scholarly journals Corpus-based cognitive semantics: Extended units of meaning and their implications for Translation Studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Korning Zethsen
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Semantics ◽  
Translation Studies ◽  
Cognitive Semantics ◽  
Manual Analysis ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
High Degree

Traditional lexical semantics focuses on the meaning of individual lexemes. Firth (1957) brought our attention to collocations and the fact that meaning is not isolated in the lexeme. In 1996 Sinclair argued for the existence of extended units of meaning which, as the expression indicates, go beyond the lexeme. In recent years Stubbs (2001b), and other corpus linguists have convincingly shown that meaning is a phraseological phenomenon to a high degree. Corpus searches allow us to study lexemes in their immediate context, study their most frequent collocates and thus help us reveal their semantic preferences (Sinclair 1987, 1996) and semantic prosodies (evaluation) (Louw 1993). Some of the findings confirm intuitions, whereas some make us aware of connotations which we have never before consciously known the existence of. In this article, I shall argue for the application of corpus-based cognitive semantics as a tool for researchers within translation studies (TS) who are particularly interested in revealing evaluative aspects of the units of meaning of source texts and their translations. What may formerly have been described as something intangible like an ‘atmosphere’, now becomes tangible because of the patterns emerging from large numbers of examples. I shall provide empirical examples in various langua ges of such evaluative patterns which are of course not automatically generated but come about as the result of computer-generated concordance lines and thorough manual analysis.

scholarly journals CYTOPLASMIC DNA SYNTHESIS IN AMOEBA PROTEUS

1962 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 525-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Rabinovitch ◽  
W. Plaut
Keyword(s):  
Dna Synthesis ◽  
Tritiated Thymidine ◽  
Amoeba Proteus ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Cytoplasmic Dna ◽  
Basic Dyes ◽  
Nuclease Digestion ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Very High

The incorporation of tritiated thymidine in Amoeba proteus was reinvestigated in order to see if it could be associated with microscopically detectable structures. Staining experiments with basic dyes, including the fluorochrome acridine orange, revealed the presence of large numbers of 0.3 to 0.5 µ particles in the cytoplasm of all cells studied. The effect of nuclease digestion on the dye affinity of the particles suggests that they contain DNA as well as RNA. Centrifugation of living cells at 10,000 g leads to the sedimentation of the particles in the centrifugal third of the ameba near the nucleus. Analysis of centrifuged cells which had been incubated with H3-thymidine showed a very high degree of correlation between the location of the nucleic acid-containing granules and that of acid-insoluble, deoxyribonuclease-sensitive labeled molecules and leads to the conclusion that cytoplasmic DNA synthesis in Amoeba proteus occurs in association with these particles.

Impedance Screening for Preschool Children: State of the Art

1979 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack L. Paradise ◽  
Clyde G. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Cutoff Point ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Middle Ear Disease ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Large Scale Screening

As a test for detecting middle ear disease among preschool children, tympanometry — as opposed to audiometry — has three advantageous attributes: a high degree of sensitivity, minimal need for subject cooperation, and total objectivity. For these reasons interest has arisen in tympanometry as a method for screening, i.e., identifying children with previously undetected middle ear disease. However, uncertainty persists concerning the importance of detecting apparently asymptomatic middle ear effusions, and concerning optimal methods, or even the advisability, of treating them. Further, the sensitivity and specificity of tympanometry depend on how the pass-fail cutoff point is defined. Defining this cutoff point so as to achieve high sensitivity may result in excessively low specificity, with the production of large numbers of false-positives who then become overreferrals. Data are presented to show how the validity of the test may be increased to some extent by attention to the gradient of “negative-pressure” tympanograms. At the present time, given the various aforementioned uncertainties, and with adequate validation as to the presence or absence of disease often lacking in reported studies of impedance screening in preschool populations, the cumulative results of these studies do not warrant embarking on large-scale screening programs. What is needed instead is additional research to explore the issue further.

Growth and differentiation of Tubularia cells in a chemically defined physiological medium

Development ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-80
Author(s):  
Allison L. Burnett ◽  
Faith E. Ruffing ◽  
June Zongker ◽  
Anna Necco
Keyword(s):  
Defined Medium ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Mucous Cells ◽  
Chemically Defined Medium ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
High Degree ◽  
I Cells

Although hydroids have proven valuable experimental animals for studies involving polarity and regeneration, they have not been extensively used by chemical embryologists studying control mechanisms in differentiation. Ideally, hydroids should be valuable tools for such a study. Their morpohology is relatively simple since they are diploblastic; their cells achieve a high degree of specialization (cnidoblasts, nerve cells, gland and mucous cells); cell differentiation (and morphogenesis) from a reserve stock of interstitial or i-cells is rapid; and many species can be cultured in large numbers under controlled environmental conditions. Probably one of the reasons for this lack of attention is that no one has succeeded in cloning cells of a particular type in a chemically defined medium. In vivo systems, mainly because of their impermeability to most exogenous materials with molecular weights over 200, have not proven to be especially reliable.

scholarly journals MACROPHAGE PLASMA MEMBRANES

1971 ◽  
Vol 133 (4) ◽  
pp. 785-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph L. Nachman ◽  
Barbara Ferris ◽  
James G. Hirsch
Keyword(s):  
Alveolar Macrophages ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Membrane Preparation ◽  
Polystyrene Spheres ◽  
Protein Patterns ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Structural Preservation ◽  
High Degree

Plasma membranes have been isolated from pure populations of rabbit alveolar macrophages which were swollen in water, fixed briefly with glutaraldehyde, disrupted by Dounce homogenization, and separated by sucrose gradient centrifugation. The recovered membranes exhibited good structural preservation and enzymatic activity; both morphologic and biochemical evidence indicated a high degree of purity (>90%) of the membrane preparation. Interiorized plasma membranes were also prepared without exposure to glutaraldehyde from phagocytic vacuoles recovered from alveolar macrophages which had ingested large numbers of polystyrene spheres. These membranes were contaminated with lysosomal constituents, but they were nevertheless of value for comparison to the "pure" membranes isolated by the glutaraldehyde procedure. Acrylamide gel electrophoresis of the solubilized plasma membranes and phagolysosomal membranes revealed similar protein patterns, with seven to nine individual components ranging in molecular weight from 70,000 to 140,000. The two most rapidly migrating components gave positive reactions for lipid as well as protein. A band containing carbohydrate was detected near the origin of the plasma membrane gels. Antisera were made by injecting guinea pigs with the purified rabbit alveolar macrophage plasma membranes. Gel diffusion and immunoelectrophoretic study of these antisera established the presence of rabbit immunoglobulin G and of one or two other antigenic constituents in the membrane preparation.

scholarly journals ENHANCED PASSIVE IMMUNITY TO STREPTOCOCCUS INFECTION IN RABBITS

1930 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. P. Gay ◽  
A. R. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Normal Animal ◽  
Passive Immunity ◽  
Slight Effect ◽  
Degree Of Protection ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Common ◽  
Cell Mobilization ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Pleural Exudate

The experimental work herein reported tends to justify our hypothesis recently expressed, that the common failure of antibacterial serums to combat active infections when passively transferred to a normal animal, is due not so much to a lack of suitable or sufficient antibodies as to absence of cell preparation or mobilization in the recipient. In the case of experimental streptococcus empyema in the rabbit the course of the ordinarily fatal infection is in no wise affected by the transfer of the pleural fluid containing large numbers of mononuclear cells derived from an animal that is itself protected as a result of a non-specific irritation. The serum of a rabbit highly immunized against the streptococcus and containing antibodies for it, produces relatively slight effect in prevention or cure. In contrast to this the pleural exudate, either acute (polymorphonuclear) or subacute (mononuclear), produced in an actively immunized animal does protect passively to a considerable degree. In a similar fashion normal exudate cells of either type in combination with the relatively ineffective antiserum give a high degree of protection. It remains for further analysis to determine whether this form of passive immunity by antiserum enhanced by the addition of cells depends on the vital properties of the cells transferred or on their stimulation to cell mobilization in the recipient. And furthermore the extent to which this enhanced passive immunity may be effective in cure, and whether the cure is applicable to local or to both local and generalized infection remains to be seen.

Acquired tolerance of foreign cells in newborn animals

1956 ◽  
Vol 146 (922) ◽  
pp. 78-90 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Direct Injection ◽  
Chorioallantoic Membrane ◽  
Later Life ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
In Ovo ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Experimental Interference ◽  
Very High

Acquired tolerance of skin homografts may be brought about experimentally by the introduction of the antigenic stimulus, in the form of living homologous tissue cells, into the embryo before its immunological defence mechanism has become functionally mature (Billingham, Brent & Medawar 1953, 1956). In practice, this may be accomplished in one or other of the following ways, depending on the species concerned: ( a ) in mice, rats and rabbits, by direct injection of cells into the foetus; ( b ) in birds, by the injection of blood into the chorioallantoic circulation, or ( c ) by the parabiosis of embryos, an ingenious technique devised by Hašek (I953) which leads to an exchange of blood cells, or ( d ) by the transplantation of tissues to the chorioallantoic membrane. Although any one of these techniques is capable of inducing a very high degree of tolerance in respect of skin homografts transplanted in later life each, unfortunately, has its own technical shortcomings. In particular, these techniques are all severely restricted by a very high rate of mortality which is a direct result of experimental interference in utero or in ovo . For this and other reasons they do not easily lend themselves to the analysis of problems which require the use of relatively large numbers of tolerant animals.

Studies on Eimeria praecox Johnson, 1930, in the chicken

Parasitology ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 351-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. Long
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Small Dose ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
Single Exposure ◽  
Three Generations ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
High Degree ◽  
First Time

E. praeox has been isolated in Britain for the first time and is similar in regard to its oocyst size, prepatent time, life-cycle and the development of host immunity to the reports of Tyzzer et al. (1932). Oocysts had mean dimensions of 20·4 × 17·45 μm and the first oocysts were discharged 83½ h after infection.Oocyst production and life-cycle studies suggest that at least three generations of schizogony precede gametogony and that at least one further generation of schizogony is needed to explain the oocyst reproduction resulting from a small dose of oocysts. Young chickens 1½–3 weeks of age were not such suitable hosts as older chickens (6 weeks) and the reproduction of the parasite was seriously reduced when large numbers (e.g. 105, 106) were used to infect chickens. A high degree of resistance to reinfection occurred after a single exposure to infection.Sporozoite infections of the caeca or cloaca resulted in the infection of the usual small intestine site; there was no development at the site of inoculation and attempts to infect the embryo allantois did not succeed.I wish to thank Dr M. Elaine Rose for the surgery required for the caecal infections, for her interest throughout and for help with the manuscript; Dr R. F. Gordon for help with the manuscript and permission to publish and Mr B. J. Millard for skilled technical assistance.

scholarly journals The Importance of Resource Assessment for Entrepreneurship and Local Economic Development in Kosovo

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-133
Author(s):  
Sejdi Rexhepi ◽  
Mjellma Kadriu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Local Economic Development ◽  
Resource Assessment ◽  
Underdeveloped Countries ◽  
Local Resources ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Individual Knowledge ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Basic Prerequisite

Abstract Kosovo is an underdevelopment country that faces challenges such as poverty, large numbers of unemployment people, and slow economic development. Faced with this fact, country is estimated to be rich in considerable natural resources as well as a relatively young population. Therefore, knowledge and assessment of resources is an important prerequisite for their valorization in function of faster economic development. In underdeveloped countries such as Kosovo, there are not enough professional institutions that provide reliable data on available national resources and their comparative advantages. In these circumstances entrepreneurship and economic development are closely related to entrepreneurial courage and the overall perception for resources and market trends. Entrepreneurship is a basic prerequisite for activating resources. This is particularly the case in underdeveloped localities with high degree of unemployment. For this purpose, individual knowledge is very important to undertake activities that would be successfully concluded. In this research an effort will be made to explain the importance of knowing and evaluating local resources for entrepreneurship and local economic development. In particular, the role of civil and business perceptions will be explained and interpreted with proper statistical methods in order to bring professional and scientific conclusions.

scholarly journals The FRAXA and FRAXE allele repeat size of boys from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC)

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 116
Author(s):  
Rosie Clark ◽  
Steven Gregory ◽  
Susan Ring ◽  
Patricia Jacobs ◽  
Sarah Ennis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Fragile X ◽  
Repeat Size ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Fluorescent Pcr ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Avon Longitudinal Study ◽  
Allele Repeat

The FRAXA and FRAXE alleles of the FMR1 and FMR2 genes located on the X chromosome contain varying numbers of trinucleotide repeats. Large numbers of repeats at FRAXA (full mutations) manifest as Fragile X syndrome, associated with mental impairment that affects males more severely. In this paper, we present the dataset of frequencies of FRAXA and FRAXE repeat size extracted from DNA samples collected from boys enrolled in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). DNA data were extracted from samples collected in ALSPAC clinics from several types of samples: cord blood, venepuncture blood taken at 43 months, 61 months, seven years or nine years. The DNA was amplified at FRAXA and FRAXE using fluorescent PCR in the Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury District Hospital. The mean repeat size for FRAXA is 28.92 (S.D. 5.44), the median 30 and the range 8 to 68. There were particularly high numbers of boys with repeat sizes of 20 (10.67%) and 23 (7.35%). The mean repeat size for FRAXE is 17.41 (S.D. 3.94), with median of 16 and range of 0 to 61. There is a relatively high degree of variation of the FRAXA repeat size particularly and we suggest the extensive data available from the ALSPAC study opens up areas of research into understanding phenotypes associated with relatively unexplored repeat sizes. This could be particularly interesting for the lower repeat sizes occurring with high frequency at FRAXA in this population. As the data can be linked to exposures and phenotypes, it will provide a resource for researchers worldwide.

Two-layer reading positions in comments on online news discourse about China

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 473-496
Author(s):  
Juan He
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Application ◽  
Online News ◽  
Social Strategies ◽  
Reading Experience ◽  
News Stories ◽  
News Discourse ◽  
Manual Analysis ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Context Models ◽  
China Daily

Reading experience is viewed as ‘interactive and negotiable’ for different reading positions are created in readers’ responses to the same news report. To understand the differences between ‘ preferred reading’ and actual readings, this article, drawing on the context models and the Appraisal framework, analyzes 785 readers’ comments attached to 23 hard news stories sourced from the China Daily mobile application (APP) and the People’s Daily Online website. The study combines corpus semantic tagging analysis for readers’ choices of evaluative lexis with a manual analysis of Appraisal resources for reading position construction based on a whole text perspective. The results show that readers are likely to use Appraisal resources strategically to defend their own opinions against other commenters or affiliate with large numbers of potential readers without commenting. Furthermore, comments were found to be directed either at the text or at other commenters, and through this a number of different reading positions were revealed. The readers’ context models are the cognitive link between discourse properties and social strategies in the process of news understanding.

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