scholarly journals El derecho de consumo: notas sobre su repercusión

2021 ◽  
pp. 189-216
Author(s):  
Ignacio Andrés Mondéjar
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Labour Law ◽  
Consumer Law ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
Derecho Penal ◽  
Sobre Todo

Law has helped humankind, before human beings were considered consumers or entrepreneurs, to obtain stability, peace and trust in their relations, especially in their business relations. This type of Law between civilians was, together with a corrective criminal law, the one that arose spontaneously in all civilizations. The regulations or traditions may be different but the nature of those spontaneous rules is equivalent. However, the State has been involved in a number of areas of the Right to parties, being the labour law, which regulates the rules between entrepreneurs and employees, and the consumer law, which regulates the rules between entrepreneurs and consumers, two of the most remarkable State’s interventions. Key words: Law, State, Consumption, Regulation, Arbitrage. JEL Classification: D11,D18, K10, K12, K13, P36. Resumen: El derecho ha servido a los hombres, antes de que se les denomi - nara consumidores y empresarios, en su afán de dar estabilidad, paz y fir-meza en sus relaciones, sobre todo y ante todo en sus relaciones comerciales. Este tipo de derecho entre civiles fue junto con el derecho penal correctivo, el que surgió espontáneamente en todas las civilizaciones. La regulación o las costumbres serán diferentes pero la esencia de esas espontáneas normas sí son equivalentes. Sin embargo, el Estado se ha introducido en numerosas parcelas del derecho de partes destacando aquí el derecho laboral, re gulan-do las normas entre empresarios y trabajadores y el derecho de consumo regulando las normas entre empresarios y consumidores. Palabras clave: Derecho, Estado,Consumo, Regulación, Arbitraje. Clasificación JEL: D11,D18, K10, K12, K13, P36.

El lenguaje como institución. Una aproximación de su función evolutiva, económica y política desde una perspectiva austriaca

2021 ◽  
pp. 305-340
Author(s):  
Nicolás Daniel Fernández Álvarez
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Oral Communication ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Spontaneous Order ◽  
De Re ◽  
Linguistic Rights ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
The World ◽  
The One ◽  
Linguistic Problem

In this paper, we try to give a different perspective to the one that has been studied and offered in linguistics until now. Language starts as the main form of oral communication that is transmitted from generation to generation. Language is in constant evolution. One of the greatest evolutions in the linguistic field has been precisely writing. It represented perfectly the union of graphic ideas and concepts with the beginning of the religious beliefs. We also try to analyze which are the causes and consequences of interventionism in something as personal and private as language. We will try to demonstrate how socialism, even in linguistics, distorts the correct evolution of lan guage, remembering the Universal Declaration of Linguistic Rights (1996) whose consequence is the strengthening of various nationalisms around the world. Finally, conclusions and solutions will be given to a very specific linguistic problem: Spain. Key words: Socialism, planification, spontaneous order, evolution, linguistics, language, pidgin, nationalism, economy, institution. JEL Classification: A1 (General Economics) → A12 (Relation of Economics to other Disciplines). Resumen: Este artículo pretende abordar una perspectiva diferente a la que se viene estudiando y ofreciendo en lingüística, pues el lenguaje comienza a forjarse como forma de comunicación oral que se transmite de generación en generación y que no deja de evolucionar. Está en constante evolución. Una de las mayores evoluciones en el campo de la lingüística fue precisamente la escritura que representaba a la perfección la unión de ideas o conceptos de forma gráfica y el comienzo de las creencias religiosas. En este mismo artículo analizamos cuáles son las causas de una interven - ción desde los poderes públicos en algo tan personal e intransferible como el len guaje, así como sus posibles consecuencias. Intentaremos, pues, demos - trar cómo el socialismo en materia lingüística (o su imposibilidad) distorsiona la correcta evolución del lenguaje, comenzando por la Declaración de De - re chos Lingüísticos del año 1996 que no ha hecho sino fortalecer un gran nú mero de nacionalismos a lo largo y ancho del globo terráqueo. Finalmente, intentaremos humildemente extraer conclusiones y poner posibles soluciones en un ejemplo muy concreto: España. Palabras clave: Socialismo, planificación, órden espontáneo, evolución, lingüística, lenguaje, pidgin, nacionalismo, economía, institución. Clasificación JEL: Dentro de A1 (General Economics), el apartado A12 (Rela tion of Economics to other Disciplines).

scholarly journals Under Darwin’s Cosh? Neo-Aristotelian Thinking in Environmental Ethics

2005 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 22-23
Author(s):  
Michael Wheeler
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Ethics ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Moral Status ◽  
General Position ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
Individual Human

As a first shot, one might say that environmental ethics is concerned distinctively with the moral relations that exist between, on the one hand, human beings and, on the other, the non-human natural environment. But this really is only a first shot. For example, one might be inclined to think that at least some components of the non-human natural environment (non-human animals, plants, species, forests, rivers, ecosystems, or whatever) have independent moral status, that is, are morally considerable in their own right, rather than being of moral interest only to the extent that they contribute to human well-being. If so, then one might be moved to claim that ethical matters involving the environment are best cashed out in terms of the dutes and responsibilities that human beings have to such components. If, however, one is inclined to deny independent moral status to the non-human natural environment or to any of its components, then one might be moved to claim that the ethical matters in question are exhaustively delineated by those moral relations existing between individual human beings, or between groups of human beings, in which the non-human natural environment figures. One key task for the environmental ethicist is to sort out which, if either, of these perspectives is the right one to adopt—as a general position or within particular contexts. I guess I don’t need to tell you that things get pretty complicated pretty quickly.

scholarly journals Crítica a la teoría neo-ricardiana (y clásica) del valor

2021 ◽  
pp. 131-150
Author(s):  
Juan Ramón Rallo Julián
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Value Theory ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Labor Theory ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Theory Of Value ◽  
Carl Menger ◽  
The One ◽  
Ricardian Theory

The marginalist and subjectivist revolution led by Carl Menger during the second half of the nineteenth century turned Economics into a science. However, classical value theory did not completely fade away and it has been trying continiously to replace subjetivist theory. The most serious and exhaustive attempt to recover classical value theory in its Ricardian version was the one developed by the italian economist Piero Sraffa. This article seeks to rebut the neo-Ricardian theory of value, while vindicating the Austrian theory of value, even inside the constrains of the former. Key words: Piero Sraffa, Neo-Ricardianism, Value Theory, Subjetivism, Mar-ginalism, Labor Theory. JEL Classification: B24, B51, D46, E43. Resumen: La revolución marginalista y subjetivista liderada por Carl Menger durante la segunda mitad del s. XIX sentó las bases para que la economía pudiera considerarse realmente una ciencia. Sin embargo, la teoría clásica del valor nunca terminó de desaparecer de la escena y en sus muy diversas manifestaciones siguió intentando sobreponerse a la teoría subjetivista. El intento más serio y exhaustivo de resucitar la teoría clásica del valor en su versión ricardiana fue la del economista italiano Piero Sraffa. En este artí-culo se pretende refutar la teoría neorricardiana y reivindicar, incluso dentro de los presupuestos de esta última, la teoría austriaca del valor. Palabras clave: Piero Sraffa, Neorricardianismo, Teoría del Valor, Subjetivismo, Marginalismo, Valor Trabajo. Clasificación JEL: B24, B51, D46, E43.

scholarly journals Euthanasia under French law

2021 ◽  
pp. 145-152
Author(s):  
A. Haddadi ◽  
F. Ravaz
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Question Answering ◽  
Common Law ◽  
The Other ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Right To Die ◽  
French Law ◽  
The Face ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right

Under criminal law, euthanasia can have two distinct qualifications: that of homicide in the event that the act of directly killing another person is characterized, or that of assisting a third party in the suicide. These two qualifications are applicable on the condition that the agent — the author of the act of causing death — is not the one who went through it. In fact, selfeuthanasia is nothing more than suicide.In addition to euthanasia imposed to a third party (such as in the case of Malevre, nurse from Mantes-la-Jolie, tried in 2003), the euthanasia requested and subscribed constitutes a complex legal question. Answering this question first involves specifying the position of contemporary criminal law in the face of suicide.In the event that suicide is only decriminalized, in fact, the author of the act — regardless of the outcome of his actions, who is himself the victim, cannot be prosecuted. Nor ultimately receive any condemnation.However, this lack of prosecution and conviction is by no means an endorsement of the act — suicide — by the law.Moreover, in the event that suicide is a right, it would then be necessary to agree that any candidate for this act can request assistance in the accomplishment of his death. Given these two opposing approaches, imposed on us the question of whether there is a right to die.Although the euthanasia imposed is unequivocally under ordinary criminal law, the euthanasia requested and granted is not based on any rights. To date, there is no right to approve a death request, but on the other hand, it does allow it to be respected and to some extent promotes its approach with dignity. This work will focus on two central points which are the possibility that euthanasia is a homicide under common law (I) and the attitude of French law concerning the right to death (II).

scholarly journals La lección del embalse. Le Corbusier y los aprovechamientos hidroeléctricos

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Santiago Río Vázquez
Keyword(s):  
Le Corbusier ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tennessee Valley Authority ◽  
Water Industry ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Tennessee Valley ◽  
The One ◽  
Siglo Xx ◽  
Sobre Todo

Resumen: El interés de Le Corbusier por los aprovechamientos hidroeléctricos es una constante a lo largo de su vida, sobre todo como inspiración y referencia para proyectar su arquitectura, dando forma a una lección del embalse que veremos enfocada de diferentes maneras y en distintos momentos, desde su descubrimiento durante el trabajo en Vienne (Francia) para la Société d’applications du bétón armé hasta el intento de materialización con la obra de Bhakra en la India, pasando por etapas sucesivas en las que se va exponiendo, publicando o compartiendo, mediante conferencias, textos teóricos o encuentros en viajes, como el realizado a los Estados Unidos en 1946, cuando visita el macroproyecto de la Tennessee Valley Authority y deja constancia en la primera edición americana de Quand les catedrales étaient blanches: voyage au pays des timides. A través de sus palabras, de sus dibujos y de sus proyectos vamos revelando las dos caras de la lección del embalse: la que se desprende de manera inmediata desde las realidades encontradas, que tendrá su impulso final paralelo a la construcción de Chandigarh con la implicación en la presa sobre el Sutlej; y la cara oculta, desvelada como aportaciones e influencias progresivas en su arquitectura. Ambas caras permanecerán como el testimonio de la fértil relación entre Le Corbusier y los aprovechamientos hidroeléctricos. Abstract: The interest of Le Corbusier on hydroelectric industry is a constant throughout his life, especially as inspiration and reference to project its architecture, shaping a lesson of the dam that we will see focused in different ways and at different times, from their discovery while working in Vienne (France) for the Société d’applications du bétón armé to the attempt to materialize the work of Bhakra in India, through successive stages in wich he will be in exposing, publishing or sharing through conferences, theoretical texts and encounters on trips, like the one made to the United States in 1946, when he visits the macro project of Tennessee Valley Authority and describes it in the first American edition of Quand les cathedrals étaient blanches: voyage au pays des timides. Through his words, his drawings and his projects we will reveal the two faces of the lesson of the dam: the one which follows immediately from the facts found, which will find the final attempt parallel to the construction of Chandigarh with the involvement at the dam on Sutlej; and the other side, unveiled as inputs and progressive influences in its architecture. Both sides remain as the testimony of the fertile relationship between Le Corbusier and hydroelectric industry.  Palabras clave: Arquitectura; Siglo XX; Le Corbusier; agua; industria; embalse. Keywords: Architecture; 20th Century; Le Corbusier; water; industry; dam. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.1007

scholarly journals Liberalismo y feminismo: un análisis austriaco

2021 ◽  
pp. 39-72
Author(s):  
Cristina Lozano González
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Feminist Theory ◽  
Economic Freedom ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Feminist Movement ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Betty Friedan ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
The Right

This article briefly explains how the theory of the Austrian School and the Feminist Theory intertwine following, in this last theory, one of the fundamental authors, Betty Friedan. Beyond the typical interpretations about the feminist movement as a left-wing ideology, it is underlined, the importance of the role in the right to the private property concerning the development of its proposals and the need that economic freedom exists to promote the wealthness to all the citizens. Key words: State, Freedom, Equality, Capitalism, Right, Education, Private Property, Feminism, Evolution of Society, Justice. JEL Classification: P1. Resumen: En este artículo se explica brevemente cómo se entrelaza la teoría de la Escuela Austriaca con la teoría feminista, siguiendo, en esta última corriente, a una de sus autoras fundamentales, Betty Friedan. Yendo más allá de las interpretaciones típicas sobre el movimiento feminista como una ideología de izquierdas, se resalta la importancia del papel del dere-cho a la propiedad privada en el desarrollo de sus propuestas y la necesi-dad de que exista libertad económica para fomentar la riqueza de toda la ciudadanía. Palabras clave: Estado, Libertad, Igualdad, Capitalismo, Derecho, Educación, Propiedad Privada, Feminismo, Avance Social, Justicia. Clasificación JEL: P1.

scholarly journals EL ARTE Y LA EDUCACIÓN EN EL CONTEXTO DE LA PANDEMIA EN EL ECUADOR

2021 ◽  
pp. 120-129
Author(s):  
Juan Carlos Astudillo Sarmiento ◽  
Veronica Neira Ruiz
Keyword(s):  
Art Education ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
The One ◽  
Sobre Todo ◽  
Do So

¿La educación en artes es necesaria? Aunque la respuesta pudiese parecer obvia, este es un debate que, en más de una ocasión, se puede escuchar tanto en la academia como fuera de ella. Y las posturas son antagónicas, casi beligerantes: no es necesaria y menos en contextos de crisis (dicen algunos); en contextos de crisis es aún más necesaria (otros). El tema es urgente y sobre todo en la realidad que estamos habitando y la que empezamos a re-construir, en cuanto sociedad. Y para hacerlo, entrevistamos a tres artistas/docentes/ investigadores en y por las artes, quienes, desde su experticia, nos ayudan a hilvanar el diálogo. Palabras clave: Arte, educación, entrevista, pandemia, crisis político social, Ecuador. AbstractIs Education in Arts Necessary? Although the answer may seem obvious, this is a debate that on more than one occasion has been heard both in the academy and outside of it. The positions are antagonistic, almost belligerent, as it can be said that it is notnecessary, and even less in crisis contexts by some; as well as being seen as even more necessary in these contexts by others. The issue is urgent and especially in the reality that we are currently living in, and the one that we are beginning to rebuild, as a society. In order to do so, we interview the artists / teachers / researchers in and through the arts who, from their own expertise, help us to weave the dialogue together. Keywords: Art, education, interview, pandemic, social political crisis, Ecuador.

scholarly journals Reserva de jurisdicción : tutela judicial efectiva y custodia de menores = Reservation of jurisdiction : effective judicial protection and custody of children , (commentary to the STC 185/2012, 17 October)

2013 ◽  
pp. 529
Author(s):  
César Aguado Renedo
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Public Prosecutor ◽  
Joint Custody ◽  
The Public ◽  
Custody Of Children ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
Judicial Protection ◽  
Sobre Todo

El estudio tiene por objeto el comentario de la STC 185/2012, de 17 de octubre, que declara inconstitucional el término «favorable» como condición imprescindible del informe del Ministerio Fiscal que el legislador establecía para que el juez pudiese decretar la custodia compartida de los hijos menores por sus progenitores separados cuando estos discrepaban entre ellos sobre la misma. La inconstitucionalidad declarada es doble: porque tal regulación vulneraba el principio de reserva jurisdiccional en favor de los jueces y tribunales que dispone el art. 117.3 CE y porque lesionaba el derecho a la tutela judicial efectiva garantizado en el art. 24.1 CE. La Sentencia tiene un Voto Particular disidente suscrito por varios Magistrados, que niega tales tachas: de un lado, poniendo como ejemplos algunas determinaciones legales sobre cuya constitucionalidad no hay duda y que en consecuencia avalarían la regulación cuestionada; y, de otro y sobre todo, fundando esa juicio de conformidad constitucional del precepto cuestionado en la doctrina del propio Tribunal acerca de la noción de «densidad normativa», que ampara al legislador para regular pormenorizadamente las materias objeto de su atención. El comentario pretende demostrar que los ejemplos con los que se compara en el Voto Particular la regulación declarada inconstitucional no son equiparables a ésta y que tal doctrina constitucional sobre la «densidad normativa» no resultaba aplicable tampoco a la misma. De modo que la imposibilidad de que el juez decretase la custodia compartida de menores en caso de desacuerdo de sus progenitores sobre ella si el informe del Fiscal era contrario (o simplemente neutro o inexistente) era, en efecto, disconforme con la exclusividad jurisdiccional de los jueces y no se compadecía con la tutela judicial efectiva en juego en tales supuestos.The study is about the STC 185/2012, which asserted the unconstitutionality the «favorable» term as a prerequisite of the report of the Public Prosecutor which the legislator established so the judge could impose the joint custody of the children by their parents separated when they disagreed among themselves for that type of custody. The unconstitutionality declared is twofold: because such regulation violated the principle of jurisdictional reservation in favor of the judges and courts proclaimed in the art. 117.3 CE, and because it quite the right to effective judicial protection guaranteed in the art. 24.1 CE. The decision has a dissenting opinion signed by four judges, which denies such studs: on the one side, taking as examples some legal determinations envelope whose constitutionality is no doubt and, that consequently warrantee the questioned regulation; on the other side, and above all, founding that his trial constitutional conformity in the Court’s doctrine about the notion of «normative density», which covers the legislator to regulate detail matters. The comment aims to demonstrate that the examples that are compared in the dissenting opinion declared unconstitutional regulation are not comparable to this, and that such a constitutional doctrine about the «normative density» was not applicable either to the same. So the impossibility that the judge imposed the shared custody of children in case of disagreement of the parents about it if the report of the Prosecutor was opposite (or simply neutral or non-existent) was, indeed, non-conforming with the jurisdictional exclusivity of the judges and violated the right to effective judicial protection at stake in such cases

Tackling Indirect Discrimination in Employment in France

2019 ◽  
pp. 244-261
Author(s):  
Marie Mercat-Bruns
Keyword(s):  
Employment Discrimination ◽  
The Other ◽  
Labour Law ◽  
Applicable Law ◽  
Direct Discrimination ◽  
Indirect Discrimination ◽  
Discrimination In Employment ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
Systemic Discrimination

This chapter argues that in France, the application of employment discrimination law is a mixed bag. On the one hand, labour law judges have had some difficulties with interpreting anti-discrimination law, especially when it is based on prohibited grounds linked to the person at work, such as race, and detached from the statutory view of the worker within the scope of applicable law. The need to deepen a factual analysis of context in cases of direct discrimination constitutes a challenge for civil judges more familiar with an approach based on syllogism rather than analogy and comparison. On the other hand, more recently, labour law judges have started resorting to the logic of indirect discrimination in employment which offers original ways to scrutinize collective action, including the right to strike, revealing systemic discrimination.

scholarly journals El tipo penal de desórdenes públicos en Chile frente al derecho de reunión y a la libertad de expresión en el marco del derecho de manifestación

KPGT_dlutz_1 ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 603
Author(s):  
Alberto F. Cuéllar C.
Keyword(s):  
Freedom Of Expression ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Public Order ◽  
Strict Sense ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Public Disorder ◽  
The Right ◽  
International Instruments ◽  
Derecho Penal ◽  
Right Of Assembly

El tipo penal de desórdenes públicos en Chile frente al derecho de reunión y a la libertad de expresión en el marco del derecho de manifestación Resumen: En Chile, la gran mayoría de las detenciones por el delito de Desórdenes Públicos se producen en el contexto de marchas o manifestaciones públicas, específicamente en aquellos casos, en que, a raíz de dichas expresiones colectivas, se ve vulnerado el orden público, produciéndose una afectación a los bienes jurídicos correspondientes a terceros ajenos a dicha manifestación. En este orden de ideas, se ha sostenido muchas veces que existe un antagonismo entre el derecho a manifestación – el cual es reconocido como un derecho humano o fundamental, tanto a nivel internacional como nacional – y el orden público, entendido este último como un estado de situación que permite un normal desenvolvimiento de la sociedad y las instituciones en general. Considerando este contexto, el presente trabajo tiene el objetivo de analizar el tipo penal de desórdenes públicos en chile frente al derecho de reunión y a la libertad de expresión en el marco del derecho de manifestación. Primero se analiza el derecho de manifestación, atentando al derecho de reunión y a la libertad de expresión. En la secuencia, se examina el derecho de reunión y libertad de expresión con relación al orden público. Al final, se estudia los elementos de tipo del delito de desórdenes públicos, con especial atención al bien jurídico protegido. Se concluye que efectivamente se pueden producir antagonismos, entre el derecho a manifestación (libertad de reunión y de opinión) y el orden público. Además, si bien se reconoce la importancia del orden público, también se ha establecido que este no puede ser invocado por si sólo como una limitación al ejercicio de los señalados derechos. Asimismo, las limitaciones deben ser establecidas mediante una ley, en sentido estricto, según lo disponen los instrumentos internacionales y el principio de reserva legal consagrado en la Constitución Chilena. Palabras-clave: Derechos humanos. Derecho de manifestación. Derecho penal chileno. Derecho de reunión. Desórdenes públicos. Libertad de expresión. The criminal type of public disorders in Chile in front of the right of assembly and to freedom of expression within the framework of the right of manifestation Abstract: In Chile, the great majority of arrests for the crime of Public Disorders occur in the context of marches or public manifestations, specifically in those cases in which, as a result of said collective expressions, public order is violated, resulting in an affectation to the legal assets corresponding to third parties outside said manifestation. In this order of ideas, it has been argued many times that there is an antagonism between the right to manifestation - which is recognized as a human or fundamental right, both at the international and national levels - and public order, understood as a state of situation that allows a normal development of society and institutions in general. Considering this context, the present work has the objective of analyzing the criminal type of public disorder in Chile against the right of assembly and freedom of expression within the framework of the right to manifestation. First, the right to manifestation is analyzed, based in the right of assembly and freedom of expression. In the sequence, the right of assembly and freedom of expression in relation to public order is examined. In the end, the type elements of the offense of public disorder are studied, with special attention to the protected legal right. It is concluded that there are antagonisms between the right to manifestation (freedom of assembly and opinion) and public order. Although the importance of public order is recognized, it has also been established that this can not be invoked by itself as a limitation to the exercise of these rights. Likewise, the limitations must be established by means of a law, in the strict sense, as provided in international instruments and the principle of legal reserve enshrined in the Chilean Constitution. Keywords: Chilean criminal law. Freedom of expression. Human rights. Right of assembly. Right of manifestation. Public disorders.

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