scholarly journals Volumetric analysis of the brain structures of children with down’s syndrome: A 3D MRI study

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-203
Author(s):  
Fatma ÖZ ◽  
Niyazi ACER ◽  
Yasin CEVİZ ◽  
Recep ERÖZ ◽  
Halit CANATAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Down's Syndrome ◽  
Down’S Syndrome ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Volumetric Analysis ◽  
Physical Symptoms ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Brain Volumes ◽  
The Brain

Down’s syndrome (DS) is one of the most common genetic causes of mental and cognitive retardation. In fact, it results in a number of characteristic neuropsychological and physical symptoms, including mental retardation. The aim of this study was to compare the brain structure volumes of children with DS to those of healthy children using MRI Studio in order to investigate whether there exists correlation between the developmental stages of DS and the results of both the Denver II Developmental Screening Test and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) quantitative analysis. Five children diagnosed with Down’s syndrome (age range = 2–6 years) were matched for gender and age with five healthy comparison subjects. To analyse the overall and regional brain volumes, high-resolution MRI scans were performed and a morphometric analysis was conducted via MRI Studio software. The MRI T1 volumetric images were normalised using a linear transformation, which was followed by large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping. Significant decreases (p<0.05) in the volumes of the right pons, cerebellum and left superior frontal gyrus (prefrontal cortex) were observed in the children with DS when compared with the control group (p<0.05). Although decreases were detected in the regional volumes of other brain locations, they were not significant (p>0.05). It was further found that the developmental retardation observed in the children with DS, as detected using the Denver II test, increased due to decreases in the volumes of certain regions of the brain, although this was also not statistically significant (p>0.05). The results of this study generally confirm the findings of prior studies concerning the overall patterns of the brain volumes in children with DS and also provide new evidence of the abnormal volumes of specific regional tissue components among such a population. These results suggest that the brain volume reduction associated with DS may primarily be due to early developmental differences rather than neurodegenerative changes.

Influence the Baths of Bishophite on Indicators of Protein S100B in Blood in Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 48-54
Author(s):  
T.F. Golubova ◽  
L.A. Tsukurova ◽  
A.V. Nuvoli ◽  
S.V. Vlasenko ◽  
E.A. Savchuk E.A.
Keyword(s):  
Children With Autism ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Abnormal Development ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Children With Asd ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Protein S100b ◽  
The Brain

The aim of the study was to study the effect of bishovite baths on the dynamics of plasma S100B protein in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Material and methods. 45 children with autism (F84) aged from 6 to 15 years were examined – general croup (GG). The control group (KG) consisted of 25 healthy children. I group – 22 children who received the health research therapy (HRT); II group – 23 children who received a course of the baths with bishophite. The examination included examination by specialists, an assessment of the severity of the disease using the CARS scale (Children’s Rating Scale of Autism), evaluation in blood serum of protein S100B. Results. The content of S100B in children with autism was significantly higher in comparison with KG. The level of S100B in children with ASD with abnormal development of brain structures (MRI) was significantly higher in comparison with KG and with a group of children without signs of violation of brain structures. With hard ASD the S100B indicators were higher, and at medium severity did not differ significantly from the KG. After the treatment only in the II group, there was a significant decrease in S100B in GG in children with abnormalities in the development of the brain and with severe severity. Conclusions. The majority of children with ASD with anomalies of brain structures, there are signs of hypoxia of the brain and violation of the blood-brain barrier. A positive effect of bischophite baths was revealed in children with ASD, having antioxidant, antitoxic, and neuroprotective effects.

scholarly journals Comparative Volumetric Analysis of the Brain and Cerebrospinal Fluid in Chiari Type I Malformation Patients: A Morphological Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 260
Author(s):  
Seckin Aydin ◽  
Baris Ozoner
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Lateral Ventricle ◽  
Normal Population ◽  
Volumetric Analysis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Type I ◽  
Chiari Type ◽  
Chiari Type I Malformation ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Chiari Type I

Background: Chiari Type I malformation (CM-I) is defined as the migration of cerebellar tonsils from the foramen magnum in the caudal direction and is characterized by the disproportion of the neural structures. The aim of this study was to investigate the brain volume differences between CM-I patients and normal population using a comparative volumetric analysis. Methods: 140 patients with CM-I and 140 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were included in this study. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data of both groups were analyzed with an automated MRI brain morphometry system. Total intracranial, cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and lateral ventricle volumes as well as cerebrum and cerebellum gray/white matter (GM/WM) volumes were measured. Statistical analysis was performed. Results: Both total CSF and lateral ventricle volumes and volume percentages (Pct) were found significantly higher in CM-I patients compared to the control group. However, there were significant decreases in cerebrum and cerebellum volume Pct in CM-I patients. Although there were no significant differences in cerebrum WM volumes and volume Pct, cerebrum GM volume Pct were found to be significantly lower in CM-I patients. Conclusions: Revealing the increased CSF and lateral ventricle volume, and volume Pct supported concomitant ventricular enlargement and hydrocephalus in some CM-I patients. Decreased cerebrum GM volume Pct compared to the control group might be the underlying factor of some cortical dysfunctions in CM-I patients.

The influence of intellectual disability on longitudinal arching and symmetry of lateral and medial load of the foot

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-34
Author(s):  
Marta Bibro ◽  
Agnieszka Jankowicz-Szymańska ◽  
Katarzyna Wódka ◽  
Małgorzata Łaczek-Wójtowicz
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Down's Syndrome ◽  
Down’S Syndrome ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Functional Efficiency ◽  
Flat Feet ◽  
People With Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact

Background: In the population of people with intellectual disabilities (ID) there is a frequent occurrence of bone deformities and orthopedic problems affecting the feet as well. They are associated with a change of the loading of the feet. It affects the deterioration of the functional efficiency of the feet, often contributes to discomfort, pain and predisposes to the development of adverse changes in the upper body segments. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of intellectual disability in participants with aetiology other than Down’s syndrome on longitudinal arching and symmetry of lateral and medial load of the foot. Materials and methods: There were 38 participants with mild and moderate intellectual disability, with an average age of 23 years and 44 young non-disabled people with an average age of 20.8 under research. The main measurement tool used to assess the arching and loading the foot zones was the BTS P-WALK platform. The measurement included analysis in terms of statics and lasted 30s. Results: The comparison of both groups showed no significant differentiation in the medial and lateral load of the forefoot and rearfoot. Among people with ID correct arches of the feet were observed in 52.6% of participants in the right foot and 57.9% of the left foot, while in the control group in 56.9% in both the right and left foot. People with intellectual disabilities were characterized by a higher rate of flatfoot in relation to the control group. The hollow foot was more frequently observed in control group than in people with ID. Conclusions: In people with intellectual disabilities with aetiology other than Down’s syndrome, flat feet are diagnosed more often than in healthy peers who do not differ in body weight and BMI. Intellectual disability is associated with a greater loading of the medial part of the forefoot.

scholarly journals Phenotypic aspects of oral strains of Candida albicans in children with down's syndrome

2006 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 939-944 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. L. Ribeiro ◽  
M. L. Scroferneker ◽  
M. S. Cavalhaes ◽  
C. C. Campos ◽  
G. M. Nagato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Down's Syndrome ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Down’S Syndrome ◽  
Antifungal Drugs ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Broth Microdilution ◽  
In Vitro Susceptibility ◽  
Biological Aspects

The aim of this article is to characterize the biological aspects of oral strains of C. albicans in children with Down's syndrome. These yeasts were analyzed as to their macromorphological and enzymatic aspects and were tested as to their in vitro susceptibility to antifungal drugs using broth microdilution to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The morphotyping revealed that all oral C. albicans isolates from children with Down's syndrome promoted the formation of fringes regardless of size, while the control group presented smaller fringes. All oral C. albicans strains produced proteinase, but those with phospholipolytic activity showed greater enzyme capacity in the test group. In vitro susceptibility showed that all oral C. albicans isolates were sensitive to the drugs used.

Clinical use of structural magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of dementia in adults with Down's syndrome

2002 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andre Strydom ◽  
Angela Hassiotis ◽  
Zuzana Walker
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Down's Syndrome ◽  
Down’S Syndrome ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Mri Studies

AbstractObjectives: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has been used to assist the diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) in adults with Down's syndrome (DS). However, the interpretation of the scans is difficult and clinical usefulness is uncertain. We aimed to summarise the current knowledge of MRI studies in adults with Down's syndrome with and without dementia and to discuss its implications for clinical practice.Method: We identified MRI studies in DS by a computerised literature search with Medline, Embase, and Psychlit from 1986 to 2001. We examined the references of identified articles and hand searched relevant journals. Structural MRI studies were selected as this type of imaging is most frequently used in clinical practice.Results: We included eight volumetric studies in adults with DS. Four of these included adults with DS and dementia. Overall, the size of brain structures such as cerebellum, hippocampus and cortex of adults with DS without dementia was significantly smaller than in normal controls. The basal ganglia were similar in size, and ventricles were enlarged. Furthermore, the size of brain structures in adults with DS and dementia was significantly different than in DS without dementia. In particular, ventricular and hippocampal volumes were affected.Conclusions: The change in brain structure associated with dementia can be detected on MRI of adults with DS. However, these may be difficult to interpret given the extent to which brain appearance in DS differs from that in the general population. Implications for clinical practice and future research directions are discussed.

Laminin and its neurite outgrowth-promoting domain in the brain in Alzheimer's disease and Down's syndrome patients

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Murtomäki ◽  
J. Risteli ◽  
L. Risteli ◽  
U.-M. Koivisto ◽  
S. Johansson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Neurite Outgrowth ◽  
Down's Syndrome ◽  
Down’S Syndrome ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Cortical activation in alexithymia as a response to emotional stimuli

2008 ◽  
Vol 192 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasse Karlsson ◽  
Petri Näätänen ◽  
Hanna Stenman
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Processing ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Physical Symptoms ◽  
Cortical Activation ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Emotional Stimuli ◽  
Healthy Women ◽  
The Brain

BackgroundAlexithymia has been shown to be related to many psychiatric and somatic illnesses. Aberrant emotion processing in the brain may underlie several psychiatric disorders. However, little is known about the neurobiological underpinnings of alexithymia.AimsTo determine the way in which the brain processes emotion in alexithymia.MethodThe participants were 10 healthy women with alexithymia and 11 healthy women without this condition, recruited into the study on the basis of their scores on the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Four films were projected on a video screen to induce each of three emotional conditions (neutral, amusement, sadness). The brain areas activated during emotional stimuli in the alexithymia group were compared with those activated in the non-alexithymia group. Scans of the distribution of [15O]H2O were acquired using a positron emission tomography (PET) scanner operated in three-dimensional mode.ResultsIn response to emotional stimuli participants with alexithymia activated more parts of their sensory and motor cortices and insula, especially on the left side, and less of their anterior cingulate, compared with the control group.ConclusionsWomen with alexithymia seem to over-activate their ‘bodily’ brain regions, implying a different mode of emotion processing. This may be related to their tendency to experience physical symptoms.

scholarly journals Can exercise make our children smarter?

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nenad Stojiljković ◽  
Petar Mitić ◽  
Goran Sporiš
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Brain Structure ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

Purpose. The aim of this study is to reveal the effects of exercise on the brain structure and function in children, and to analyze methodological approach applied in the researches of this topic. Methods. This literature review provides an overview of important findings in this fast growing research domain. Results from cross-sectional, longitudinal, and interventional studies of the influence of exercise on the brain structure and function of healthy children are reviewed and discussed. Results. The majority of researches are done as cross sectional studies based on the exploring correlation between the level of physical activity and characteristics of brain structure and function. Results of the studies indicate that exercise has positive correlation with improved cognition and beneficial changes to brain function in children. Physically active children have greater white matter integrity in several white matter tracts (corpus callosum, corona radiata, and superior longitudinal fasciculus), have greater volume of gray matter in the hippocampus and basal ganglia than their physically inactive counterparts. The longitudinal/interventional studies also showed that exercise (mainly aerobic) improve cognitive performance of children and causes changes observed on functional magnetic resonance imaging scans (fMRI) located in prefrontal and parietal regions. Conclusion. Previous researches undoubtable proved that exercise can make positive changes of the brain structures in children, specifically the volume of the hippocampus which is the center of learning and memory. Finally the researchers agree that the most influential type of exercise on changes of brain structure and functions are the aerobic exercises. 

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