scholarly journals Workshop Safety and Uncertainty

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 309-310
Author(s):  
Thomas Hassel ◽  
Volker Mintzlaff ◽  
Joachim Stahlmann ◽  
Klaus-Jürgen Röhlig ◽  
Anne Eckhardt
Keyword(s):  
Selection Process ◽  
Limited Extent ◽  
Assessment And Evaluation ◽  
Assessment Period ◽  
The Future ◽  
Safety Studies ◽  
Geological Barrier ◽  
Temporal Dimensions ◽  
High Level

Abstract. Uncertainties have a significant influence on the assessment and evaluation of the safety of a repository system for high-level radioactive waste. Significant reasons for uncertainties concerning the safety barriers of a repository are: Conducting experiments on the long-term behaviour of the repository in real time is impossible due to the long assessment period over which the repository is supposed to ensure safety. The extrapolation of results from time-limited experiments, e.g. on the corrosion of container materials, to other temporal dimensions is associated with uncertainties. Uncertainties also stem from differences between experimental situations, e.g. laboratory experiments, and the real conditions in the repository. The interpretation of empirical results can be ambiguous and therefore associated with uncertainties. The development of future impacts on the barriers can only be predicted to a limited extent. Therefore, the future behaviour of the barriers can only be extrapolated into the future to a limited extent on the basis of experience gained in the past and uncertainties remain. The construction and operation of the repository will disturb its natural environment. The geological environment in which the repository is embedded behaves differently from a natural geological system, which in turn is associated with uncertainties. A major source of uncertainties is also the natural inhomogeneity of the geological barrier, which can only be investigated on a sample basis. During excavation and other construction work underground, unforeseen situations are to be expected, which make it necessary to act situationally. The complexity of the disposal path where decisions are interlinked, creates further uncertainties. Last but not least, it is uncertain what further findings on the safety of the repository will be obtained in the future along the disposal path. For safety studies, especially studies on the long-term safety of repository systems, methods and conventions for dealing with uncertainties have become established internationally. In the site selection process, these methods and conventions are questioned and, if necessary, must be further developed so that they ultimately also convince the interested public and scientists from other disciplines. In the workshop, uncertainties will be examined in particular from the perspectives of a civil engineer and of a materials researcher with introductory presentations. This will be followed by a moderated discussion. The workshop will focus on the preliminary safety investigations; however, the discussion can also refer to later phases of the disposal path. The aim of the discussion is to arrive at a common synthesis: Where have good practices for dealing with uncertainties already been established? Where is there still a need for research and clarification? What needs to be considered in the dialogue with the interested public?

The Cige´o Industrial Geological Repository Project

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thibaud Labalette ◽  
Alain Harman ◽  
Marie-Claude Dupuis
Keyword(s):  
Radioactive Waste ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Public Debate ◽  
Territorial Development ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Future ◽  
Geological Formation ◽  
Local Actors ◽  
High Level

The Planning Act of 28 June 2006 prescribed that a reversible repository in a deep geological formation be chosen as the reference solution for the long-term management of high-level and intermediate-level long-lived radioactive waste. It also entrusted the responsibility of further studies and investigations on the siting and design of the new repository upon the French Radioactive Waste Management Agency (Agence nationale pour la gestion des de´chets radioactifs – Andra), in order for the review of the creation-licence application to start in 2015 and, subject to its approval, the commissioning of the new repository in 2025. In late 2009, Andra submitted to the French government proposals concerning the implementation and the design of Cige´o (Centre industriel de stockage ge´ologique). A significant step of the project was completed with the delineation of an interest zone for the construction of the repositor’s underground facilities in 2010. This year, Andra has launched a new dialogue phase with local actors in order to clarify the implementation scenarios on the surface. The selected site will be validated after the public debate that is now scheduled for the first half of 2013. This debate will be organized by the National Public Debate Committee (Commission nationale du de´bat public). In parallel, the State is leading the preparation of an territorial development scheme, which will be presented during the public debate. The 2009 milestone also constitutes a new step in the progressive design process of the repository. After the 1998, 2001 and 2005 iterations, which focused mainly on the long-term safety of the repository, the Dossier 2009 highlighted its operational safety, with due account of the non-typical characteristics of an underground nuclear facility. It incorporates the first results of the repository-optimisation studies, which started in 2006 and will continue in the future. The reversibility options for the repository constitute proposals in terms of added flexibility in repository management and in package-recovery levels. They orient the design of the repository in order to promote those reversibility components. They contribute to the dialogue with stakeholders in the preparation of the public debate and of the future act on the reversibility conditions of the repository. The development of the repository shall be achieved over a long period, around the century. Hence, the designer will acquire additional knowledge at every new development of the project, notably during Phase 1, which he may reuse during the following phase, in order, for instance, to optimise the project. This process is part of the approach proposed by Andra in 2009 pursuant to the reversibility principle.

scholarly journals Geochemical benchmark tests to validate the conversion of thermodynamic data for TOUGHREACT

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 161-162
Author(s):  
Torben Weyand ◽  
Holger Seher ◽  
Guido Bracke
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Waste ◽  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Thermodynamic Data ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Nuclear Waste Disposal ◽  
Crystalline Rock ◽  
Benchmark Tests ◽  
High Level ◽  
Saline Solutions

Abstract. According to the ongoing site selection process for a repository for high-level radioactive waste in Germany, rock salt, clay and crystalline rock are possible host rocks. The pore water of these rocks contains saline solutions with high ionic strengths. To model the speciation and/or migration of radionuclides in long-term safety analyses for nuclear waste disposal, a geochemical code that includes thermodynamic data suitable for saline solutions is needed. Thermodynamic equilibrium in saline solutions with high ionic strengths is usually modelled using the Pitzer approach (Pitzer, 1991). Within the context of nuclear waste disposal, the THEREDA project (Moog et al., 2015) provides thermodynamic data for some widely used geochemical codes (PHREEQC, Geochemist's Workbench, ChemApp, and EQ 3/6) using the Pitzer approach; however, for modelling in long-term safety analyses for nuclear waste disposal, another geochemical code, TOUGHREACT, is used. Therefore, scripts were developed to convert thermodynamic data of the THEREDA project to be applicable in TOUGHREACT. The scripts were validated by benchmark tests and by comparing calculations using PHREEQC and TOUGHREACT (Weyand et al., 2021). In total, 50 different benchmark tests were performed considering 3 specific geochemical systems, which are relevant to long-term safety analyses: (1) oceanic salt system, polythermal: K, Mg, Ca, Cl, SO4, H2O(l), (2) actinide system, isothermal: Am(III), Cm(III), Nd(III), Na, Mg, Ca, Cl, OH, H2O(l) and (3) carbonate system, isothermal: Na, K, Mg, Ca, Cl, SO4, HCO3/CO2(g), H2O(l). Each benchmark test considered specific ion concentrations in solution and in gaseous phases in the presence of specific minerals. The benchmark tests derived the geochemical equilibria and the results of both codes were compared to each other and to experimental data. The results of the calculations using both codes showed a good correlation. Remaining deviations can be explained by technical differences of the codes.

scholarly journals May we pursue our life plans?

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukas Meyer ◽  
Pranay Sanklecha
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Life Plans ◽  
The Future ◽  
High Level

People in the highly developed countries live lives that are associated with a high level of emissions. They have made life plans and pursue long-term projects on the basis that they will be able to emit at that level in the future. We can say, that they have the expectation that they will be able to emit at a certain level now and in the future. Are those expectations legitimate or not?

scholarly journals Are you Ready? Assessing Whether Organisations are Prepared for Digital Preservation

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 268-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauline Sinclair ◽  
James Duckworth ◽  
Lewis Jardine ◽  
Ann Keen ◽  
Robert Sharpe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Digital Preservation ◽  
Digital Collections ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Future ◽  
Preservation Policy ◽  
High Level ◽  
National Libraries

In early 2009 the Planets project undertook a survey of national libraries, archives, and other content-holding organisations in Europe to better understand the organisations' digital preservation activities and needs, and to ensure that Planets' technology and services are designed to meet them. Over 200 responses were received including a cross-section of major libraries and archives especially in Europe. The results provide a snapshot of organisations' readiness to preserve digital collections for the future. The survey revealed a high level of awareness of the challenges of digital preservation within organisations. Findings indicated that approximately half of those organisations surveyed have taken measures to develop digital preservation policies and to budget for it, while a majority have incorporated digital preservation into their organisational planning. Organisations predict that within a decade they will need to store large quantities of data in a wide range of formats from a variety of sources; three quarters of them are looking to invest in a solution within the next two years. However, the findings also point to varying degrees of readiness. Organisations with a digital preservation policy are significantly further advanced in their work to preserve digital collections for the long-term than others.

Vivid Imagers Are Better at Detecting Salient Changes

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 218-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Rodway ◽  
Karen Gillies ◽  
Astrid Schepman
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Change Detection ◽  
Visual Imagery ◽  
Detection Task ◽  
Level Of Detail ◽  
Detection Accuracy ◽  
Change Detection Task ◽  
Term Change ◽  
High Level

This study examined whether individual differences in the vividness of visual imagery influenced performance on a novel long-term change detection task. Participants were presented with a sequence of pictures, with each picture and its title displayed for 17  s, and then presented with changed or unchanged versions of those pictures and asked to detect whether the picture had been changed. Cuing the retrieval of the picture's image, by presenting the picture's title before the arrival of the changed picture, facilitated change detection accuracy. This suggests that the retrieval of the picture's representation immunizes it against overwriting by the arrival of the changed picture. The high and low vividness participants did not differ in overall levels of change detection accuracy. However, in replication of Gur and Hilgard (1975) , high vividness participants were significantly more accurate at detecting salient changes to pictures compared to low vividness participants. The results suggest that vivid images are not characterised by a high level of detail and that vivid imagery enhances memory for the salient aspects of a scene but not all of the details of a scene. Possible causes of this difference, and how they may lead to an understanding of individual differences in change detection, are considered.

DIGITALIZATION OF LABOR MIGRATION PROCESSES IN UZBEKISTAN. WORLD EXPERIENCE

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 29-39
Author(s):  
Sulkhiya Gazieva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Technological Change ◽  
Labor Migration ◽  
Smart Phone ◽  
Logic Circuits ◽  
Digital Logic ◽  
The Internet ◽  
The Future

The future of labor market depends upon several factors, long-term innovation and the demographic developments. However, one of the main drivers of technological change in the future is digitalization and central to this development is the production and use of digital logic circuits and its derived technologies, including the computer,the smart phone and the Internet. Especially, smart automation will perhaps not cause e.g.regarding industries, occupations, skills, tasks and duties

To the memory of the geobotanist. Leonid E. Rodin (to the 100th anniversary of his birthday)

2007 ◽  
pp. 106-107
Author(s):  
B. K. Gannibal
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
100Th Anniversary ◽  
State University ◽  
Botanical Institute ◽  
Komarov Botanical Institute ◽  
The Future ◽  
Long Time ◽  
High Level

Leonid Efimovich Rodin (1907-1990) was a graduate of Leningrad state University. To him, the future is known geobotanica, happened to a course in Botanical geography is still at the N. A. Bush. His teachers were also A. P. Shennikov and A. A. Korchagin, who subsequently headed related Department of geobotany and Botanical geography of Leningrad state University. This was the first school scientist. And since the beginning of the 30s of XX century and until the end of life L. E. was an employee of the Department of geobotany of the Komarov Botanical Institute (RAS), where long time worked together with E. M. Lavrenko, V. B. Sochava, B. A. Tikhomirov, V. D. Alexandrova and many other high-level professionals, first continuing to learn and gain experience, then defining the direction of development of geobotany in the Institute and the country as a whole.

Der Wald-Wild-Konflikt – was kann die Forstökonomie zur Lösung beitragen? (Essay)

2017 ◽  
Vol 168 (4) ◽  
pp. 181-185
Author(s):  
Marc Hanewinkel
Keyword(s):  
Forest Economics ◽  
Production Risk ◽  
Damage Compensation ◽  
Land Expectation Value ◽  
Compensation Methods ◽  
The Future ◽  
Single Tree Selection ◽  
Simplifying Assumptions ◽  
Forest Enterprises

The forest-game conflict – how can forest economics contribute to solve it? (Essay) Core parameters of forest economics such as land expectation value or highest revenue show that damage caused by wild ungulates can critically influence the economic success of forest enterprises. When assessing and evaluating the damage in order to calculate damage compensation, methods are applied in Germany that look either into the past (“cost value methods”) or into the future (“expected value methods”). The manifold uncertainties related to this evaluation over long-term production periods are taken into account within a framework of conventions through strongly simplifying assumptions. Only lately, the increased production risk due to game-induced loss of species diversity is also considered. Additional aspects that should be taken into account in the future are the loss of climate-adapted species, the change of the insurance values of forest ecosystems and the impossibility of specific management systems such as single-tree selection forestry due to the influence of game. Because of high transaction costs when assessing the damage, financial compensation should only be the “ultimate measure” and a meditation between stakeholder groups with the goal to find a cooperative solution before the damage occurs should be preferred.

The Future of Muslim Education in the United States: An Agenda for Research

2003 ◽  
Vol 20 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 46-82
Author(s):  
Fathi Malkawi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Education ◽  
Future Trends ◽  
Muslim Community ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Future ◽  
Muslim Education ◽  
Future Plans

This paper addresses some of the Muslim community’s concerns regarding its children’s education and reflects upon how education has shaped the position of other communities in American history. It argues that the future of Muslim education will be influenced directly by the present realities and future trends within American education in general, and, more importantly, by the well-calculated and informed short-term and long-term decisions and future plans taken by the Muslim community. The paper identifies some areas in which a wellestablished knowledge base is critical to making decisions, and calls for serious research to be undertaken to furnish this base.

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