scholarly journals Association between Theory of Mind and Peer Problems

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-133
Author(s):  
Maham Abdullah ◽  
Sadaf Rehman ◽  
Dr Sumbal Nawaz ◽  
Dr Shamaila Asad ◽  
Samia Khalid
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Social Adjustment ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
False Belief ◽  
Social Adaptation ◽  
Peer Relationship ◽  
Peer Problems ◽  
False Belief Tasks ◽  
Relationship Of

The current study was designed to investigate the relationship between theory of mind (ToM) development and peer problems in Pakistani children (N=80). The non-probability purposive sampling technique with survey research design had been used for data collection. Pakistani children with age ranged 4-6 years (Mage = 5.29) were recruited who?took two false belief tasks.?To tap into peer relationship of these children, their parents completed?strength and difficulty?questionnaire. For demographic variables, descriptive statistics was used. Pearson product correlation and linear regression were used to test the hypothesis. Results revealed that performance of 6 years 6 months and older was above chance on all false belief tasks, supporting the universality of ToM development with different age ranges in different cultures. Also, theory of mind negatively predicted peer relationship?problems?of this sample, revealing real life implication of mentalizing for interaction in social world. Research indicated that false belief comprehension is key to better social adjustment and the participants of this study also showed that a child's understanding of mental state terms is critical for better social adaptation.

Assessment of Theory of Mind in Adults: Beyond False Belief Tasks

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 142-146
Author(s):  
Asmita Karmakar ◽  
Atanu Kumar Dogra
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
False Belief ◽  
False Belief Tasks

Theory of Mind

2019 ◽  
pp. 523-536
Author(s):  
Paula Rubio-Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Mental State ◽  
Referential Communication ◽  
False Belief ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Standard Theory ◽  
Experimental Pragmatics ◽  
False Belief Tasks ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Belief Reasoning

Current accounts of Theory of Mind development have tried to explain the results of false-belief tasks with infants and children, but failed to account for the evidence of early belief reasoning reported in the experimental pragmatics literature. This chapter reviews a number of studies on the acquisition of the mental state verb know; toddlers’ understanding of factivity (or the difference between knowing and thinking); early referential communication and toddlers’ reliance on others’ engagement as a proxy for their knowledge, and the emergence of preschoolers’ understanding of the seeing-knowing relation. The results of these studies reveal a more nuanced picture than those of false-belief tasks, with some Theory of Mind abilities emerging earlier in conversation than in laboratory tasks, while children’s epistemic theories continue to develop beyond their passing of standard Theory of Mind tasks.

The Development of Theory of Mind Reasoning in Micronesian Children

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 39-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Oberle
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Preschool Age ◽  
False Belief ◽  
False Belief Understanding ◽  
Preschool Age Children ◽  
False Belief Tasks

AbstractIn this study, the development of false-belief understanding was investigated among 3–5-year-old Yapese and Fais children in Micronesia. Sixty-nine children took part in an experiment investigating their understanding of false belief with a culturally adjusted surprise content task, which has been widely used in Theory of Mind (ToM) research and was first introduced by Hogrefe, Wimmer and Perner (1986). The results show that as in western cultures, 3-year-old Micronesian preschoolers do not display understanding of false belief measured with classical false-belief tasks, while 5-year-olds do. These findings contribute to research on the universality and cultural variability of cognitive development in preschool age children.

scholarly journals Case Report: Theory of Mind and Figurative Language in a Child With Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Melogno ◽  
Maria Antonietta Pinto ◽  
Teresa Gloria Scalisi ◽  
Fausto Badolato ◽  
Pasquale Parisi
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Corpus Callosum ◽  
Figurative Language ◽  
Mental States ◽  
False Belief ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Metaphor Comprehension ◽  
Brain Hemispheres ◽  
False Belief Tasks

In this case report, we studied Theory of Mind (ToM) and figurative language comprehension in a 7.2-year-old child, conventionally named RJ, with isolated and complete agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC), a rare malformation due to the absence of the corpus callosum, the major tract connecting the two brain hemispheres. To study ToM, which is the capability to infer the other’s mental states, we used the classical false belief tasks, and to study figurative language, i.e., those linguistic usages involving non-literal meanings, we used tasks assessing metaphor and idiom comprehension. RJ’s intellectual level and his phonological, lexical, and grammatical abilities were all adequate. In both the ToM false belief tasks and novel sensory metaphor comprehension, RJ showed a delay of 3 years and a significant gap compared to a typically developing control group, while in idioms, his performance was at the border of average. These outcomes suggest that RJ has a specific pragmatic difficulty in all tasks where he must interpret the other’s communicative intention, as in ToM tasks and novel sensory metaphor comprehension. The outcomes also open up interesting insights into the relationships between ToM and figurative language in children with isolated and complete ACC.

scholarly journals Implementing Theory of Mind on a Robot Using Dynamic Epistemic Logic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lasse Dissing ◽  
Thomas Bolander
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Epistemic Logic ◽  
Autonomous Agents ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Dynamic Epistemic Logic ◽  
False Belief ◽  
Autonomous Agent ◽  
Reasoning System ◽  
Perception System ◽  
False Belief Tasks

Previous research has claimed dynamic epistemic logic (DEL) to be a suitable formalism for representing essential aspects of a Theory of Mind (ToM) for an autonomous agent. This includes the ability of the formalism to represent the reasoning involved in false-belief tasks of arbitrary order, and hence for autonomous agents based on the formalism to become able to pass such tests. This paper provides evidence for the claims by documenting the implementation of a DEL-based reasoning system on a humanoid robot. Our implementation allows the robot to perform cognitive perspective-taking, in particular to reason about the first- and higher-order beliefs of other agents. We demonstrate how this allows the robot to pass a quite general class of false-belief tasks involving human agents. Additionally, as is briefly illustrated, it allows the robot to proactively provide human agents with relevant information in situations where a system without ToM-abilities would fail. The symbolic grounding problem of turning robotic sensor input into logical action descriptions in DEL is achieved via a perception system based on deep neural networks.

ALEXITHYMIC MENTALISING: THEORY OF MIND AND SOCIAL ADAPTATION

2002 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin A. Wastell ◽  
Alan J. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Intimate Relationships ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
False Belief ◽  
Social Adaptation ◽  
Social Knowledge ◽  
Theory Theory ◽  
False Belief Task ◽  
Appropriate Behavior

Alexithymic individuals are unable to enter into empathic intimate relationships and yet are capable of socially appropriate behavior outside of intimate relationships. The construct of theory of mind is outlined and used to explore a possible mechanism to account for social adaptiveness in alexithymia. This study tested the mentalising ability of subjects high on alexithymia. Alexithymic subjects' performance was no different from that of subjects drawn unsystematically from the same population. Alexithymic subjects were able to correctly complete the false belief task, indicating that, from a prediction point of view, the deficits in interpersonal processing were not in the area of belief estimation. The use of tacit social knowledge in a Theory Theory of Mind process is proposed as a means by which alexithymic individuals guide their social behavior. The implications of this result are discussed with respect to the measurement of mentalising ability.

A New Look at Performance on Theory-of-Mind Tasks by Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder

2003 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 236-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine R. Silliman ◽  
Sylvia F. Diehl ◽  
Ruth Huntley Bahr ◽  
Theresa Hnath-Chisolm ◽  
Catherine Bouchard Zenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Task Type ◽  
False Belief ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Typically Developing Children ◽  
Psychological States ◽  
The Social ◽  
False Belief Tasks

Purpose: A hallmark of autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) is disruption in theory-of-mind development, including the understanding of false beliefs. Previous studies have typically assessed the development of first- and second-order false belief concepts in ASD, with tasks primarily emphasizing physical causality and logical inferencing. The present study investigated how preadolescents and adolescents with ASD performed on false belief tasks that included social inferencing of psychological states as well as logical inferencing of physical states. Method: Two categories of tasks were administered: four traditional logical inferencing tasks and four social inferencing tasks specifically developed for this study. In addition, a prompt hierarchy was included to ascertain if performance on both task types improved. Participants were 45 children and adolescents primarily selected from three urban school districts: 15 adolescents with a previous diagnosis of ASD (ASD group); 15 typically developing children matched for age, gender, and ethnicity (CA group); and 15 typically developing children matched for language age, gender, and ethnicity (LA group). Results: Three findings were pertinent. First, the CA group performed at higher levels than did the LA group and the ASD group on both task sets. Second, although the CA and the LA groups performed equally well on both the logical and the social inferencing tasks, the ASD group performed better on the social inferencing tasks. Finally, the prompt hierarchy significantly improved overall task performance for the ASD and LA groups. Clinical Implications: These findings indicate that task type, variations in vocabulary ability, and the provision of support influenced performance on the false belief tasks.

KETERKAITAN REGULASI DIRI DENGAN PENYESUAIAN SOSIAL DI PONDOK PESANTREN AL-AMANAH AL-GONTORY PONDOK AREN TANGERANG

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arif Rahman Hakim ◽  
Linda Mora
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Social Adjustment ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Boarding School ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Social ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Social Adjustment Scale

 This study aims to determine the relationship of self-regulation with social adjustments in Al-Amanah Al-Gontory Islamic Boarding School in Tangerang. the population of this study was 200 respondents, with a trial sample of 40 respondents and the sample to be used in this study was based on Morgan's table of 135 respondents. The sampling technique uses the technique of ramdom sampling and data collection is done by using a scale of self-regulation and social adjustment scale. After testing, it is known that the correlation coefficient of the validity of statements on the self-regulation scale of 0.340-0.756 with p = 0.000-0.032, and there are 30 valid statements and 12 statements that fall, with a reliability of 0.07212. While the validity of the statement from the social adjustment scale obtained a value of 0.271-0.676 with p = 0.000-0.0049, there are 37 valid statements and 11 statements that fall, with a reliability of 0.8357. Based on the results of data analysis obtained correlation coefficient of self-regulation with social adjustment of rxy = 0.499 with p = 0,000 <0.05.   Keywords: Self-Regulation, Social Adjustments.  Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keterkaitan regulasi diri dengan penyesuaian sosial di Pondok Pesantren Al-Amanah Al-Gontory Tangerang. populasi dari penelitian ini sebanyak 200 responden, dengan sample uji coba sebanyak 40 responden dan sample yang akan digunakan dalam penelitian ini  berdasarkan tabel morgan sebanyak 135 responden. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik ramdom sampling dan pengambilan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan skala regulasi diri dan skala penyesuaian sosial. Setelah dilakukan uji coba, diketahui koefisien korelasi validitas pernyataan pada skala regulasi diri sebesar 0,340-0,756 dengan p=0,000-0,032, dan terdapat 30 pernyataan  yang valid dan 12 pernyataan yang gugur, dengan reliabilitas 0,07212. Sedangkan validitas pernyataan dari skala penyesuaian soial diperoleh nilai sebesar 0,271-0,676 dengan p=0,000-0,0049, terdapat 37 pernyataan yang valid dan 11 pernyatan yang gugur, dengan reliabilitas 0,8357. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data diperoleh koefisien korelasi regulasi diri dengan penyesuaian sosial sebesar rxy=0,499 dengan p=0,000<0,05.   Kata Kunci: Regulasi Diri, Penyesuaian Sosial.

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