitude. Active cabbeling spots were detected with the criterion of the velocity magnitude >1 m/day, and four active cabbeling areas were identified; the west of Bear Island (SB), the Arctic Frontal Zone (AFZ), the central Greenland Sea (CG) and the western Greenland Sea (WG). The most vigorous cabbeling mixing was found at SB, where warm North Atlantic Water (NAW) mixed with cold water from the Barents Sea, inducing a maximum velocity of 7.5 m/day and a maximum density gain of 4.7×10−3 kg/m3. At AFZ and CG, the mixing took place between NAW, modified NAW and Arctic Intermediate Water (AIW), and the density gain at these fronts were 1.5×10−3 kg/m3 (AFZ) and 1.3×10−3 kg/m3 (CG). In the western Greenland Sea, the active cabbeling spots were widely separated and mixing appeared to be rather weak, with a maximum velocity of 2.5 m/day. The mixing source waters at WG were modified NAW, AIW and even denser water, and the density gain in this area was 0.4×10−3 kg/m3. The deepest mixing produced water whose density is equivalent to that of the dense water of the basin, indicating that cabbeling in the western Greenland Sea contributed directly to basin-scale water densification. The water mass modification rate was the highest at AFZ (about 8.0 Sv), suggesting that cabbeling may play an important role in water transformation in the Greenland Basin.

scholarly journals Role of cabbeling in water densification in the Greenland Basin

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 507-543
Author(s):  
Y. Kasajima ◽  
T. Johannessen
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Maximum Velocity ◽  
Atlantic Water ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Greenland Sea ◽  
Water Types ◽  
North Atlantic Water ◽  
Greenland Basin ◽  
Eastern Periphery ◽  
Induced Velocity

Abstract. The contribution of cabbeling mixing to water mass modification in the Greenland Sea was explored from hydrographic observation across the Greenland Basin in summer 2006. Neutral surface was chosen as a reference frame, and the strength of cabbeling mixing was determined by the dianeutral velocity magnitude. Water types in the area were classified into North Atlantic Water (NAW), modified North Atlantic Water (mNAW), water from Barents Sea near Bear Island (BIW), Arctic Intermediate Water (AIW) and Deep Water (DW), and significant cabbeling-induced velocity (>1 m/day) appeared at the interfaces of these water types below the seasonal pycnocline. The mixing between BIW and NAW in the eastern periphery was the most vigorous, where mixing-induced velocity reached 7.5 m/day which accompanied NAW production of 123 m3/day through transformation of BIW. Cabbeling in the Arctic Frontal Zone was found of two types; mixing within NAW in the upper layer and mixing within mNAW in the lower layer with a maximum velocity of 3 m/day. Source waters in the central Greenland Basin were AIW and mNAW and produced a vertical velocity of 4 m/day. In the western part of the Greenland Basin, the areas of active cabbeling were widely separated and each mixing point appeared rather weak, with a maximum velocity of 2.5 m/day. The average density gain in the eastern periphery was 0.003 kg/m3 while it was 0.001 kg/m3 in the other areas, though the impact of cabbeling on the bulk buoyancy change was highest in the western Greenland Sea. The frontal areas occupied approximately 50% of the whole analysis area and the total density gain due to cabbeling mixing in the Greenland Basin as a whole was estimated as 6.7×10−4 kg/m3.

Relationships linking satellite-retrieved ocean color data with atmospheric components in the Arctic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjan Marbouti ◽  
Sehyun Jang ◽  
Silvia Becagli ◽  
Tuomo Nieminen ◽  
Gabriel Navarro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Barents Sea ◽  
Ocean Color ◽  
Particle Formation ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Ice Melting ◽  
New Particle Formation ◽  
Greenland Sea ◽  
Chl A ◽  
Color Data

<p>We examined the relationships linking in-situ measurements of gas-phase methanesulfonic acid (MSA), sulfuric acid (SA), iodic acid (HIO3), Highly Oxidized Organic Molecules (HOM) and aerosol size-distributions with satellite-derived chlorophyll (Chl-a) and oceanic primary production (PP). Atmospheric data were collected at Ny-Ålesund site during spring-summer 2017 (30th March-4th August). We compared ocean color data from Barents Sea and Greenland Sea with concentrations of low-volatile vapours and new particle formation. The aim is to understand the main factors controlling the concentrations of atmospheric components in the Arctic in different ocean domains and seasons. Early phytoplanktonic bloom starting in April at the marginal ice zone caused Chl-a and PP in the Barents Sea to be higher than in the Greenland Sea during spring, whereas the pattern was opposite in summer. We found the correlation between ocean color data (Chl-a and PP) and MSA decreasing from spring to summer in Barents Sea and increasing in Greenland Sea. This establishes relationship between sea ice melting and phytoplanktonic bloom, which starts by sea ice melting. Similar pattern was observed for SA. Also HIO3 in both ocean domains correlated with Chl-a and PP during spring time. Greenland Sea was more active than Barents Sea. These results suggest that marine phytoplankton metabolism is an important source of MSA and SA, as expected, but also a source of HIO3 precursors (such as I2). HOMs had low correlation with ocean color parameters in comparison to other atmospheric vapours in this study both in spring and summer. The plausible explanation for low correlation is that the primary source of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) – precursors of HOM – is the soil of Svalbard archipelago rather than ocean. During spring, nucleation mode particles were found to correlate with Chl-a at Barents Sea and with PP at Greenland Sea. This means that biogenic productivity has a strong impact on new particle formation in spring although small particles are not related to biogenic parameters in summer.</p>

scholarly journals Mediterranean Coral Provinces as a Sponge Diversity Reservoir: Is There a Mediterranean Cold-Water Coral Sponge Fauna?

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreu Santín ◽  
Jordi Grinyó ◽  
Maria Jesús Uriz ◽  
Claudio Lo Iacono ◽  
Josep Maria Gili ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Atlantic Water ◽  
Intermediate Water ◽  
Biodiversity Hotspots ◽  
Basin Scale ◽  
Sponge Diversity ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Water Coral

Cold-water coral reefs (CWC) are known to be biodiversity hotspots, however, the sponge assemblages found to dwell within these habitats haven not been studied in depth to date in the Mediterranean Sea. The present article provides the first insight on the associated sponge fauna of the recently discovered CWC communities on the Catalan Margin and, to a lesser extent, the Cabliers Coral Mound Province, while also reviewing the current knowledge of the sponge fauna dwelling in all the Mediterranean CWC provinces. In regards to the studied areas, some rare species are cited for the first time in the Mediterranean or redescribed, while two of them, Hamacantha (Hamacantha) hortae sp. nov. and Spongosorites cabliersi sp. nov. are new to science. At a basin scale, Mediterranean CWC appear as poriferan biodiversity hotspots, yet current diversity values on each site rather represent a small fraction of its actual fauna. Additionally, the existence of an endemic sponge fauna exclusively dwelling on CWC is refuted. Nonetheless, the sponge fauna thriving in Mediterranean CWC appears to be unique, and different from that of other Atlantic regions. Finally, with the current knowledge, the sponge fauna from the Mediterranean CWC is grouped in three distinguishable clusters (Alboran Sea, Western and Eastern Mediterranean), which appears to be determined by the basins water circulation, specially the Levantine Intermediate Water and the Atlantic Water following a western-eastern pattern from the Strait of Gibraltar to the Adriatic Sea. Overall, sponge living in Mediterranean CWC are still poorly explored in most areas, yet they appear to be good candidates for biogeographical studies.Zoobank Registration: LSID urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:E58A3DFF-EDC5-44FC-A274-1C9508BF8D15.

scholarly journals HEAVY METALS IN ZOOPLANKTON ORGANISMS OF THE BARENTS SEA

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 62-75
Author(s):  
L. L. Demina ◽  
A. S. Solomatina ◽  
G. A. Abyzova
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Barents Sea ◽  
Water Mass ◽  
Atlantic Water ◽  
Polar Front ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Phytoplankton Production ◽  
Arctic Water ◽  
The Barents Sea ◽  
Geochemical Parameters

Zooplankton plays a Central role in the transfer of matter and energy from primary producers to high trophic organisms, and zooplankton serves as an essential component of sedimentary material that supplies organic matter to the bottom of marine basins. The paper presents new data on the distribution of a number of heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb) and As in the Calanus zooplankton collected in July–August 2017 in the North-Eastern, Eastern and Central parts of the Barents Sea. It is shown that the spatial distribution of metals in zooplankton organisms is influenced by both biotic ecosystem factors associated with bioproductivity and hydrological and geochemical parameters of the habitat (North Polar Front). In the zooplankton of the Arctic water mass to the South-East of Franz Josef Land, there was an increased content of essential heavy metals Cu, Zn and Cr in comparison with the coastal and Atlantic water masses. Zooplankton from the Central part of the sea (Atlantic water mass), where phytoplankton production is reduced, is characterized by the lowest concentrations of most elements (Ni, Cu, Zn, As and Pb). The highest concentrations were found for both essential heavy metals (Zn and Cu) and toxic metalloid As, which may indicate non-selective bioaccumulation of trace elements by copepods.

scholarly journals Tracing water masses with <sup>129</sup>I and <sup>236</sup>U in the subpolar North Atlantic along the GEOTRACES GA01 section

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (18) ◽  
pp. 5545-5564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxi Castrillejo ◽  
Núria Casacuberta ◽  
Marcus Christl ◽  
Christof Vockenhuber ◽  
Hans-Arno Synal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Water Mass ◽  
Meridional Overturning Circulation ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Labrador Sea ◽  
Intermediate Water ◽  
Geochemical Tracers ◽  
Depth Profiles ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract. Pathways and timescales of water mass transport in the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean (SPNA) have been investigated by many studies due to their importance for the meridional overturning circulation and thus for the global ocean. In this sense, observational data on geochemical tracers provide complementary information to improve the current understanding of the circulation in the SPNA. To this end, we present the first simultaneous distribution of artificial 129I and 236U in 14 depth profiles and in surface waters along the GEOVIDE section covering a zonal transect through the SPNA in spring 2014. Our results show that the two tracers are distributed following the water mass structure and that their presence is largely influenced by the global fallout (GF) and liquid effluents discharged to north-western European coastal waters by the Sellafield and La Hague nuclear reprocessing plants (NRPs). As a result, 129I concentrations and 236U∕238U atom ratios and 129I∕236U atom ratios display a wide range of values: (0.2–256) ×107 at kg−1 (40–2350) ×10-12 and 0.5–200, respectively. The signal from NRPs, which is characterised by higher 129I concentrations and 129I∕236U atom ratios compared to GF, is transported by Atlantic Waters (AWs) into the SPNA, notably by the East Greenland Current (EGC)/Labrador Current (LC) at the surface and by waters overflowing the Greenland–Scotland passage at greater depths. Nevertheless, our results show that the effluents from NRPs may also directly enter the surface of the eastern SPNA through the Iceland–Scotland passage or the English Channel/Irish Sea. The use of the 236U∕238U and 129I∕236U dual tracer approach further serves to discern Polar Intermediate Water (PIW) of Canadian origin from that of Atlantic origin, which carries comparably higher tracer levels due to NRPs (particularly 129I). The cascading of these waters appears to modify the water mass composition in the bottom of the Irminger and Labrador seas, which are dominated by Denmark Strait Overflow Water (DSOW). Indeed, PIW–Atlantic, which has a high level of 129I compared to 236U, appears to contribute to the deep Irminger Sea increasing the 129I concentrations in the realm of DSOW. A similar observation can be made for 236U for PIW entering through the Canadian Archipelago into the Labrador Sea. Several depth profiles also show an increase in 129I concentrations in near bottom waters in the Iceland and the West European basins that are very likely associated with the transport of the NRP signal by the Iceland–Scotland Overflow Water (ISOW). This novel result would support current modelling studies indicating the transport of ISOW into the eastern SPNA. Finally, our tracer data from 2014 are combined with published 129I data for the deep central Labrador Sea between 1993 and 2013. The results obtained from comparing simulated and measured 129I concentrations support the previously suggested two major transport pathways for the AWs in the SPNA, i.e. a short loop through the Nordic seas into the SPNA and a longer loop, which includes recirculation of the AWs in the Arctic Ocean before it enters the western SPNA.

scholarly journals Synoptic-scale ice-motion case-studies using assimilated motion fields

2001 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 145-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter N. Meier ◽  
James A. Maslanik
Keyword(s):  
Barents Sea ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Optimal Interpolation ◽  
First Year ◽  
Fram Strait ◽  
Greenland Sea ◽  
The North ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Microwave Imager ◽  
Climate Studies

AbstractObserved and modeled sea-ice motions, combined via an optimal-interpolation assimilation method, are used to study two synoptic events in the Arctic. The first is a convergence event along the north Alaska coast in the Beaufort Sea during November 1992. Assimilation indicates stronger convergence than the stand-alone model, in agreement with Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer-derived ice motions and Special Sensor Microwave/Imager-derived ice concentrations. The second event pertains to ice formation and advection in Fram Strait and the Barents and Greenland, Iceland and Norwegian Seas. Assimilation indicates export of thick, less saline ice out of the central Arctic into the East Greenland Sea. However, the model indicates little flow through Fram Strait, instead showing strong flow of thin, more saline first-year ice from the Barents Sea westward into the Greenland Sea. These results indicate that assimilation is a useful tool for investigating synoptic events in the Arctic and may be useful for both climate studies and operational analyses

Oil exploration in Spitsbergen

Polar Record ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 12 (81) ◽  
pp. 703-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenö Nagy
Keyword(s):  
Continental Shelf ◽  
Barents Sea ◽  
Arctic Basin ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Shallow Waters ◽  
Northwestern Part ◽  
Oil Exploration ◽  
Greenland Sea ◽  
The North ◽  
The Barents Sea

Svalbard comprises the islands between longs 10 to 35° E and between lats 74 to 81° N. The largest of these islands is Vestpitsbergen, followed by Nordaustlandet, Edgeøya, Barentsøya and Bjørnøya. The archipelago lies in the northwestern part of the Barents-Kara shelf. To south and east the continental shelf is covered by the shallow waters of the Barents Sea, whilst to the north and west the shelf falls away rapidly into the Arctic Basin and the Greenland Sea.

scholarly journals Interannual to Interdecadal Variability of the Southern Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass and Establishment of “Forcing Mechanism Bridge”

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1316
Author(s):  
Yunxia Guo ◽  
Dongxue Mo ◽  
Yijun Hou
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Sea ◽  
Water Mass ◽  
Decadal Variability ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
The Yellow Sea ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Yellow Sea Warm Current ◽  
Cold Water Mass

The Yellow Sea cold water mass (YSCWM) occupies a wide region below the Yellow Sea (YS) thermocline in summer which is the most conservative water and may contain clearer climate signals than any other water masses in the YS. This study investigated the low-frequency variability of the southern YSCWM (SYSCWM) and established the “forcing mechanism bridge” using correlation analysis and singular value decomposition. On the interannual timescale, the southern oscillation can affect the SYSCWM through both the local winter monsoon (WM) and the sea surface net heat flux. On the decadal timescale, the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) can affect the SYSCWM via two “bridges”. First, the PDO affects the SYSCWM intensity by Aleutian low (AL), WM, and surface air temperature (SAT). Second, the PDO affects the SYSCWM by AL, WM, Kuroshio heat transport, and Yellow Sea warm current. The Arctic oscillation (AO) affects the SYSCWM by the Mongolian high, WM, and SAT. Before and after the 1980s, the consistent phase change of the PDO and the AO contributed to the significant decadal variability of the SYSCWM. Finally, one simple formula for predicting the decadal variability of SYSCWM intensity was established using key influencing factors.

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