scholarly journals Risk of HIV among the seasonal Labour Migrants of Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Satya Narayan Yadav
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
International Health ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Sexual Contact ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Caste Group ◽  
Sex Worker ◽  
Behavioural Surveillance

ObjectiveThe objective was to assess the risk of HIV infection among the seasonal labour migrants of Nepal.IntroductionHIV and AIDS is not a new problem to global community and human civilization. Though much efforts had been taken yet its devastating effects can be seen in many areas like human productivity, public health, human rights etc. Nepal is experiencing a concentrated epidemic of HIV with prevalence at, or over, 5 percent in certain high-risk groups, such as intravenous drug users (IDUs), MSM, FSW, and migrant laborers in India who go to cities such as Mumbai. The possibility of transmission of HIV infection from these high-risk groups to the general population is a serious health concern. Nepal’s vulnerability to HIV has increased because of several factors including poverty coupled with the lack of employment opportunities, large-scale migration and ten years of conflict. [1]IBBS survey conducted in 2008 in mid-Terai regions reported the prevalence of HIV among seasonal migrants who had sexual contact with female sex workers in India was 2.6% [1] which indicates unsafe sex being one of the major factors of HIV transmission among the seasonal migrants. Similar study conducted among seasonal migrants reported that only 62% used condom during sex with sex worker and HIV infection was found only on those who visited Mumbai (6.1%) and had sex with sex workers without using condom [2].Seasonal migration for income generation in Mid-Terai part of Nepal is present since the time immemorial. People migrate to India generally to Bihar, Punjab, Uttaranchal, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi states. [2]Risk of HIV transmission among the seasonal migrants is very high. Separated from their spouses and adrift from social bindings, many to these migrants exercise unsafe sexual practices. Regular monitoring and health assistance to this population is lacking, especially in the case of those who migrate to neighboring countries like India, compared to those who receive authorized permission to work in other countries.MethodsAnalytical cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the risk of HIV among seasonal Labour migrants of three VDCs from three district of mid Terai Region of Nepal which is the transition point for seasonal migrants going to India. The study population was the male migrants of mid-Terai region visiting the study area who give oral consent and show interest to participate. 333 seasonal labor migrants’ men aged between 18 to 47 years who went to India for work for at least three months and have returned home within the last three years was selected purposively.ResultsThe Results found that majority of migrants were 15-25 age group which accounts for the 69.4% of the total participants and most of the respondents were found Disadvantaged dalit caste group which accounts for the 60.96 % of the total participants whereas 3.9% of participants were upper caste as well minority religious group. Majority of the participants were Hindu which accounts 84.7% and other were Muslim, Buddhist and Christian (15.3%). About 42 percent of the participants had their sexual intercourse onset at the age less than 18 years of age. The majority of the Migrants were found to be married, i.e. 86.49 percent. Among those that had sex with women 42.68 percent ever had sex with Female sex Worker (FSW) and rest 57.33 percent had no sex with FSW in abroad It was reported that 61.25 percent ever had sex with FSW in Nepal among them those who had sex with FSW 79.59 percent of the participants used condom during last sexual contact with FSWs in Nepal whereas 20.41 percent of the participants had not used condom. About 27.27 percent of the participants had sexual contact with the male partner whereas 72.73% had reported never had sexual contact with male partners. 53.22 % used condoms when having sexual contact with the male partners and 46.77 did not used condom.Among total respondents, 23.7 percent migrants were at risk of HIV and 76.3 percent migrants did not at risk of HIV. The risk of HIV in age group distribution found that, age group of 26-35 years was found to be 3.40 times higher in risk than 36-45 years. Similarly the risk of HIV was 4.643 times higher among age group 15-25 years as compared to 36-45 years. Among them Disadvantage Dalit caste had more risk than Upper caste. Similarly illiterate had more risk than Literate. In distribution of risk of HIV unmarried had high than ever married.ConclusionsThe Study showed that seasonal migrants of Nepal have increased vulnerability to HIV. The unmarried labor worker and disadvantaged caste group were in the higher risk of facing HIV infection. It is necessary to design better service delivery focusing on these areas and need to explore the real situations of labor migrants.ReferencesIntegrated Biological and Behavioural Surveillance survey (IBBS) among seasonal migrants of western and mid to far western regions, 2008, FHI/New Era.Integrated Biological and Behavioural Surveillance survey 2002, FHI/New Era, IBBS.National Center for AIDS and STD Control 2007 national estimates of HIV.Lowe D, Francis C 2006 protecting people on the move :applying lessons learned in Asia to improve HIV/AIDS interventions for mobile people. FHIPoudel KC, Masamine J, Okumura J, Joshi AB, Wakai S. 2004. Migrants’ risky sexual behaviours in India and at home in far western Nepal. “Tropical Medicine and International Health 9(8):897-903”.Poudel KC, Okumura J, Sherchand JB, Jimba M, Murakami I, Wakai S. 2003. Mumbai disease in far western Nepal: HIV infection and syphilis among male migrant-returnees and non-migrants. “Tropical Medicine and International Health 8(10):933-9”.

HIV INFECTION AND SOME RELATED FACTORS IN FEMALE MASSAGE THERAPISTS IN QUANG NGAI PROVINCE

2015 ◽  
pp. 57-60
Author(s):  
Xuan Chuong Tran ◽  
Thi Thanh Hoa Le ◽  
Ngoc Van Nguyen ◽  
Thanh Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Sexual Contact ◽  
Related Factor ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Keywords Hiv ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Massage Therapists

Background: HIV/AIDS is still a dangerous infection in Vietnam and in the world. Studying of HIV infection and related factors in high risk groups, including female massage therapists is therefore very important. Aims: 1. To study the HIV infection in female massage therapists in Quang Ngai province. 2. To fine some related factors to HIV infection. Patients and methods: Female massage therapists working in Quang Ngai province. Cross-sectional, descriptive study. Results: The rate of HIV infection was 0.99%. Group older than 22 years old had higher rate of infection than group under 22 years old (1.80% vs 0.69%). The girls from urban areas or not using condom had higher rate of infection than group from rural or not using condom (1.57% vs 0.47% and 7.32% vs. 0.57%). Most of HIV infected belong to single or divorce groups. Conclusions: The rate of HIV infection in female massage therapists in Quang Ngai province was 0.99%. The HIV infection related factor was not using condom in sexual contact. Keywords: HIV, female massage therapists, Quang Ngai

scholarly journals Epidemiological factors associated with recent HIV infection among newly-diagnosed cases in Singapore, 2013–2017

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Wei Ang ◽  
Carmen Low ◽  
Chen Seong Wong ◽  
Irving Charles Boudville ◽  
Matthias Paul Han Sim Toh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Hiv Diagnosis ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Epidemiological Factors ◽  
Voluntary Testing ◽  
Recent Hiv Infection

AbstractBackgroundEarly diagnosis is crucial in securing optimal outcomes in the HIV care cascade. Recent HIV infection (RHI) serves as an indicator of early detection in the course of HIV infection. Surveillance of RHI is important in uncovering at-risk groups in which HIV transmission is ongoing. The study objectives are to estimate the proportion of RHI among persons newly-diagnosed in 2013–2017, and to elucidate epidemiological factors associated with RHI in Singapore.MethodsAs part of the National HIV Molecular Surveillance Programme, residual plasma samples of treatment-naïve HIV-1 positive individuals were tested using the biotinylated peptide-capture enzyme immunoassay with a cutoff of normalized optical density ≤ 0.8 for evidence of RHI. A recent infection testing algorithm was applied for the classification of RHI. We identified risk factors associated with RHI using logistic regression analyses.ResultsA total of 701 newly-diagnosed HIV-infected persons were included in the study. The median age at HIV diagnosis was 38 years (interquartile range, 28–51). The majority were men (94.2%), and sexual route was the predominant mode of HIV transmission (98.3%). Overall, 133/701 (19.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] 16.2–22.0%) were classified as RHI. The proportions of RHI in 2015 (31.1%) and 2017 (31.0%) were significantly higher than in 2014 (11.2%). A significantly higher proportion of men having sex with men (23.4, 95% CI 19.6–27.6%) had RHI compared with heterosexual men (11.1, 95% CI 7.6–15.9%). Independent factors associated with RHI were: age 15–24 years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 4.18, 95% CI 1.69–10.31) compared with ≥55 years; HIV diagnosis in 2015 (aOR 2.36, 95% CI 1.25–4.46) and 2017 (aOR 2.52, 95% CI 1.32–4.80) compared with 2013–2014; detection via voluntary testing (aOR 1.91, 95% CI 1.07–3.43) compared with medical care; and self-reported history of HIV test(s) prior to diagnosis (aOR 1.72, 95% CI 1.06–2.81).ConclusionAlthough there appears to be an increasing trend towards early diagnosis, persons with RHI remain a minority in Singapore. The strong associations observed between modifiable behaviors (voluntary testing and HIV testing history) and RHI highlight the importance of increasing the accessibility to HIV testing for at-risk groups.

scholarly journals To study the prevalence of HIV infection amongst antenatal women in a tertiary care hospital in Gujarat, India

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 3872
Author(s):  
Mahima Jain ◽  
Bhargavkumar K. Nimavat
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Tertiary Care Hospital ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Persons Living With Hiv

Background: India has an estimated 2.1 million persons living with HIV in 2011. The prevalence of HIV among adult population has consistently declined over the last one decade from 0.4% in 2000 to 0.27% in 2011.HIV transmission from infected mother to baby is known to occur. The effective use of Antiretroviral drugs is known to reduce the risk significantly.Methods: This is a retrospective data analysis to know the prevalence of HIV infection among antenatal women attending a tertiary care hospital. All antenatal females are offered pretest counseling, sample collected and tested as per NACO guidelines by Rapid test and ELISA. Results of the test are disclosed after posttest counseling and kept confidential.Results: The seroprevalence over five years in the present study ranges from 0.466% to 0.278%. Women in the age group 21-25 years shows high prevalence due to peak sexual activity in this age group. 56.66% Husbands of these females are reactive which shows the major source of infection.Conclusions: The present study stresses the need to target the population mainly between 21-30 years in various Government programmes, thereby to reduce the transmission from parent to child.

“HIV Is Our Friend”

2020 ◽  
pp. 29-52
Author(s):  
Chaitanya Lakkimsetti
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
Initial Response ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Leadership Role ◽  
Sex Worker ◽  
Aids Epidemic ◽  
Marginalized Groups ◽  
Sexually Marginalized ◽  
Hiv Aids

This chapter provides an overview of HIV/AIDS policies as well as how sexually marginalized groups are drawn into biopower programs as “high-risk” groups. In 1983, when HIV/AIDS was first detected among sex workers in India, the state’s initial response was to blame the sex workers themselves as well as to forcefully test them and confine them in prison. However, it proved impossible to incarcerate every sex worker and to stop the spread of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Instead, I argue, ultimately a consensus formed that supported giving marginalized groups a leadership role in tackling the epidemic. Drawing on ethnographic observations and the HIV/AIDS policy of the National AIDS Control Organization (NACO), this chapter also highlights how these biopower projects deepened the involvement of high-risk groups as they moved from simple prevention to behavioral change. Ultimately, communities became extensions of biopower projects as they implemented these programs at the day-to-day level.

Sex Workers and HIV/AIDS in India

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunny Sinha
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Prevention ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
Work Practice ◽  
Prevention Programs ◽  
Social Work Practice ◽  
Sexual Practices ◽  
Indian Society ◽  
Sex Worker ◽  
Different Types

The risk of HIV infection looms large among male, female, and transgender sex workers in India. Several individual, sociocultural, and structural-environmental factors enhance the risk of HIV infection among sex workers by restricting their ability to engage in safer sexual practices with clients and/or intimate partners. While most HIV prevention programs and research focus on visible groups of women sex workers operating from brothels (Pardasani, 2005) and traditional sex workers, for example, Devadasis (Orchard, 2007); there is a whole subgroup of the sex worker population that remains invisible within HIV prevention programs, such as the male, female, and transgender sex workers operating from non-brothel-based settings. This paper provides an overview of the different types and contexts of sex work prevalent in Indian society, discusses the factors that increase a sex worker’s risk of HIV infection, describes the varied approaches to HIV prevention adopted by the existing HIV prevention programs for sex workers, discusses the limitations of the HIV prevention programs, and concludes with implications for social work practice and education.

Prevalence and risk of HIV infection among female sex workers in Burkina Faso

1998 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 146-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salif Lankoande Nicolas ◽  
Meda Lassana Sangare ◽  
Issaka P Compaore ◽  
Joseph Catraye ◽  
Paul T Sanou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
Female Sex Workers ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
Bobo Dioulasso

Summary: Little information is available regarding human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among female sex workers (FSW) in Burkina Faso, West Africa. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Ouagadougou and Bobo-Dioulasso, the 2 largest cities of the country, to determine the prevalence of HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among FSWs, and to investigate the factors which were associated with HIV infection in this population. From October to November 1994, 426 FSWs were recruited. The method of anonymous and unlinked HIV screening recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) was used. The overall HIV seroprevalence was 58.2% (95% confidence interval: 53.4-62.9) and 52.6% of FSWs had at least one STD agent. The most common STDs were trichomoniasis (23%), syphilis (15%) and gonorrhoea (13%). In a logistic regression analysis, risk factors for HIV infection were high gravidity ( 2 pregnancies), low perception of personal risk of HIV infection, syphilis and the presence of genital warts. These results suggest that FSWs in Burkina Faso need better information about HIV transmission and prevention and then need better access to STD detection and management services.

scholarly journals HIV Seroprevalence among the Patients or Clients Obtaining Blood Sample at BSMMU Virology Laboratory

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-19
Author(s):  
Nahida Sultana ◽  
Mahbuba Sharmin ◽  
Tangia Muquith ◽  
Umme Shahera
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Hiv Test ◽  
History Of ◽  
Exposure History ◽  
Anti Hiv

Departments of Virology (DVs), BSMMU receive patients from every background, socioeconomic group and health status. Hence, DVs can play a critical role in offering human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing and help in the national strategy of early HIV detection. The present study was conducted on 1208 patients attending DVs after taking Institutional Review Board approval. They were screened for HIV antibodies by three rapid/simple assay tests having different principles/antigens as per the WHO guidelines. Forty four (13.6%) of the 1208 patients were HIV reactive and 1164(96.4%) were negative respectively. Distribution of patients on the basis of gender where 894 (74.1%) were male and 313 (25.9%) were female out of 1208 patients or clients. Distribution of study subject on the basis of exposure history where 378(38.8%) patients or clients had history of exposure and 830 (68.7%) patients or clients did not. Distribution of the patients on the basis of purpose of screening where patients were in three groups (Screening before operation, Positive exposure history and To exclude HIV infection during failure of drug Rx) where 776(64.2%) patients were done anti-HIV test due to screening purpose before operation, 378(31.1%) patients were done this test due to Positive exposure history exposure history and 54(4.5%) patients done this due to exclude HIV infection during failure of drug treatment. Prevalence of HIV infection was more among 21-40yrs age group than other age group(18mon-20yrs,41-60yrs&>60yrs) which is not significant . Data shows there was significant association of anti-HIV positivity with exposure history of the patients or clients. Prevalence of HIV infection was more among patients or clients who had history of exposure. Prevalence of HIV was more among the patients who were done screening test due to failure of drugs than other two purposes. Bangladesh is still considered as a low HIV/AIDS prevalent country. However, it is at a critical moment in the course of its AIDS epidemic. It is estimated that there are 13,000 HIV-positive people in the country and that HIV prevalence in the adult population is less than 0.01%. However, the country's vulnerability is very high. National HIV surveillance indicates that the rate of HIV infection among street-based sex workers in central Bangladesh is high compared with sex workers in other parts of South Asia. HIV among injecting drug users is already 10.5%.The presence of covert multi-partner sexual activity and denial, the low level of knowledge and low condom use, unsafe professional blood donations, lack of a desirable environment and violation of Human Rights, all contribute to the spread of HIV in Bangladesh. Thus, the study emphasizes the need for expansion of routine voluntary HIV counseling and testing to all the patients who come to the DV and practicing universal work precautions by health care workers.  

Female Genital Schistosomiasis as a Risk-Factor for the Transmission of HIV

1994 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 368-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Feldmeier ◽  
I Krantz ◽  
G Poggensee
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Genital Ulcer ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Ulcer Disease ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Female Genital

Sexually transmitted diseases increase the probability for HIV transmission, presumably through lesions in the genital mucosa. Female genital schistosomiasis, a special form of urinary schistosomiasis due to infection with Schistosoma haematobium, may be another risk-factor for transmission of HIV. From published data there seem to be pathophysiological, immunological and epidemiological evidence for an association between genital ulcer disease due to S. haematobium and HIV-infection in women. Female genital schistosomiasis could be seen as an example of how an interaction between a parasitic disease and HIV facilitates the propagation of the latter. As long as the prevalence of HIV is low in the general population, interventions targeted to high risk groups will significantly delay, or even prevent, widespread dissemination of the HIV infection in the rest of the population. If female genital schistosomiasis is a risk factor for the spread of HIV like other genital ulcer diseases, there should be interesting ways to intervene from the public health point of view.

The role of sex worker clients in transmission of HIV in Cambodia

2005 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leng Bun Hor ◽  
Roger Detels ◽  
Sopheab Heng ◽  
Phalkun Mun
Keyword(s):  
Sex Workers ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Transmitted Disease ◽  
Hiv Knowledge ◽  
Sex Worker ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Hiv Test ◽  
History Of ◽  
High Level

The study investigated whether clients of sex workers are a bridge for transmission of HIV to the general population of Cambodia. We interviewed and collected blood from 468 clients attending 30 randomly selected brothels in three provinces of Cambodia. The levels of HIV knowledge and condom use, and prevalence of HIV (9.2%) were high. Almost 40% of those interviewed had sex with women other than sex workers (wives, girlfriends, etc.), but rarely used condoms. Sexually transmitted disease (STD) rates were high, but most sought treatment from pharmacies. HIV infection was correlated with a history of STD, having had an HIV test, not living with one's wife, a high level of HIV/AIDS knowledge, and condom slippage/breakage. Clients are a major bridge for HIV transmission from sex workers. Current condom promotion programmes need to target non-sex worker intercourse. More effective, acceptable STD-control strategies need to be implemented and evaluated.

scholarly journals Harmful and hazardous alcohol consumption among individuals with high risk of HIV infection

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 37-48
Author(s):  
Svyatoslav L. Plavinskii ◽  
Natalia N. Ladnaya ◽  
Elena E. Zaytseva ◽  
Anna N. Barinova
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Risky Sexual Behavior ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
Injection Drug Users ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Harmful Alcohol

Hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption was studied in high-risk groups for HIV infection acquisition using respondent-driven sampling and time-location sampling in 7 regions of Russian Federation. The prevalence of hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption was high with regional variations. Prevalence of hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption was highest among injection drug users in Tomsk (89.96% (95 % CI 87.14–92.78%)) and lowest among men who have sex with men in St. Petersburg (43.31% (95% CI 37.03–49.59%)). In general about two thirds of the groups reported hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption. As a marker of unsafe sexual behavior the answer to the question about non-use of condom was selected. There was heterogeneity among regions especially in female sex-workers reports. Use of meta-analytic summarization showed that people that reported hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption had tendency to more risky sexual behavior, though results were not statistically significant due to high prevalence of hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption. These results show need to incorporate screening for hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption into prevention programs for high-risk individuals.

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