scholarly journals Land subsidence caused by groundwater exploitation in Quetta and surrounding region, Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 382 ◽  
pp. 595-607 ◽  
Author(s):  
Najeebullah Kakar ◽  
Din Muhammad Kakar ◽  
Sadia Barrech
Keyword(s):  
Ground Water ◽  
Land Subsidence ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Groundwater Exploitation ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
Quetta Valley ◽  
Water Quality And Quantity

Abstract. Land subsidence is effecting several metropolis in the developing as well as developed countries around the world such as Nagoya (Japan), Shanghai (China), Venice (Italy) and San Joaquin valley (United States). This phenomenon is attributed to natural as well as anthropogenic activities that include extensive groundwater withdrawals. Quetta which is facing similar subsidence phenomenon is the largest city of Balochistan province in Pakistan. This valley is mostly dry and ground water is the major source for domestic and agricultural consumption. The unplanned use of ground water resources has led to the deterioration of water quality and quantity in the Quetta valley. Water shortages in the region was further aggravated by the drought during (1998–2004) that affected the area forcing people to migrate from rural to urban areas. Refugees from the war torn neighboring Afghanistan also contributed to rapid increase in population of Quetta valley that has increased from 0.26 million in 1975 to 3.0 million in 2016. The objective of this study was to measure the land subsidence in Quetta valley and identify the effects of groundwater withdrawals on land subsidence. To achieve this goal, data from five Global Positioning System (GPS) stations in Quetta were acquired and processed. Furthermore the groundwater decline data from 41 observation wells during 2010 to 2015 were calculated and compared with the land deformation. The results of the GPS readings revealed that the land of Quetta valley is subsiding from 30 mm yr−1 on the flanks to 120 mm yr−1 in the central part. 1.5–5.0 m yr−1 of groundwater level drop was recorded in the area where the rate of subsidence is highest. Whereas 9–10 cm of subsidence was recorded in the surrounding areas of Quetta where agriculture and settlements are high. The surrounding areas include Kuchlak, Mastung, Pishin, Gulistan and Hurumzai districts. These results were acquired using InSAR imagery collected from October 2014 to march 2019. So the extensive groundwater withdrawals in Quetta valley and surrounding areas is considered to be the driving force behind land subsidence.

scholarly journals Emerging Routes to Environmental Activism: Lake Erie Sportsmen and the League of Women Voters

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-100
Author(s):  
Terrianne Schulte
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Lake Erie ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
The United States ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
The Public ◽  
National Debate ◽  
League Of Women Voters ◽  
Water Quality And Quantity

This paper comparatively examines how the League of Women Voters and Lake Erie sportsmen emerged to awaken the public to the pollution crisis affecting the Lake Erie watershed in the mid-twentieth century. Recognizing the degradation of the smallest of the Great Lakes due to the explosion of wartime industrial development and population growth, the League and the sportsmen commenced a decades-long struggle to clean up the lake and its tributaries through direct action in urban areas throughout the Lake Erie watershed. Disgusted by a fall in the number of fish, caused by cyanide poisoning, and the effect of oil on waterfowl, the sportsmen pressed for pollution control. The League members’ approach to water resources, on the other hand, was based on a broad and academic perspective regarding water quality and quantity in response to a series of regionally severe droughts that plagued the United States in the late 1940s and mid-1950s, and led to a national debate on water shortages and supplies. Ultimately, this paper examines two distinctly different approaches to an environmental emergency in the immediate postwar era.

Water and wastewater related issues in Sri Lanka

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 305-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.J.G.J. Bandara
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Marine Pollution ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Agricultural Runoff ◽  
Water And Wastewater

The primary problems concerning water resources in Sri Lanka are the depletion and degradation of the resource caused by various anthropogenic activities. Surface inland waters in urban areas are polluted heavily with domestic sewage and industrial effluents, and in rural areas with agricultural runoff. With regard to ground water in certain areas of the dry zone, there is a high fluoride content and in hard, rocky, alluvial areas, there is a high concentration of iron. In urban over-crowded cities, there is biological contamination of ground water. Over-utilization, particularly through tube wells, is another major problem affecting ground water resources in Sri Lanka. Oil spills, dumping of waste from ships, coral and sand mining, and industrial activities are the main causes of marine pollution in the country. Except for pipe-borne water supply, irrigation and hydropower schemes, in general water resources in Sri Lanka are managed very poorly. Regulations are available to control most water related problems but enforcement of these regulations is lacking. The ultimate result of degradation and depletion of water resources is the increasing health hazards. Water-borne and vector-borne diseases are prevalent, particularly amongst urban low-income communities with poor sanitary facilities and drainage. Despite government initiatives and legislation, very slow progress has been made towards combating water pollution. This paper examines the most significant water and wastewater related issues in Sri Lanka and their controlling mechanisms.

scholarly journals Results of land subsidence measurement using GPS method in the Jakarta groundwater basin in 2015-2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 873 (1) ◽  
pp. 012034
Author(s):  
F M Abdullah ◽  
H Andriyanto ◽  
J R Nababan ◽  
F Abdillah ◽  
R I H Sulistyawan
Keyword(s):  
Ground Water ◽  
Land Subsidence ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Soft Soil ◽  
Groundwater Basin ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
Tectonic Forces ◽  
The City

Abstract The development of population and development activities in big cities in Indonesia, especially in the city of Jakarta and surrounding areas is very rapid. From several land subsidence studies, several factors have been identified that cause land subsidence, namely: excessive groundwater extraction, reduction due to building/infrastructure loads, subsidence due to natural consolidation of soft soil layers, and subsidence due to tectonic forces. At present the exploitation of ground water for industrial and residential needs is at a level that needs attention. Excessive pumping of groundwater will cause a decrease in the quantity of ground water, entry of seawater into the land (sea water intrusion) and land subsidence. Symptoms of the negative impact of land subsidence have been felt in several areas, especially in industrial areas located in the northern part of Jakarta. This land subsidence can be measured by GPS or satellite geodetic method, which have begun to develop in Indonesia in the past two decades. Measurements were made using the radial method at 53 GPS points in 2015 up to 100 measurement points in 2019 in Jakarta Groundwater Basin. The result of these campaign GPS surveys that is northern part of Jakarta relatively had higher subsidence rate than the southern. The largest subsidence almost reached 6.2 cm/year in Muara Baru in northern area which is southern area only suffered an average rate of 1.16 cm/year.

scholarly journals Groundwater Policy and Ground Water Dependencies: Reflecting on the Evolving Socio-Environmental Dynamics in Peri-Urban Kathmandu Valley

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-51
Author(s):  
Anushiya Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Ground Water ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Spaces ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Groundwater Exploitation ◽  
Groundwater Use ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
Urban Dynamics ◽  
Groundwater Policy

Groundwater is an increasingly important source of water supply in Kathmandu Valley, ‘the hub of Nepal’s urbanisation’. Past studies have revealed that groundwater extraction in Kathmandu Valley exceeds its recharge, thus having negative consequences like drying of traditional water sources, decreasing yield of wells, and declining groundwater levels. The groundwater policy 2012 was formulated with the aim of managing groundwater use in the valley. Yet, with rapid urban growth, groundwater exploitation has continued increasing in the city and the peri-urban areas in Kathmandu Valley. But little is known regarding how urbanisation shapes increasing groundwater exploitation in the peri-urban settings. This study unfolds the underexplored socio-environmental dynamics underlying groundwater exploitation in peri-urban areas of Kathmandu Valley. The findings from the case study using qualitative research methods, conducted in peri-urban locations of Kathmandu Valley show increasing competition for water and growing use of as well as dependence on groundwater in these rapidly evolving peri-urban spaces, despite growing protests and worries about its consequences. However, the existing groundwater policy lacks attention to peri-urban dynamics of change and growth and does little to address the increasing groundwater use in peri-urban locations in the valley. The polarised views and local conflicts around groundwater exploitation emerging in peri-urban spaces are the outcome of multiple entanglements: sectoral divides and overlapping responsibilities in water institutions, weak governance and management; socio-economic transformations in peri-urban spaces, the invisibility of groundwater and ambiguity in the hydrological dynamics of conjunctive water use. Based on my findings, I stress on the need for addressing the existing macro-micro gaps (ground)water management by improving the understanding of local hydro-geological  complexities and paying critical attention to the socio-economic, political and institutional drivers of increasing groundwater use.

scholarly journals Faecal Contamination in Ground Water Resources of Urban Areas of Ujjain

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (03) ◽  
pp. 42-46
Author(s):  
Vikas Parmar ◽  
Madhubala Purohit
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Bacterial Contamination ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
Hand Pump ◽  
Strip Test ◽  
Bore Well

Ground water is one of the most important natural resource next to air being essential for life. Quality of ground water depends upon natural process, such as wet/dry condition, salts, many geogenic and anthropogenic activities. Among all contamination ground water is more susceptible to microbial contamination. According to WHO report about 80% of all diseases in human being are caused due to drinking water contaminated by bacteria of faecal origin. Various water born diseases are prevalent in Ujjain like typhoid, dysentery, jaundice, amebeosis, colitis etc. Purpose of the study was to assess the bacterial contamination of faecal origin in ground water resources of urban area of Ujjain. For this ground water samples (well, bore well and hand pump) were collected from 6 sub areas of Ujjain city. For the assessment of bacterial contamination of faecal origin H2S strip test of Manja,et.al.(1982) was used. Results clearly indicated that bore well water was found to be safe for drinking, domestic and other purposes.

Land subsidence caused by ground water withdrawal in urban areas

GeoJournal ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
ThomasL. Holzer ◽  
A.Ivan Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Ground Water ◽  
Land Subsidence ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Withdrawal

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Street Vendor Regulation Policies to Improve Public Order in Yogyakarta, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Argo Pambudi
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Street Vendor ◽  
Street Vendors ◽  
Entrepreneurial Spirit ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Surrounding Areas

Street vendors represent a phenomenon that occurs in urban areas, both in developing and developed countries. Their existence is supported by the entrepreneurial spirit of the vendors. However, the practice could be improved if street vendors were made aware of the rights of the community whose public space they utilize and must respect. A well-organized street vendor will benefit various parties such as tourists and will support the community’s economy as well. This study aims to analyze the level of success of the implementation of government policy regarding the regulation of street vendors in Yogyakarta and surrounding areas. The method used in this study is qualitative descriptive analysis, which builds a conceptual model that reflects the actual hidden phenomenon. The data for the study were collected through observations, interviews, and an exploration of the relevant literature. The results found that the licensing regulations as stipulated by the decision of the mayor of Yogyakarta are not implemented in accordance with the provisions. An evaluation of the implementation of licensing rules shows that they have not yet reached the most beneficial results. Some street vendors cannot implement them due to a combination of several factors, namely the importance of their economic survival, the non-financial “costs” that street vendors would incur, and the lack of knowledge about the substance of the policies governing street vendors.

scholarly journals Ground Deformation and Its Causes in Abbottabad City, Pakistan from Sentinel-1A Data and MT-InSAR

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (20) ◽  
pp. 3442
Author(s):  
Naeem Shahzad ◽  
Xiaoli Ding ◽  
Songbo Wu ◽  
Hongyu Liang
Keyword(s):  
Land Subsidence ◽  
Vertical Velocity ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Ground Deformation ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Precipitation Data ◽  
Water Pumping ◽  
The City

Land subsidence, as one of the engineering geological problems in the world, is generally caused by compression of unconsolidated strata due to natural or anthropogenic activities. We employed interferometric point target analysis (IPTA) as a multi-temporal interferometric synthetic aperture radar (MT-InSAR) technique on ascending and descending Sentinel-1A the terrain observation with progressive scans SAR (TOPSAR) images acquired between January 2015 and December 2018 to analyze the spatio-temporal distribution and cause of subsidence in Abbottabad City of Pakistan. The line of sight (LOS) average deformation velocities along ascending and descending orbits were decomposed into vertical velocity fields and compared with geological data, ground water pumping schemes, and precipitation data. The decomposed and averaged vertical velocity results showed significant subsidence in most of the urban areas in the city. The most severe subsidence was observed close to old Karakorum highway, where the subsidence rate varied up to −6.5 cm/year. The subsidence bowl profiles along W–E and S–N transects showed a relationship with the locations of some water pumping stations. The monitored LOS time series histories along an ascending orbit showed a close correlation with the rainfall during the investigation period. Comparative analysis of this uneven prominent subsidence with geological and precipitation data reflected that the subsidence in the Abbottabad city was mainly related to anthropogenic activities, overexploitation of water, and consolidation of soil layer. The study represents the first ever evidence of land subsidence and its causes in the region that will support the local government as well as decision and policy makers for better planning to overcome problems of overflowing drains, sewage system, littered roads/streets, and sinking land in the city.

The experience of monitoring the land subsidence in urban areas by radar satellite interferometry on the example of St. Petersburg

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 399-408
Author(s):  
Shirshova V. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Land Subsidence ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Radar Satellite

Разработана и опробована методика мониторинга на основе метода радиолокационной спутниковой интерферометрии с применением открытых данных радиолокационного спутника Sentinel-1. Обработка радиолокационных снимков была реализована на открытом программном обеспечении SNAP. В результате были получены 40 карт вертикальных смещений города Санкт-Петербург. На основе геоинформационного программного обеспечения QGIS был произведен анализ полученных карт смещений и визуализация результатов интерферометрической обработки.

International Institutions and the Environmental Crisis: A Look Ahead

1972 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 469-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Kay ◽  
Eugene B. Skolnikoff
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
International Institutions ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Environmental Crisis ◽  
Widespread Application ◽  
Human Environment ◽  
Look Ahead ◽  
International Issue ◽  
Surrounding Areas

In the industrialized northern hemisphere we are assaulted daily with evidence of the deteriorating quality of the human environment: Rivers are closed to fishing because of dangerous levels of contamination; the safety of important foods is challenged; the foul air that major urban areas have been forced to endure is now spreading like an inkblot into surrounding areas. Lack of early concern about the implications for the environment of the widespread application of modern technology has allowed the problem to grow rapidly into a critical domestic and international issue.

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