scholarly journals Gully geometry: what are we measuring?

SOIL ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 509-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Casalí ◽  
R. Giménez ◽  
M. A. Campo-Bescós
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Equivalent Width ◽  
Gully Erosion ◽  
Simple Task ◽  
Equivalent Depth ◽  
Ephemeral Gully ◽  
Measurement Protocol ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract. Much of the research on (ephemeral) gully erosion comprises the determination of the geometry of these eroded channels, especially their width and depth. This is not a simple task due to uncertainty generated by the wide range of variability in gully cross section shapes found in the field. However, in the literature, this uncertainty is not recognized so that no criteria for their measurement are indicated. The aim of this work is to make researchers aware of the ambiguity that arises when characterizing the geometry of an ephemeral gully and similar eroded channels. In addition, a measurement protocol is proposed with the ultimate goal of pooling criteria in future works. It is suggested that the geometry of a gully could be characterized through its mean equivalent width and mean equivalent depth, which, together with its length, define an "equivalent prismatic gully" (EPG). The latter would facilitate the comparison between different gullies.

scholarly journals Gully geometry: what are we measuring?

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 323-335
Author(s):  
J. Casalí ◽  
R. Giménez ◽  
M. A. Campo-Bescós
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Measurement Procedure ◽  
Effective Width ◽  
Simple Task ◽  
Ephemeral Gully ◽  
Section Shape ◽  
Measurement Protocol ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Effective Depth

Abstract. Many of the researches on (ephemeral) gully erosion comprise the determination of the geometry of these eroded channels specially width and depth. This is not a simple task due to uncertainty generated by the wide range of variability of gully cross-section shape found in the field. However in the literature this uncertainty is not recognized and then no criteria in the measurement procedure is indicated. The aim of this work is to make the researchers aware of the ambiguity that arises when characterizing the geometry of an ephemeral gully and similar eroded channels. Besides, a measurement protocol is proposed with the ultimate goal of pooling criteria in future works. It is suggested to characterize the geometry of a gully through its effective width and effective depth, which, together with its length, define an "equivalent prismatic gully" (EPG). The latter would facilitate the comparison between each other of different gullies.

Analytical Methods in Tracing Honey Authenticity

2017 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 827-839 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelena Trifković ◽  
Filip Andrić ◽  
Petar Ristivojević ◽  
Etil Guzelmeric ◽  
Erdem Yesilada
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotopes ◽  
Natural Product ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Consumer Health ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Medicinal Properties

Abstract Honey is a precious natural product that is marketed with a wide range of nutritional and medicinal properties. However, it is also a product subjected to frequent adulteration through mislabeling and mixing with cheaper and lower-quality honeys and various sugar syrups. In that sense, honey authentication regarding its genuine botanical and geographical origins, as well as the detection of any adulteration, is essential in order to protect consumer health and to avoid competition that could create a destabilized market. Various analytical techniques have been developed to detect adulterations in honey, including measuring the ratios of stable isotopes (mostly 13C/12C) and the use of different spectroscopic, chromatographic, and electrochemical methods. This review aims to provide a cross-section of contemporary analytical methods used for the determination of honey authenticity in order to help the scientific community engaged in the field of honey chemistry make appropriate choices and select the best applications that should lead to improvements in the detection and elimination of fraudulent practices in honey manufacturing.

Analysis of ephemeral gully erosion in small agricultural watersheds in Iowa (USA)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Luquin ◽  
Richard M. Cruse ◽  
Karl R. Gesch ◽  
Matthew J. Helmers ◽  
Henrique G. Momm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gully Erosion ◽  
Soil Productivity ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Erosion Rates ◽  
No Till ◽  
Ephemeral Gully ◽  
Ephemeral Gullies ◽  
Over Time

<p>Ephemeral gullies (EG) are linear erosion features located in swales where surface and/or subsurface runoff concentrate during or immediately after rainfall events. As its name states, EGs are temporary because they are easily filled by conventional machinery, but when filled they reform if the area is not appropriately managed. Downstream water quality issues and decreased soil productivity are the main environmental impacts. EGs are frequently identified as (the most) relevant sediment sources in agricultural areas but their dimensions and particular contribution to the total erosion under different temporal, spatial, climate and land use condition is still unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study is to obtain ephemeral gully erosion rates and estimate the main morphological characteristics of the ephemeral gullies (width, length and depth) and their evolution both in relation to time and position on the landscape.</p><p>The studied EGs, B6 with a 0.94 ha watershed and I3 with a 0.95 ha watershed formed in two fields located in the Walnut Creek watershed, Iowa (US). The field-sized watersheds are less than 1.5 Km apart and have similar topography and soils. The cropping system consists of a two-year corn-soybean rotation managed by one farmer using no-till and other standard management practices. EG were measured using close range photogrammetry techniques. In order to achieve a suitable characterization of the EG evolution over time and space, EGs were divided in three sections (bottom, middle and top) of equal length. Photographs were taken at least once in 2013, 2014 and 2018 (a total of five in I3 and three in B6). Cross section profiles along the EG perpendicular to the flow path direction were selected and their width, area and depth were determined from a graphical representation of the cross sections. EG volumes were estimated by the sum of interpolating sequential cross-section areas and multiplying by the distance between them.</p><p>Average EG erosion rates during 2013-2014 were 3.19 Mg ha<sup>-1</sup> year<sup>-1</sup> for B6 and 3.63 Mg ha<sup>-1</sup> year<sup>-1</sup> for I3. Values in agreement with rates estimated by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) of 0.49 to 5.18 Mg ha<sup>-1</sup> year<sup>-1 </sup>across the USA and other simulated values of 4.00 ± 1.76 Mg ha<sup>-1</sup> year<sup>-1</sup> for no till systems in the state of Iowa. The current study shows evidences that EG in no till systems may not stabilize after their formation. EG dimensions (depth, width and length, thus volume) varied over time and space during the continuously monitored period. In general, volumes tend to increase in the middle position while depths decrease in the bottom position. When the EG was filled, it reformed again in approximately the same location showing similar dimensions to that which existed prior to filling.</p>

Polymer characterization via FT-IR microspectroscopy

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 1110-1111
Author(s):  
William T. Wihlborg ◽  
John A. Reffner
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Ethylene Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Polymer Fibers ◽  
Fiber Axis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Ir Microspectroscopy ◽  
Acetate Copolymer ◽  
Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer

FT-IR microspectroscopy systems have been used for a wide range of polymer applications. Reffner et al reported a quantitative reflectance technique for the determination of ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer. Chase, using an infrared polarizer with the microscope, studied single polymer fibers and was able to determine the orientation of functional groups relative to the fiber axis. Brasch and Lustiger also used FT-IR microspectroscopy in conjunction with an IR polarizer to determine the percentage of tie molecules in polyethylene. The relative amount of tie molecules is an important parameter for understanding the mechanical failure of polyethylene and the FT-IR microscope improves the sensitivity of this measurement by confining the analysis to the areas of the sample which undergo the greatest change.In the present study the IRμs™ microanalysis system was used to explore the effects of environmental and mechanical stresses upon the molecular structure of polymers. A sample of polypropylene which was weathered for two years was microtomed and the cross section studied for indications of degradation.

A simplified general method of analysis of the elastic torsion of non-circular solid sections

1979 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
J F Dooley
Keyword(s):  
Shear Stress ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Graphical Method ◽  
Maximum Shear Stress ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Error Process ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
General Method ◽  
Design Comparison

A semi-graphical method is presented for the determination of the St Venant torsion constant and maximum shear stress in a prismatic bar of any solid cross-section, intended for use in the trial-and-error process of design. Comparison is made with standard results for a wide range of shapes of cross-section.

A quantitative approach to inner shell losses

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 526-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.D. Leapman ◽  
P. Rez ◽  
D.F. Mayers
Keyword(s):  
Energy Transfer ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Background Intensity ◽  
Core Excitation ◽  
Quantitative Basis ◽  
Cross Section Differential ◽  
Bound Electrons

Microanalysis by EELS has been developing rapidly and though the general form of the spectrum is now understood there is a need to put the technique on a more quantitative basis (1,2). Certain aspects important for microanalysis include: (i) accurate determination of the partial cross sections, σx(α,ΔE) for core excitation when scattering lies inside collection angle a and energy range ΔE above the edge, (ii) behavior of the background intensity due to excitation of less strongly bound electrons, necessary for extrapolation beneath the signal of interest, (iii) departures from the simple hydrogenic K-edge seen in L and M losses, effecting σx and complicating microanalysis. Such problems might be approached empirically but here we describe how computation can elucidate the spectrum shape.The inelastic cross section differential with respect to energy transfer E and momentum transfer q for electrons of energy E0 and velocity v can be written as

Profil Penyakit Malaria Di Rumah Sakit Islam Siti Rahmah Padang Tahun 2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 08-15
Author(s):  
Rahma Triyana ◽  
Salmi Salmi
Keyword(s):  
Observational Study ◽  
Frequency Distribution ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
West Sumatra ◽  
Severity Of The Disease

Malaria is one of the health problems in Indonesia, especially West Sumatra. Determination of the description of Malaria disease in an area is needed to determine the spread and severity of the disease. This study aims to determine the frequency distribution according to age, sex and place of residence, description of the types of Plasmodium causes of Malaria and hematological features in Malaria patients at Siti Rahmah Padang Hospital in 2018. This type of research is a descriptive observational study with an approach or design cross section (cross sectional). The frequency distribution of Malaria sufferers in Siti Rahmah Padang Hospital in 2018 according to the highest age was in the age group 21-30 years as many as 28 cases (36.8%), the highest sex among men was 46 (60.5%) and the highest number of residences was found in Koto Tangah sub-district there were 31 cases (40.8%). The type of Plasmodium found in Malaria cases in Siti Rahmah Padang Hospital in 2018 was P. vivax (73 cases (96.05%)) and P. falciparum (3 cases (3.95%)). The results of laboratory tests on Hb, hematocrit, platelet and leukocyte levels in Malaria positive patients in Siti Rahmah Padang Hospital in 2018 were in the normal range.

Profil Penyakit Malaria di Rumah Sakit Islam Siti Rahmah Padang Tahun 2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 08-15
Author(s):  
Rahma Triyana Y ◽  
Salmi Salmi
Keyword(s):  
Observational Study ◽  
Frequency Distribution ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
West Sumatra ◽  
Severity Of The Disease

Malaria is one of the health problems in Indonesia, especially West Sumatra. Determination of the description of Malaria disease in an area is needed to determine the spread and severity of the disease. This study aims to determine the frequency distribution according to age, sex and place of residence, description of the types of Plasmodium causes of Malaria and hematological features in Malaria patients at Siti Rahmah Padang Hospital in 2018. This type of research is a descriptive observational study with an approach or design cross section (cross sectional). The frequency distribution of Malaria sufferers in Siti Rahmah Padang Hospital in 2018 according to the highest age was in the age group 21-30 years as many as 28 cases (36.8%), the highest sex among men was 46 (60.5%) and the highest number of residences was found in Koto Tangah sub-district there were 31 cases (40.8%). The type of Plasmodium found in Malaria cases in Siti Rahmah Padang Hospital in 2018 was P. vivax (73 cases (96.05%)) and P. falciparum (3 cases (3.95%)). The results of laboratory tests on Hb, hematocrit, platelet and leukocyte levels in Malaria positive patients in Siti Rahmah Padang Hospital in 2018 were in the normal range.

DINAMIKA POLITIK PERSETUJUAN BERSAMA TENTANG PENETAPAN DESA ADAT DI KABUPATEN ROKAN HULU TAHUN 2014

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Haryo Suganda ◽  
Raja Muhammad Amin
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Region ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Political Dynamics ◽  
Political Interests ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Information Method ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
The Village

This study is motivated the identification of policies issued by the regional Governmentof Rokan Hulu in the form of Regulatory region number 1 by 2015 on the determination of thevillage and Indigenous Village. Political dynamics based on various interests against themanufacture of, and decision-making in the process of formation of the corresponding localregulations determination of Indigenous Villages in the Rokan Hulu is impacted to a verysignificantamount of changes from the initial draft of the number i.e. 21 (twenty one) the villagebecame Customary 89 (eighty-nine) the Indigenous Villages who have passed. Type of thisresearch is a qualitative descriptive data analysis techniques. The research aims to describe theState of the real situation in a systematic and accurate fact analysis unit or related research, aswell as observations of the field based on the data (information). Method of data collectionwas done with interviews, documentation, and observations through fieldwork (field research).The results of the research on the process of discussion of the draft local regulations andmutual agreement about Designation of Indigenous Villages in the Rokan Hulu is, showed thatthe political dynamics that occur due to the presence of various political interests, rejectionorally by Villagers who were judged to have met the requirements of Draft Regulations to beformulated and the area for the set to be Indigenous Villages, and also there is a desire fromsome villages in the yet to Draft local regulations in order to set the Indigenous village , there isa wide range of interests of these aspects influenced the agreement to assign the entire localVillage which is in the Rokan Hulu become Indigenous village, and the village of Transmigrationinto administrative Villages where the initiator of the changes in the number of IndigenousVillages in the Rokan Hulu it is the desire of the local Government of its own.

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