scholarly journals Potential short-term losses of N<sub>2</sub>O and N<sub>2</sub> from high concentrations of biogas digestate in arable soils

SOIL ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Rainer Fiedler ◽  
Jürgen Augustin ◽  
Nicole Wrage-Mönnig ◽  
Gerald Jurasinski ◽  
Bertram Gusovius ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pore Space ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Soil Core ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Clayey Silt ◽  
Biogas Digestate

Abstract. Biogas digestate (BD) is increasingly used as organic fertilizer, but has a high potential for NH3 losses. Its proposed injection into soils as a countermeasure has been suggested to promote the generation of N2O, leading to a potential trade-off. Furthermore, the effect of high nutrient concentrations on N2 losses as they may appear after injection of BD into soil has not yet been evaluated. Hence, we performed an incubation experiment with soil cores in a helium–oxygen atmosphere to examine the influence of soil substrate (loamy sand, clayey silt), water-filled pore space (WFPS; 35, 55, 75 %) and application rate (0, 17.6 and 35.2 mL BD per soil core, 250 cm3) on the emission of N2O, N2 and CO2 after the usage of high loads of BD. To determine the potential capacity for gaseous losses, we applied anaerobic conditions by purging with helium for the last 24 h of incubation. Immediate N2O and N2 emissions as well as the N2 ∕ (N2O+N2) product ratio depended on soil type and increased with WFPS, indicating a crucial role of soil gas diffusivity for the formation and emission of nitrogenous gases in agricultural soils. However, emissions did not increase with the application rate of BD. This is probably due to an inhibitory effect of the high NH4+ content of BD on nitrification. Our results suggest a larger potential for N2O formation immediately following BD injection in the fine-textured clayey silt compared to the coarse loamy sand. By contrast, the loamy sand showed a higher potential for N2 production under anaerobic conditions. Our results suggest that short-term N losses of N2O and N2 after injection may be higher than probable losses of NH3 following surface application of BD.

scholarly journals N<sub>2</sub>O and N<sub>2</sub> losses from simulated injection of biogas digestate depend mainly on soil texture, moisture and temperature

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Rainer Fiedler ◽  
Jürgen Augustin ◽  
Nicole Wrage-Mönnig ◽  
Gerald Jurasinski ◽  
Bertram Gusovius ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Organic Fertiliser ◽  
Potential Capacity ◽  
Clayey Silt ◽  
Biogas Digestate ◽  
Silty Soils

Abstract. Biogas digestate (BD) is increasingly used as organic fertiliser, but has a high potential for NH3 losses. Its proposed injection into soils as a counter-measure has been suggested to promote the generation of N2O, leading to a potential trade-off. Furthermore, the effect on N2 losses after injection of BD into soil has not yet been evaluated. We performed a simulated BD injection experiment in a helium-oxygen atmosphere to examine the influence of soil substrate (loamy sand, clayey silt), water-filled pore space (WFPS; 35, 55, 75 %), temperature (2° C, 15° C) and application rate (0, 160, 320 kg N ha−1) as a proxy for row spacing of injection on the emissions of N2O, N2, and CO2. To determine the potential capacity for these gaseous losses, we incubated under anaerobic conditions by purging with helium for the last 24 h of incubation. N2O and N2 emissions as well as the N2 / (N2O + N2) ratio depended on soil type and increased with WFPS and temperature, indicating a crucial role of soil gas diffusivity for the formation of these gases in agricultural soils. However, the emissions did not increase with the application rate of BD, i.e. a broader spacing of injection slits, probably due to an inhibitory effect of the high NH4+ content of BD. Our results suggest that the risk of N2O and N2 losses even after injection of relatively large amounts of BD seems to be small for dry to wet sandy soils and acceptable when regarding simultaneously reduced NH3 emissions for dry silty soils.

Subsoil macropore space of a transitional red-brown earth after either deep tillage, gypsum or both .I. Physical effects and short term changes

Soil Research ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 123 ◽  
Author(s):  
PS Blackwell ◽  
NS Jayawardane ◽  
TW Green ◽  
JT Wood ◽  
J Blackwell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pore Space ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Matric Potential ◽  
Deep Tillage ◽  
Surface Sealing ◽  
Physical Effects ◽  
Considerable Loss ◽  
Space Volume ◽  
Gypsum Application

This research aimed to improve understanding of the processes which cause deterioration of macropore space (volume and permeability of air-filled pores at -10 kPa matric potential), as well as providing some guidelines for improving management. This paper reports the effects of amelioration treatments on soil fragment sizes and horizon-of-origin, as well as the distribution of solid gypsum in the profile immediately after deep cultivation. The macropore space of the subsoil after initial winter cropping is described from measurements on soil cores collected from the experiment. The finer fragments from slotting at low speed resulted in smaller macroporosity than in the ripped soil. Macroporosity, permeability and organization of pore space generally increase with the amount of gypsum initially mixed with the soil. In spite of the smaller volume of soil disturbed by slotting than by ripping, the reduction in runoff was similar to the ripped soil when the gypsum application rate to the slotting was twice that applied to the ripped soil. Where no gypsum was applied to the slotted soil, slumping and swelling led to considerable loss of macroporosity formed by the initial deep tillage, as well as surface sealing by dispersed clay. Hence runoff from this treatment was similar to the unameliorated soil.

scholarly journals Novel Route Planning Method to Improve the Operational Efficiency of Capacitated Operations. Case: Application of Organic Fertilizer

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 458-477
Author(s):  
Mahdi Vahdanjoo ◽  
Claus G. Sorensen
Keyword(s):  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Route Planning ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Operational Efficiency ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Simultaneous Optimization ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Application Process ◽  
Optimal Sequence ◽  
Proposed Model

A field area coverage-planning algorithm has been developed for the optimization and simulation of capacitated field operations such as the organic fertilizer application process. The proposed model provides an optimal coverage plan, which includes the optimal sequence of the visited tracks with a designated application rate. The objective of this paper is to present a novel approach for route planning involving two simultaneous optimization criteria, non-working distance minimization and the optimization of application rates, for the capacitated field operations such as organic fertilizer application to improve the overall operational efficiency. The study and the developed algorithm have shown that it is possible to generate the optimized coverage plan based on the required defined capacity of the distributer. In this case, the capacity of the distributer is not considered a limiting factor for the farmers. To validate this new method, a shallow injection application process was considered, and the results of applying the optimization algorithm were compared with the conventional methods. The results show that the proposed method increase operational efficiency by 19.7%. Furthermore, the applicability of the proposed model in robotic application were demonstrated by way of two defined scenarios.

Urea hydrolysis and inorganic N in a Luvisol after application of fertiliser containing rare-earth elements

Soil Research ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xingkai Xu ◽  
Zijian Wang ◽  
Yuesi Wang ◽  
Kazuyuki Inubushi
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earths ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Urea Hydrolysis ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Short Term ◽  
N Content ◽  
N Fertilisers ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

In recent decades, Chinese agriculturists have used rare-earth-containing fertilisers as basal fertilisers together with N fertilisers (e.g. urea). We studied urea hydrolysis and its hydrolysis products in a laboratory experiment using urea-N fertiliser with rare earths at rates from 0.5 to 50% (w/w). The results indicated that application of rare earths at a high rate could result in a short-term inhibition of urea hydrolysis and an increase in soil (NH4+ + NO3– + NO2–)-N content. When the application rate of rare earths was higher than 5% of the applied urea-N (corresponding to 10 mg/kg soil), soil exchangeable NH4+-N content increased significantly following the hydrolysis of the applied urea. Increasing the application rate of rare earths appeared to reduce the content of soil urea-derived (NO3– + NO2–)-N. A substantial reduction in soil pH was found immediately after application of rare earths and urea. We conclude that application of rare earths at >10 mg/kg may lead to a substantial increase in the content of urea-derived N in the soil, via the inhibition of urea hydrolysis and nitrification.

scholarly journals A model for coupled electro-hydro-mechanical processes in fine grained soils accounting for gas generation and transport

2010 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Tamagnini ◽  
Cristina Jommi ◽  
Fabio Cattaneo
Keyword(s):  
Pore Space ◽  
Transport Coefficients ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Degree Of Saturation ◽  
Coupled Processes ◽  
Gas Generation ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Clayey Silt ◽  
Waste Containment Systems ◽  
The Impact

A theoretical and numerical model is developed for the quantitative analysis of coupled processes taking place in active waste containment systems, such as electrokinetic barriers or fences, in which alow intensity DC current is circulated across the clay barrier to move polar and non-polar contaminants. A novel feature of the proposed approach is the allowance for the presence of air in the pore space. Under unsaturated conditions, all transport coefficients involved in the electrokinetic process are strongly dependent on the degree of saturation of pore liquid. In order to assess the predictive capability of the proposed theory and to appreciate the impact of gas production at the electrodes, a series of numerical simulations of simple onedimensional electrokinetic tests have been performed. The results of the simulations compare reasonably well with data obtained from laboratory experiments performed on an illitic clayey silt. The numerical results indicate that the impact of gas production at the electrodes can be significant, even in low-intensity and short-duration treatments.

scholarly journals Short-term effects of biogas digestate and cattle slurry application on greenhouse gas emissions from high organic carbon grasslands

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 5765-5809 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Eickenscheidt ◽  
A. Freibauer ◽  
J. Heinichen ◽  
J. Augustin ◽  
M. Drösler
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Cattle Slurry ◽  
Closed Chamber ◽  
Chamber Method ◽  
Biogas Digestate ◽  
N2o Fluxes

Abstract. The change in the German energy policy resulted in a strong development of biogas plants in Germany. As a consequence, huge amounts of nutrient rich residues remain from the fermentative process, which are used as organic fertilizers. Drained peatlands are increasingly used to satisfy the huge demand for fermentative substrates and the digestate is returned to the peatlands. However, drained organic soils are considered as hot spots for nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and organic fertilization is additionally known to increase N2O emissions from managed grasslands. Our study addressed the questions (a) to what extent biogas digestate and cattle slurry application increase N2O, methane (CH4) and ammonia (NH3) fluxes as well as the mineral nitrogen use efficiency (NUEmin), and (b) how different soil organic matter contents (SOM) promote the production of N2O. The study was conducted at two areas within a grassland parcel, which differed in their soil organic carbon (SOC) contents. At each area (named Corg-medium and Corg-high) two sites were established, one was fertilized five times with biogas digestate and one with cattle slurry. For each treatment, fluxes of N2O and CH4 were measured over two years using the closed chamber method. For NH3 measurements we used the calibrated dynamic chamber method. On an annual basis the application of biogas digestate significantly enhanced the N2O fluxes compared to the application of cattle slurry and additionally increased the NUEmin. Furthermore, N2O fluxes from the Corg-high site significantly exceeded N2O fluxes from the Corg-medium sites. Annual cumulative emissions ranged from 0.91 ± 0.49 kg N ha−1 yr−1 to 3.14 ± 0.91 kg N ha−1 yr−1. Significantly different CH4 fluxes between the investigated treatments or the different soil types were not observed. Cumulative annual CH4 exchange rates varied between −0.21 ± 0.19 kg C ha−1 yr−1 and −1.06 ± 0.46 kg C ha−1 yr−1. Significantly higher NH3 losses from treatments fertilized with biogas digestate compared to those fertilized with cattle slurry were observed. The total NH3 losses following splash plate application were 18.17 kg N ha−1 for the digestate treatments and 3.48 kg N ha−1 for the slurry treatments (36% and 15% of applied NH4&amp;plus;-N). The observed linear increase of 16 days cumulative N2O-N exchange or rather annual N2O emissions, due to a higher mean groundwater level and a higher application rate of NH4+-N, reveal the importance of site adapted N fertilization and the avoidance of N surpluses in Corg rich grasslands.

Short-term effects of biochar on soil properties and wheat yield formation with meat bone meal and inorganic fertiliser on a boreal loamy sand

2014 ◽  
Vol 191 ◽  
pp. 108-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priit Tammeorg ◽  
Asko Simojoki ◽  
Pirjo Mäkelä ◽  
Frederick L. Stoddard ◽  
Laura Alakukku ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Inorganic Fertiliser ◽  
Yield Formation ◽  
Meat Bone Meal ◽  
Short Term Effects

scholarly journals Excessive Application of Fertilizer, Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution, and Farmers’ Policy Choice

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haixia Wu ◽  
Yan Ge
Keyword(s):  
Point Source ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Chemical Fertilizer ◽  
Shaanxi Province ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Point Source Pollution ◽  
Fertilizer Application Rate ◽  
Non Point Source Pollution

This paper takes 516 households who planted wheat in Heyang County, Shaanxi Province in 2018, as samples to construct three policy environments: Technological guidance for planting, subsidies for organic fertilizer application, and agricultural tailwater discharge standards. The experimental choice method was used to empirically analyze policy preferences during the process of fertilizer reduction. The results indicate that households show different preferences for the three policy settings: The fertilizer application rate is reduced by 6.98% if providing full technological guidance for farmers throughout the wheat planting process and is reduced by 5.18% under the background of providing appropriate organic fertilizer subsidies. The agricultural tailwater discharge standards have the least impact on the reducing level of chemical fertilizer application, with decreasing amounts of only 1.85% and 0.77% under the second-level and the first-level agricultural tailwater discharge standards, respectively. These results indicate that households in Heyang County, Shaanxi Province, demonstrate a low willingness to accept the agricultural tailwater discharge standards in order to cut down on the amount of chemical fertilizer application and the agricultural non-point source pollution. Therefore, compared with a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 1% of fertilizer usage nationwide according to the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture, given the current planting environment and policies design, providing comprehensive technological guidance as well as price subsidies for the organic fertilizer can significantly and robustly reduce the excessive application of fertilizer in Heyang County, Shaanxi Province, under the best scenario, thereby further alleviating agricultural non-point source pollution.

Field evaluation of plaster-based temephos pellets for residual control of midge larvae (Diptera: Chironomidae) in establishing rice crops

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 659 ◽  
Author(s):  
MM Stevens ◽  
GN Warren
Keyword(s):  
Water Column ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Soil Core ◽  
Potential Control ◽  
Core Samples ◽  
Application Rates

A pelletised formulation of temephos (5% a.i.) was evaluated as a potential control agent for chironomid midge larvae in establishing rice crops. Four application rates between 0.03 and 0.53 mg a.i./L (42-732 g a.i./ha) were applied to 80 m2 experimental rice bays immediately after flooding. Water samples and soil core samples were taken at regular intervals until 29 days post-treatment. Larvae were extracted from core samples using magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) flotation, whilst laboratory-reared fourth instar Chironomus tepperi Skuse larvae were used in bioassays with field-collected water samples to determine pesticide activity in the water column. All treatments significantly suppressed C. tepperi-type larvae in the field for at least 13 days. Some suppression of non-C. tepperi-type larvae was obtained at 0.27 mg a.i./L, whilst at 0.53 mg a.i./L all chironomids were reduced to negligible levels for the full period of the trial. In bioassays, significant levels of water column toxicity to fourth instar C. tepperi larvae were only recorded for 2 days after treatment at the highest application rate. Our results indicate that plaster-based temephos pellets have the potential to provide effective, single application control of chironomid larvae in establishing rice crops without the risk of spray drift inherent in the aerial application of liquid insecticides.

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