scholarly journals The added value of biomarker analysis to the genesis of Plaggic Anthrosols – the identification of stable fillings used for the production of plaggic manure

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. van Mourik ◽  
T. V. Wagner ◽  
W. G. de Boer ◽  
B. Jansen
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Landscapes ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Luminescence Dating ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Pollen Diagrams ◽  
Biomarker Analysis

Abstract. Plaggic Anthrosols are the result of historical forms of land management in cultural landscapes on chemically poor sandy substrates. Application of plaggic manure was responsible for the development of the plaggic horizons of these agricultural soils. Pollen diagrams reflect aspects of the environmental development but the interpretation of the pollen spectra is complicated due to the mix of the aeolian pollen influx of crop species and species in the surroundings, and of pollen occurring in the used stable fillings. Pollen diagrams and radiocarbon dates of plaggic Anthrosols suggested a development period of more than a millennium. Calluna is present in almost all the pollen spectra, indicating the presence of heath in the landscape during the whole period of soil development. Optically stimulated luminescence dating of the plaggic horizon made clear that the deposition of plaggic covers started in the 16th century and accelerated in the 18th century. The stable fillings, used for the production of plaggic manure and responsible for the rise of the soil surface, cannot be identified with pollen diagrams alone. Biomarker analyses provide more evidence about the sources of stable fillings. The oldest biomarker spectra of the plaggic horizons of three typical plaggic Anthrosols examined in this study, were dominated by biomarkers of forests species as Quercus and Betula while the spectra of middle part of the plaggic horizons were dominated by biomarkers of stem tissue of crop species as Secale and Avena. Only the youngest spectra of the plaggic horizons were dominated by biomarkers of Calluna. This indicates that the use of heath sods as stable filling was most likely introduced very late in the development of the Anthrosols. Before the 19th century the mineral component in plaggic manure cannot be explained by the use of heath sods. We conclude that other sources of materials, containing mineral grains must have been responsible for the raise of the plaggic horizon.

scholarly journals The added value of biomarker analysis to the genesis of plaggic Anthrosols; the identification of stable fillings used for the production of plaggic manure

SOIL ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan M. van Mourik ◽  
Thomas V. Wagner ◽  
J. Geert de Boer ◽  
Boris Jansen
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Landscapes ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Luminescence Dating ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Pollen Diagrams ◽  
Biomarker Analysis

Abstract. Plaggic Anthrosols are the result of historical forms of land management in cultural landscapes on chemically poor sandy substrates. Application of plaggic manure was responsible for the development of the plaggic horizons of these agricultural soils. Pollen diagrams reflect aspects of the environmental development but the interpretation of the pollen spectra is complicated due to the mix of the aeolian pollen influx of crop species and species in the surroundings, and of pollen occurring in the used stable fillings. Pollen diagrams and radiocarbon dates of plaggic Anthrosols suggested a development period of more than a millennium. Calluna is present in almost all the pollen spectra, indicating the presence of heath in the landscape during the whole period of soil development. Optically stimulated luminescence dating of the plaggic horizon made clear that the deposition of plaggic covers started in the 16th century and accelerated in the 18th century. The stable fillings, used for the production of plaggic manure and responsible for the rise of the soil surface, cannot be identified with pollen diagrams alone. Biomarker analyses provide more evidence about the sources of stable fillings. The oldest biomarker spectra of the plaggic horizons of three typical plaggic Anthrosols examined in this study were dominated by biomarkers of forest species such as Quercus and Betula while the spectra of middle part of the plaggic horizons were dominated by biomarkers of stem tissue of crop species such as Secale and Avena. Only the youngest spectra of the plaggic horizons were dominated by biomarkers of Calluna. This indicates that the use of heath sods as stable filling was most likely introduced very late in the development of the Anthrosols. Before the 19th century the mineral component in plaggic manure cannot be explained by the use of heath sods. We conclude that other sources of materials, containing mineral grains must have been responsible for the raise of the plaggic horizon.

scholarly journals Estimation of Soil Surface Roughness Using Stereo Vision Approach

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (13) ◽  
pp. 4386
Author(s):  
Afshin Azizi ◽  
Yousef Abbaspour-Gilandeh ◽  
Tarahom Mesri-Gundoshmian ◽  
Aitazaz A. Farooque ◽  
Hassan Afzaal
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Stereo Vision ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Depth Map ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Height Profile ◽  
Peak Fitting ◽  
Soil Surface Roughness ◽  
Tillage Operations

Soil roughness is one of the most challenging issues in the agricultural domain and plays a crucial role in soil quality. The objective of this research was to develop a computerized method based on stereo vision technique to estimate the roughness formed on the agricultural soils. Additionally, soil till quality was investigated by analyzing the height of plow layers. An image dataset was provided in the real conditions of the field. For determining the soil surface roughness, the elevation of clods obtained from tillage operations was computed using a depth map. This map was obtained by extracting and matching corresponding keypoints as super pixels of images. Regression equations and coefficients of determination between the measured and estimated values indicate that the proposed method has a strong potential for the estimation of soil shallow roughness as an important physical parameter in tillage operations. In addition, peak fitting of tilled layers was applied to the height profile to evaluate the till quality. The results of this suggest that the peak fitting is an effective method of judging tillage quality in the fields.

Pollen diagrams from interior Labrador

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (11) ◽  
pp. 1957-1975 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alastair Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Primary Succession ◽  
Vegetation Changes ◽  
Bare Ground ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
River Watershed ◽  
Pollen Diagrams ◽  
Glacier Ice ◽  
Lake Waters

Six pollen zones can be distinguished in interior Labrador. The earlier zones represent the primary succession of vegetation from bare ground to boreal woodland or forest, which occupied about 500 years between 5700 and 5200 B.P. There have been only minor fluctuations in the nature of the vegetation since 5200 B.P. Radiocarbon dates show that the zones are contemporaneous over that part of the Lake Plateau within the Churchill River watershed, but similar vegetation changes occurred 1000 years earlier in the Kaniapiskau basin, further north, in New Quebec. These two areas must have been freed of a cover of glacier ice or lake waters immediately before 5700 B.P. and 6700 B.P. respectively.

scholarly journals A Lateglacial palaeosol cover in the Altdarss area, southern Baltic Sea coast (northeast Germany): investigations on pedology, geochronology and botany

2006 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 197-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Kaiser ◽  
A. Barthelmes ◽  
S. Czakó Pap ◽  
A. Hilgers ◽  
W. Janke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Cover ◽  
Younger Dryas ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Vegetation Pattern ◽  
Buried Soils ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Buried Soil ◽  
Nw Europe ◽  
Aeolian Sands ◽  
Sea Coast

AbstractA new site with Lateglacial palaeosols covered by 0.8 - 2.4 m thick aeolian sands is presented. The buried soils were subjected to multidisciplinary analyses (pedology, micromorphology, geochronology, dendrology, palynology, macrofossils). The buried soil cover comprises a catena from relatively dry (’Nano’-Podzol, Arenosol) via moist (Histic Gleysol, Gleysol) to wet conditions (Histosol). Dry soils are similar to the so-called Usselo soil, as described from sites in NW Europe and central Poland. The buried soil surface covers ca. 3.4 km2. Pollen analyses date this surface into the late Allerød. Due to a possible contamination by younger carbon, radiocarbon dates are too young. OSL dates indicate that the covering by aeolian sands most probably occurred during the Younger Dryas. Botanical analyses enables the reconstruction of a vegetation pattern typical for the late Allerød. Large wooden remains of pine and birch were recorded.

scholarly journals Redistribution of phosphorus in soil through cover crop roots

2004 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Júlio C. Franchini ◽  
Marcos A. Pavan ◽  
Mário Miyazawa
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Lupinus Albus ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Phosphate Fertilizer ◽  
Vicia Sativa ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Soil P

The objective of this study was to evaluate if cover crops can absorb P from the upper layers and transport it in their roots to subsoil layers. Samples of an Oxisol were placed in PVC columns. Super phosphate fertilizer was applied to the 0-10 cm soil surface layers. The cover crops tested were: Avena strigosa, Avena sativa, Secale cereale, Pisum sativum subsp arvense, Pisum sativum, Vicia villosa, Vicia sativa, Lupinus angustifoliu, Lupinus albus, and Triticum aestivum. After a growth period of 80 days the cover crop shoots were cut off and the soil was divided into 10cm layers and the roots of each layer were washed out. The roots and shoots were analyzed separated for total P contribution to the soil. Considerable amount of P was present in the roots of cover crops. Vicia sativa contained more than 60% of total plant P in the roots. The contribution of Vicia sativa to soil P bellow the fertilized zone was about 7 kg ha-1. It thus appeared that there existed a possibility of P redistribution into the soil under no tillage by using cover crops in rotation with cash crops. Vicia sativa was the most efficient cover crop species as P carrier into the roots from superficial layer to lower layers.

scholarly journals Measuring the Labile and Recalcitrant Pools of Carbon and Nitrogen in Forested and Agricultural Soils: A Study under Tropical Conditions

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 544
Author(s):  
Risely Ferraz de Almeida ◽  
Joseph Elias Rodrigues Mikhael ◽  
Fernando Oliveira Franco ◽  
Luna Monique Fonseca Santana ◽  
Beno Wendling
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Environmental Stability ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Human Intervention ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Pools ◽  
Tropical Conditions ◽  
Recalcitrant Carbon ◽  
The Impact

Soil organic carbon and nitrogen can be divided into labile and recalcitrant pools according to the time it takes to be cycled. The way in which carbon and nitrogen pools are cycled and distributed between labile and recalcitrant pools can directly relate to soil quality. This paper tested the hypothesis that labile and recalcitrant pools of carbon and nitrogen vary between agricultural soils with different species and fertilization management systems (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium need) under tropical conditions. This study aimed to examine the impact of land-uses on stocks and losses of carbon and nitrogen under tropical conditions. We explored labile (soil microbial biomass and labile carbon) and recalcitrant carbon pools (humin, humic acid, and fulvic acid) in forested and agricultural soils, defined as latosol (forest, fertilized pasture, and unfertilized pasture) and cambisol (forest, coast pasture, sugarcane, and silage corn). Forested soil was used as an appropriate use to soil conservation in tropical that presents levels adequate of carbon and nitrogen stocks and biological condition in soil. Results showed that pools of labile and recalcitrant carbon are different on soil layers and the use of soil. Forest use in cambisol and latosol promoted higher labile and recalcitrant pools of carbon and nitrogen due to the greater environmental stability without human intervention. On the other hand, human intervention occurred in fertilized pasture and coast pasture; however, both uses presented similar recalcitrant carbon and nitrogen pools when compared to forested soil on the soil surface due to fertilizer uses and the high volume of the grass root system. Overall, our findings reveal that under tropical conditions, agriculture and forested soil can present similar recalcitrant pools of carbon and nitrogen if agricultural soils are associated with the appropriate fertilizer management. Pasture with adequate fertilization management systems can be used as an alternative to recover degraded areas with low levels of recalcitrant carbon and nitrogen pools.

Growth of Common Purslane as Influencing Control and Importance as a Weed

Weed Science ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Hopen
Keyword(s):  
Soil Surface ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Central United States ◽  
Seed Placement ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Purslane ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Preemergence Herbicides ◽  
Postemergence Herbicides ◽  
High Soil Temperature

A higher population of common purslane(Portulaca oleraceaL.) developed on a smooth seedbed than a rough seedbed. Purslane germinated best when the seed were placed on the soil surface, and the percentage germination decreased progressively as depth of seed placement increased. Growth of common purslane was greater at elevated nutrient levels and was dependent on adequate phosphorus in the nutrient media. High soil temperature requirements for optimum germination make common purslane a middle to late-growing season weed in the central United States. Often preemergence herbicides which are effective on common purslane have become ineffective by the time the common purslane population has developed, and postemergence herbicides which do not injure the individual crop species must be relied on for common purslane control.

scholarly journals Groningen Radiocarbon Dates VIII

Radiocarbon ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 351-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Vogel ◽  
J. C. Lerman
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
The Past ◽  
Pollen Diagrams ◽  
Geologic Samples

This list contains dates for Latin America which have mainly been measured during the past few years. The results are grouped into three categories: geologic, archaeologic, and geophysical, and arranged according to the country of provenance, passing roughly from N to S. Most of the geologic samples are connected with palynologic studies. In cases where the influence of man is apparent in the pollen diagrams, this is explicitly mentioned. Descriptions and comments are based on information provided by the collectors or submitters and on the publications referred to under each sample or series. For the archaeologic section reference has also been made to the general works of Meggers and Evans (1963), Jennings and Norbeck (1964), and Willey (1966).

A model for estimating soil moisture deficits under cereal crops in Britain:1. Development

1982 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 651-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Francis ◽  
J. D Pidgeon
Keyword(s):  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
System Development ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Detailed Model ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Wide Range

SUMMARYA new and detailed model, involving meteorological, crop and soil variables, is proposed to provide daily estimates of moisture deficits in soils under cereal cropping in Britain. The model incorporates developments in the calculation of potential evapotranspiration specifically for cereal crops. Four processes of loss of water are considered, namely drainage, evaporation of free water from the crop canopy, evaporation from the soil surface and transpiration by the crop. Thus the model is applicable at all stages of the cropping cycle. Above-ground and root system development of the crop are modelled and available and extractable water capacities of a wide range of soils are estimated. Thus the demand for water and its availability are varied with crop species, stage of development and soil type as well as with meteorological variables.The calculation of water losses is not dependent on arbitrary assumptions about the division of losses between the four processes considered or between different horizons of the soil.Extreme simplicity of input data requirement has been maintained. The model has been programmed in FORTRAN, and is compatible with Meteorological Office data archives.

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