The system of monitoring of inhibitory drug residues in raw cows' milk in Slovakia

This article provides brief information on the system of monitoring raw cows’ milk for the presence of inhibitory veterinary drug residues in the Slovak Republic. We are describing in detail how the monitoring is carried out and what laboratory methods are used for this monitoring. We also deal with the issue of the disposal of contaminated milk. The presence of inhibitory veterinary drugs like antibiotics or residues of these drugs in milk in an amount exceeding maximal residual limits defined in legislation is illegal. Milk supplies containing detectable concentrations are not acceptable. The reputation of milk as a healthy and safe food should be protected. Dairy companies and consequently consumers want to be confident that milk and milk products are free of inhibitory veterinary drugs contamination. Small amounts of certain antimicrobial agents may affect antibiotic resistance in the human population, some percentage of the population is hypersensitive to antibiotics and other drugs. The presence of drug residues in milk affects the technological process of the production of fermented dairy products. Each country should implement a system of monitoring these drugs' residues in food. The system, which is applied in Slovakia, is effective, it can detect and the presence of these substances before milk processing in dairies. The total incidence of these substances in 2020 was 0.025% of all 12,181 samples tested in central testing laboratories. During the last 20 years.

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Assessment of various veterinary drug residues in animal originated food products

Veterinary World ◽

10.14202/vetworld.2021.1650-1664 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1650-1664

Author(s):

Jagdish Kumar Parmar ◽

Kundan Kumar Chaubey ◽

Vikas Gupta ◽

Manthena Nava Bharath

Keyword(s):

Limit Of Detection ◽

Analytical Techniques ◽

Food Products ◽

Veterinary Drugs ◽

Animal Origin ◽

Veterinary Drug ◽

Veterinary Drug Residues ◽

Drug Residues ◽

Validation Parameters ◽

The Government

The veterinary drugs are broad-spectrum antibacterial antibiotics; it uses to cure the animal disease. Many countries have banned veterinary drug residues like nitrofurans metabolites, chloramphenicol. However, the people were administrated veterinary drugs to animals as illegal to increase the milk production in animals for economic benefit. The results of illegally use of veterinary drugs remain as a residue in animal product like milk and it is very harmful to whom consume it cause cancer and allergic for human being which has entered the concern among milk consumers. To control illegal use of veterinary drugs, the government of India has restricted its use in animals. For the identification and confirmation of veterinary drug residues in animal products, analytical techniques such as liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry are available. These are very sophisticated equipments which are available nowadays and their methodologies for the analytical method validation are described by European commission 2002/657/EC. The use of veterinary drugs is a big challenge to effectively identify and authorization of their use. There are so many analytical techniques are using very effectively and taking very less time to protect the consumers from their adverse effects. These techniques take very less time to identify more groups of compounds such as tetracycline, sulfonamides, anthelmintic, and macrolides in single multi-residue method. These methods having validation parameters include system precision, calibration curve, accuracy, limit of detection, and quantification. Therefore, improvement in the existing technologies and accessibility of new screening methodologies will give opportunities for automation that helps in obtaining the results in very less time and improved sensitivity and specificity which contribute to better safety assurance, standard, and quality of various food products of animal origin.

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Rapid Screening and Quantification of Multi-Class Multi-Residue Veterinary Drugs in Pork by a Modified Quechers Protocol Coupled to UPLC-QOrbitrap HRMS

Current Analytical Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1573411015666190926123512 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (7) ◽

pp. 863-879

Author(s):

Liya Wang ◽

Chunyan Qi ◽

Lidan Wang ◽

Tingcai Wang ◽

Yi Lei ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Veterinary Drugs ◽

Rapid Screening ◽

Accurate Mass ◽

Coefficient Of Determination ◽

Veterinary Drug ◽

Veterinary Drug Residues ◽

Drug Residues ◽

Relative Standard ◽

Accuracy And Repeatability ◽

Pork Samples

Background: A rapid and simple analytical method for the screening and quantification of multi-residues was established by a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) approach coupled to ultra-performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization quadrupole orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS). A total number of 59 veterinary drugs were investigated, which belonged to 12 classes, such as β-agonist, quinolones, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, lincomycin series, triphenylmethane, nitroimidazoles, macrolides, amide alcohols, quinoxalines, steroid hormone and sedatives. Methods: The factors which influence the determination of veterinary drugs residues, such as mobile phase, extract solvent, clean up sorbent, and re-dissolved solvent, were optimized by the single factor experiment. The method was sufficiently validated by using the parameters of linearity, sensitivity, accuracy, and repeatability. Results: The response of the detector was linear for 59 veterinary drug residues in extensive range (two to three orders of magnitude) with a high coefficient of determination (R2) (0.9995-0.9998). The limit of quantification (LOQ) ranged from 0.1μg/kg to 2.0μg/kg for 59 veterinary drug residues in pork samples. The repeatability was in the range of 1.0%-9.5%. Average recoveries of 59 veterinary drugs at three spiked levels ranged from 53.7%-117.8% with relative standard deviation (RSD) of 1.9%-13.9%. The full MS scan coupled with data-dependent MS/MS mode was applied for screening the target compounds to simultaneously obtain the accurate mass of parent ion and the mass spectrum of fragments. Elemental composition, accurate mass, and retention time and characteristic fragment ions were used to establish a homemade database. Conclusion: The ability of the homemade database was verified by analyzing the real pork samples, and the result was satisfactory.

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Health Risk Assessment of Banned Veterinary Drugs and Quinolone Residues in Shrimp through Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app9122463 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (12) ◽

pp. 2463 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ming-Yang Tsai ◽

Chuen-Fu Lin ◽

Wei-Cheng Yang ◽

Chien-Teng Lin ◽

Kuo-Hsiang Hung ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Health Risk ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Grass Shrimp ◽

Veterinary Drugs ◽

World Health ◽

Veterinary Drug ◽

Antibiotic Residues ◽

Veterinary Drug Residues ◽

Drug Residues ◽

Whiteleg Shrimp

The presence of antibiotic residues in seafood and their effect on public health constitute a matter of concern for consumers worldwide. Antibiotic residues can have adverse effects on both humans and animals, especially residues of banned veterinary drugs. In this study, we applied a validated method to analyze veterinary drug residues in shrimp, including the levels of banned chloramphenicol, malachite green, leucomalachite green, and four nitrofuran metabolites as well as thiamphenicol, florfenicol, and five quinolones, which have no recommended maximum residual levels in shrimp tissues in Taiwan. We collected 53 samples of whiteleg, grass, or giant river shrimp from Taiwanese aquafarms and production areas from July 2016 to December 2017. We found 0.31 ng/g of a chloramphenicol in one grass shrimp, 5.62 ng/g of enrofloxacin in one whiteleg shrimp, 1.52 ng/g of flumequine in one whiteleg shrimp, and 1.01 ng/g of flumequine in one giant river shrimp, indicating that 7.55% of the samples contained veterinary drug residues. We evaluated the health risk by deriving the estimated daily intake (EDI). The quinolone residue EDI was below 1.0% of the acceptable daily intake recommended by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization. The risk was thus discovered to be negligible, indicating no immediate health risk associated with shrimp consumption. The present findings can serve as a reference regarding food safety and in monitoring of the veterinary drug residues present in aquatic organisms. Continual monitoring of residues in shrimp is critical for further assessment of possible effects on human health.

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Rapid Multi-Residue Detection Methods for Pesticides and Veterinary Drugs

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25163590 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (16) ◽

pp. 3590

Author(s):

Min Jia ◽

Zhongbo E ◽

Fei Zhai ◽

Xin Bing

Keyword(s):

Near Infrared ◽

Veterinary Drugs ◽

Detection Methods ◽

Veterinary Drug ◽

Veterinary Drug Residues ◽

Drug Residues ◽

Molecular Imprinted Polymers ◽

Residue Detection ◽

Recent Developments ◽

Recognition Elements

The excessive use or abuse of pesticides and veterinary drugs leads to residues in food, which can threaten human health. Therefore, there is an extremely urgent need for multi-analyte analysis techniques for the detection of pesticide and veterinary drug residues, which can be applied as screening techniques for food safety monitoring and detection. Recent developments related to rapid multi-residue detection methods for pesticide and veterinary drug residues are reviewed herein. Methods based on different recognition elements or the inherent characteristics of pesticides and veterinary drugs are described in detail. The preparation and application of three broadly specific recognition elements—antibodies, aptamers, and molecular imprinted polymers—are summarized. Furthermore, enzymatic inhibition-based sensors, near-infrared spectroscopy, and SERS spectroscopy based on the inherent characteristics are also discussed. The aim of this review is to provide a useful reference for the further development of rapid multi-analyte analysis of pesticide and veterinary drug residues.

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Screening and Analysis of Multiclass Veterinary Drug Residues in Animal Source Foods using UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap/MS

Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology ◽

10.1007/s00128-021-03273-w ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Wentao Zhao ◽

Rui Jiang ◽

Wenping Guo ◽

Chao Guo ◽

Shilei Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Solid Phase ◽

Sample Pretreatment ◽

Veterinary Drugs ◽

Food Sources ◽

Veterinary Drug ◽

Veterinary Drug Residues ◽

Drug Residues ◽

Animal Source ◽

Solid Phase Extraction Cartridge ◽

Relative Standard

AbstractA rapid, simple, and sensitive method of detecting veterinary drug residues in animal food sources, including poultry and pork, was developed and validated. The method was optimized for over 155 veterinary drugs of 21 different classes. Sample pretreatment included a simple solid-liquid extraction step with 0.2% formic acid-acetonitrile-water and a purification step with a PRiME HLB (hydrophile-lipophile balance) solid-phase extraction cartridge. Data were collected using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to Quadrupole-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry. The limits of detection of 155 veterinary drugs ranged from 0.1 µg/kg to 10 µg/kg. The recovery rates were between 79.2 and 118.5 % in all matrices studied, with relative standard deviation values less than 15% (n = 6). The evaluated method allows the reliable screening, quantification, and identification of 155 veterinary drug residues in animal source food and has been successfully applied in authentic samples.

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Screening methods used for the detection of veterinary drug residues in raw cow milk – a review

Czech Journal of Food Sciences ◽

10.17221/2438-cjfs ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 26 (No. 6) ◽

pp. 393-401 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

P. Navrátilová

Keyword(s):

Health Risk ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Cow Milk ◽

Animal Origin ◽

Veterinary Drug ◽

Screening Methods ◽

Veterinary Drug Residues ◽

Drug Residues ◽

Health Safety

At both national and international levels, increasing attention is paid to the evaluation of the risk of occurrence of veterinary drug residues in foodstuffs and foods of animal origin, and to the introduction of appropriate measures to reduce this risk. The design and strategy of antibiotics and sulphonamide detection in milk involve two different aspects: the ability to sell the milk depending on its quality (technological safety), and the health safety of the milk regulated by the recent legislative regulations (toxicological safety). Veterinary drug residues in milk represent a health risk for the consumer. This review describes the methods used for extensive monitoring of antimicrobial agents – microbial inhibitor methods and rapid specific assays.

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Simultaneous determination of multi-class veterinary drugs in fishery products with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Applied Biological Chemistry ◽

10.1186/s13765-021-00611-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 64 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Eunjung Kim ◽

Hyunjin Park ◽

Sihyun Park ◽

Jangduck Choi ◽

Hae Jung Yoon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Liquid Chromatography ◽

Tandem Mass Spectrometry ◽

Veterinary Drugs ◽

Veterinary Drug ◽

Tandem Mass ◽

Drug Residues ◽

Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry ◽

Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽

Fishery Products

AbstractThe objective of this study was to optimize the analytical method for multi-class veterinary drug residues of 64 compounds in fishery products. Several compounds from veterinary drugs are banned or unauthorized in fishery products according to the Korean Food Code. Samples were extracted using acetonitrile/water (4:1, v/v) and the clean-up step was carried out by adding octadecylsilane and acetonitrile-saturated hexane. The target compounds were confirmed and quantified using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). The proposed method was validated according to the CODEX guidelines (CAC/GL-71), and most target compounds were found to be in acceptable quantities under the requirements of the validation guidelines. The recovery of analytes was typically in the 60–120% range, and precision, expressed as the coefficient of variation was less than 31% at all levels of concentration. The limit of quantification ranged from 0.03 to 3 μg kg−1 in the fishery products. Moreover, the application of the proposed method to 96 real samples demonstrated that no drug residues exceeded the Korean maximum residue limits (MRLs). This evaluation method provides reliable identification and quantification of multi-class veterinary drugs in fishery products and can be an efficient means to inspect drugs currently banned or not approved for aquaculture in Korea.

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Analysis of Veterinary Drug Residues in Pasteurized Milk Samples in Chinese Milk Bars

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-333 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 83 (2) ◽

pp. 204-210

Author(s):

WEN-QING ZHANG ◽

ZHONG-NA YU ◽

HARVEY HO ◽

JUN WANG ◽

YU-TAO WANG ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Veterinary Drugs ◽

Penicillin G ◽

Veterinary Drug ◽

Chemical Components ◽

Milk Product ◽

Veterinary Drug Residues ◽

Drug Residues ◽

Pasteurized Milk ◽

Maximum Residue Levels ◽

Residue Levels

ABSTRACT The milk bar is an emerging style of retail business that mainly produces pasteurized milk (PM) and other dairy products on-site in many large cities of the People's Republic of China. To date, no data about veterinary drug residues in PM samples produced from milk bars have been reported. The objective of this study was to investigate the safety of PM from a total of 182 PM samples collected from milk bars from 10 provincial capital cities and to analyze the residues of seven classes of 61 veterinary drugs. First, the chemical components were screened with test kits, and then the positive samples were further confirmed by ultraperformance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The results showed that 15 (8.24%) samples were screened positive for veterinary drugs, and six drugs in 11 (6.04%) samples were confirmed. The veterinary drugs detected were penicillin G (2.20%), tetracycline (1.10%), tylosin (1.10%), amoxicillin (0.55%), oxytetracycline (0.55%), and gentamicin (0.55%), with maximum residue levels of 3.4, 11.9, 28.2, 3.0, 26.9, and 63.5 μg kg−1, respectively. Veterinary drug residues were detected as positive in 7 of 10 cities, with the highest detection rate as 14.29% in Urumqi. No positive samples were found in the cities of Nanjing, Tianjin, and Nanning. All detected drug levels were far below the maximum residue levels regulated by China, the European Union, and the Codex Alimentarius Commission. This suggests that the overall veterinary drug residues in PM in milk bars reached the safety code of the country. However, potential risks still exist, and continuous attention should be paid to guarantee the safety of this milk product in the future. HIGHLIGHTS

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Risk Assessment of Veterinary Drug Residues in Meat Products

Current Drug Metabolism ◽

10.2174/1389200221999200820164650 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (10) ◽

pp. 779-789

Author(s):

Hui Zhang ◽

Qin Chen ◽

Bing Niu

Keyword(s):

Risk Assessment ◽

Food Safety ◽

Meat Product ◽

Meat Products ◽

Product Safety ◽

Veterinary Drugs ◽

Assessment Process ◽

Veterinary Drug ◽

Veterinary Drug Residues ◽

Drug Residues

With the improvement of the global food safety regulatory system, there is an increasing importance for food safety risk assessment. Veterinary drugs are widely used in poultry and livestock products. The abuse of veterinary drugs seriously threatens human health. This article explains the necessity of risk assessment for veterinary drug residues in meat products, describes the principles and functions of risk assessment, then summarizes the risk assessment process of veterinary drug residues, and then outlines the qualitative and quantitative risk assessment methods used in this field. We propose the establishment of a new meat product safety supervision model with a view to improve the current meat product safety supervision system.

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Survey of Veterinary Drug Residues in Raw Milk in Hebei Province, China

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-105 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 80 (11) ◽

pp. 1890-1896 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Rong-Wei Han ◽

Zhong-Na Yu ◽

Tian-Yuan Zhen ◽

Jun Wang

Keyword(s):

Raw Milk ◽

The United States ◽

Hebei Province ◽

Veterinary Drugs ◽

National Standard ◽

Penicillin G ◽

Veterinary Drug ◽

Veterinary Drug Residues ◽

Drug Residues ◽

Milk Samples

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of veterinary drug residues in raw milk from Hebei, the second-largest dairy production province in the People's Republic of China. A total of 192 raw milk samples were collected from 64 milk stations in seven districts. Twenty-eight veterinary drug residues were analyzed by ultraperformance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry based on a China National Standard. Raw milk samples with multiple residues of veterinary drugs were not found in the present study. Residues of four veterinary drugs, penicillin G, sulfacetamide, trimethoprim, and lincomycin, were detected in 12 (6.25%) raw milk samples, with detection ratios of 1.04, 0.52, 3.13, and 1.56%, respectively. All veterinary drug residues detected were under the maximum residue levels as regulated by China, the European Union, the United States, and the Codex Alimentarius Commission. In general, raw milk from Hebei province was considered relatively safe for human consumption because of the low prevalence of veterinary drug residues. However, stringent control measurements for veterinary drug residues in raw milk are required because some veterinary drugs were detected in milk from some areas of Hebei province.

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