scholarly journals Lord Kelvin was wrong: About the effectiveness of innovation indexes

2021 ◽  
pp. 343-366
Author(s):  
Anna Gruhn
Keyword(s):  
Innovation Policy ◽  
Innovation Process ◽  
Theoretical Concept ◽  
Point Of Interest ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
The Times ◽  
Lord Kelvin ◽  
Innovation Indicators ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Innovation Policies

Innovation is a fashionable concept, as many economic (and elec-tion),1 international 2 and state 3 programmes show. Fashion might not be the essential part of the scientific discourse, however, even judging by the politicians’ declarations, innovation is certainly a popular topic and a point of interest for many scholars. One would even dare to claim that innovation policy attracts more positive attention than defence policy. In the times of economic crisis and austerity that are both affecting the Eurozone, it seems that authorizing expenses on innovation is easier than defending even limited military budgets. The economists themselves are also more inclined to claim it is innovation not war that stimulates the economy.4 Since the states are usually considered as the most active in that field, the term innovation policy was quickly coined. It encompasses all state actions directed at innovation. Some of these actions form so-called innovation indices (also known as innovation indicators), whose main aim is to measure innovation performance of the country. Other entities, private companies or individuals being the example, often engage in innovation process as well and are, to some extent, included in innovation measures. By large though these indices show the role of the state. Since they attempt to measure innovative performance, when we ask about their effectiveness, we ask about the effectiveness of innovation policies, and ultimately, the impact innovation (and innovation policies) has on economy. We will argue that the effectiveness of these innovation indicators in achieving the goal that is set before them can be questioned. Nonetheless they are still taken into account when innovation policies are shaped. In order to prove our thesis we decided to divide the paper into smaller sections. First, we will describe innovation as a theoretical concept and show its place in economic models. Then we will try answer the question why innovation is measured. Since the main goal of this paper is critique of current innovation measures, we will present two traditional (and most popular at the same time) innovation indicators and most important arguments against them. We will also include indices that are considered alternative to the traditional measures. The most important and conclusive part of this paper will be devoted to the critique of both old and new indices, and any innovation indicators in general.

INNOVATION COMPONENT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: SECURITY ASPECT

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitaliy Omelyanenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Innovation Policy ◽  
Innovation System ◽  
Innovation Process ◽  
Innovative Development ◽  
Business And Society ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Main Components ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The huge potential of innovations to achieve the goals of sustainable development is indisputable, but at the same time the task of orienting the innovation process to its most problematic areas, which is a threat to national security, arises. This issue is relevant in the context of the formation of mechanisms of interaction between the state, business and society and is an urgent scientific and practical problem. Based on the above, the purpose of the study is to analyze the main components of innovation development strategies in the framework of national strategies for sustainable development. In the study, the author improved the scheme of the relationship between development and security, which is focused on achieving development and security goals through appropriate innovation policies and development management. Taking into account the importance of innovative development, as well as the national characteristics of the relationship between it and the goals of sustainable development, a practical approach to the coherence of innovation policy for sustainable development is proposed. It is determined that for the implementation of the coherence of innovation policy for sustainable development, an analytical component is important, which will link the goals of sustainable development and indicators of the innovation system as the basis for their achievement. To determine the impact of innovative development on the sustainable development of Ukraine, the impact of the indicator of goal 9 on the other 16 goals is determined. The components of the national system «sustainable development – security» are identified and evaluated on the basis of Sustainable Development Report 2019. As prospects for using the developed methodology of institutional innovation (creating institutional conditions for innovative priorities of sustainable development) it is proposed to consider it in the context of achieving sustainable goals development (systematic integration of economic, social and environmental aspects of sustainable development) at the regional level.

scholarly journals Factors of Mutual Impact of Innovative Startups and the Regional Environment

REGIONOLOGY ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 658-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor V. Arzhenovskiy
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Modeling ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Innovation Policy ◽  
Regional Growth ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Innovation Process ◽  
Regional Innovation ◽  
Regional Environment ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Impact

Introduction. The growing dependence of regional economies on innovation determines the importance of regional innovation policy, it being an integral part of regional economic policy. Within its framework, a constant assessment of mutual impact of the factors of regional development and successful startups is necessary. The goal of this study is to identify such basic factors. Materials and Methods. Regional socio-economic complexes of the Republic of Mordovia, Nizhny Novgorod Region and Samara Region are considered as the research object. Regional primary and secondary statistics on the research topic, legislative and regulatory acts of the federal and regional levels form the information basis of the study. The methods of system analysis, economic statistics, expert survey, economic and mathematical modeling as well as cognitive modeling were employed. Results. The primary and final lists of factors of mutual impact of innovative startups and the regional environment have been compiled. The features of modern startups and their interaction with the external environment have been exposed. The cause-and-effect relations between the factors have been identified. A quantitative and qualitative analysis of the factors, their grouping and classification for the subsequent modeling of innovative processes in the region has been performed. Discussion and Conclusion. The results obtained serve as the basis for correlation and regression analysis and the subsequent provision of a cognitive model of the regional innovation process that takes into account the peculiarities of the regions under consideration. The verified cognitive model makes it possible to construct prognostic scenarios of the impact of innovations on the regional growth and the influence of the regional environment on the growth of innovations, to conduct a justification, a comparative analysis and an assessment of the consequences of management decisions on development of the regional infrastructure to support entrepreneurship as well as to evaluate the adaptability of innovative startups to changes in external and internal environment factors.

Identifying Nanotechnological Systems of Innovation

2017 ◽  
pp. 742-770 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flávio J. M. Peixoto
Keyword(s):  
Policy Making ◽  
Policy Design ◽  
Innovation Policy ◽  
Innovation Process ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Systems Of Innovation ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Public ◽  
Innovation Indicators ◽  
Rare Opportunity

Developments in nanotechnology have drawn the attention of governments, industry, academia and the public for their potential industrial benefits and their future trends within the innovation domain. The perception that nanotechnology promises important changes holds a rare opportunity to policy-making in its early stages. Understanding nanotechnology innovation process represents a crucial element for designing and implementing relevant, coherent and adequate innovation policy. This chapter proposes the development of an analytical framework to investigate nanotechnology paths. Results suggested that what has been generically labeled as ‘nanotechnology' actually comprises a set of different, but complementary, technologies that may be represented as particular ‘nanotechnological systems of innovation' to be used for analytical and policy designing purposes. The study attempts to contribute for the development of nanotechnology innovation indicators aiming to provide policy-makers with helpful data to support innovation policy design and foster nanotechnology development in Brazil.

scholarly journals Misty consensus, messy dissensus: paradoxes of the Brazilian innovation policies

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 373-385
Author(s):  
Luiz Ricardo Cavalcante
Keyword(s):  
Innovation Process ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
Institutional Framework ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
Systemic Nature ◽  
Innovation Indicators ◽  
Science Technology And Innovation ◽  
Innovation Policies

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to show that the wide acknowledgement of the association between innovation and economic and social development and of the importance of innovation policies has formed a kind of “misty consensus” hardly contested in Brazil. However, the innovation policies adopted in the country lack an institutional framework to support their implementation, marking what is called in this paper a “messy dissensus”. Design/methodology/approach It is argued that the reasons why the science, technology and innovation (ST&I) policies have failed to contribute more effectively increasing Brazilian technological efforts have less to do with the policies themselves and more to do with their detachment from the institutional framework used to implement them. Findings It is shown that this institutional framework: (i) is barely adherent to the perception of the systemic nature of the innovation process; (ii) does not create enough incentives for bureaucrats in public institutions to allocate resources in the industrial sector; (iii) encourages the pulverization of resources and the consequent loss of focus, which may reduce the efficiency of the adopted policies; (iv) encourages the replication of models and priorities usually adopted in contexts that fail to match the Brazilian reality. Originality/value In this paper, the focus is on the obstacles that undermine the potential of ST&I policies to contribute more effectively to the improvement of the Brazilian innovation indicators. It is argued that these obstacles have less to do with the innovation policies themselves and more to do with their detachment from the institutional framework used to implement them. This institutional framework includes not only the formal and legal rules but also informal social norms that govern individual behavior and structure social interactions.

scholarly journals The role of the State in fostering innovation activity: case studies of the USA and Germany

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 571-590
Author(s):  
JOSÉ LUIS GORDON
Keyword(s):  
Innovation Policy ◽  
Active Role ◽  
The State ◽  
Innovation Activity ◽  
Public Power ◽  
The Public ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Innovation Policies

ABSTRACT The present study analyzed the role of the State in fostering innovation in the USA and Germany. It was argued that governments in these countries play an active role in innovation, but each one operates with dissimilar objectives and tools, to stimulate and induce innovation activity in companies. Some specific cases of innovation policies in each country were analyzed to demonstrate the performance of the public power in different contexts. It was concluded that innovation policy is flexible and adaptable to each context, but the active role of the State stands out in both countries.

Identifying Nanotechnological Systems of Innovation

2016 ◽  
pp. 305-333
Author(s):  
Flávio J. M. Peixoto
Keyword(s):  
Policy Making ◽  
Policy Design ◽  
Innovation Policy ◽  
Innovation Process ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Systems Of Innovation ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Public ◽  
Innovation Indicators ◽  
Rare Opportunity

Developments in nanotechnology have drawn the attention of governments, industry, academia and the public for their potential industrial benefits and their future trends within the innovation domain. The perception that nanotechnology promises important changes holds a rare opportunity to policy-making in its early stages. Understanding nanotechnology innovation process represents a crucial element for designing and implementing relevant, coherent and adequate innovation policy. This chapter proposes the development of an analytical framework to investigate nanotechnology paths. Results suggested that what has been generically labeled as ‘nanotechnology' actually comprises a set of different, but complementary, technologies that may be represented as particular ‘nanotechnological systems of innovation' to be used for analytical and policy designing purposes. The study attempts to contribute for the development of nanotechnology innovation indicators aiming to provide policy-makers with helpful data to support innovation policy design and foster nanotechnology development in Brazil.

scholarly journals Risk of Increased Acceptance for Organizational Nepotism and Cronyism during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Risks ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Ignatowski ◽  
Łukasz Sułkowski ◽  
Bartłomiej Stopczyński
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative Methods ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Social And Economic Development ◽  
The Times ◽  
The Impact

Nepotism and cronyism are forms of favoritism towards certain people in the workplace. For this reason, they constitute a problem for organization managers, ethicists and psychologists. Identifying the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the increase of nepotism and cronyism may provide a basis for organizations to assess their extent and to take possible measures to prevent their negative effects. At the same time, the research presented in the article may provide a basis for further research work related to nepotism and cronyism at the times of other threats, different from the pandemic. The aim of the article is to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on growing acceptance for nepotism and cronyism in Polish enterprises. Qualitative and quantitative methods have been included in the conducted research. Qualitative study aimed at improving knowledge of nepotism and cronyism and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on these phenomena, followed by a quantitative study conducted in order to verify the information obtained in the qualitative study. This research has demonstrated that Nepotism and cronyism in the workplace, are phenomenon that are basically evaluated negatively. They adversely influences social and economic development, but the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on nepotism and cronyism is not significant.

scholarly journals Exploring Impact of Surrounding Service Facilities on Urban Vibrancy Using Tencent Location-Aware Data: A Case of Guangzhou

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 444
Author(s):  
Xucai Zhang ◽  
Yeran Sun ◽  
Ting On Chan ◽  
Ying Huang ◽  
Anyao Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Information And Communications Technology ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Location Data ◽  
Point Of Interest ◽  
Quality Life ◽  
City Construction ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Urban vibrancy contributes towards a successful city and high-quality life for people as one of its vital elements. Therefore, the association between service facilities and vibrancy is crucial for urban managers to understand and improve city construction. Moreover, the rapid development of information and communications technology (ICT) allows researchers to easily and quickly collect a large volume of real-time data generated by people in daily life. In this study, against the background of emerging multi-source big data, we utilized Tencent location data as a proxy for 24-h vibrancy and adopted point-of-interest (POI) data to represent service facilities. An analysis framework integrated with ordinary least squares (OLS) and geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR) models is proposed to explore the spatiotemporal relationships between urban vibrancy and POI-based variables. Empirical results show that (1) spatiotemporal variations exist in the impact of service facilities on urban vibrancy across Guangzhou, China; and (2) GTWR models exhibit a higher degree of explanatory capacity on vibrancy than the OLS models. In addition, our results can assist urban planners to understand spatiotemporal patterns of urban vibrancy in a refined resolution, and to optimize the resource allocation and functional configuration of the city.

scholarly journals Do the Green Credit Guidelines Affect Corporate Green Technology Innovation? Empirical Research from China

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1682
Author(s):  
Min Hong ◽  
Zhenghui Li ◽  
Benjamin Drakeford
Keyword(s):  
Technology Innovation ◽  
Green Technology ◽  
Debt Financing ◽  
Financing Constraints ◽  
Difference Model ◽  
Financing Constraint ◽  
Important Means ◽  
Regulatory Commission ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Innovation Policies

Green technology innovation is regarded as an important means to achieve sustainable development. Countries all over the world mainly implement green technology innovation policies from the aspects of environmental regulation and financing constraints. The effect of financing constraint policy on enterprise green technology innovation remains to be investigated. Based on the event of “green credit guidelines” issued by China Banking Regulatory Commission in 2012, this paper collects the panel data of China’s 2825 listed companies from 2007 to 2018, constructs a difference-in-difference model, and studies the impact of green credit guidelines on corporate green technology innovation and its mechanism. The empirical results show: First, green credit guidelines can promote corporate green technology innovation on the whole. Second, the mechanism of green credit on enterprise green technology innovation is identified. Green credit guidelines mainly limited green technology innovation through reducing debt financing, rather than through financing constraints. Third, the impact of green credit guidelines on green technology innovation is heterogeneous. Green credit guidelines have a significant effect on the green technology innovation of state-owned and large enterprises, but have no effect on the green technology innovation of non-state-owned and small ones.

Les problèmes d'adaptation en Islam

1967 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 273-283
Author(s):  
Josef Dobretsberger
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Church And State ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Mass Society ◽  
Point Of Interest ◽  
Modern Thought ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
The Muslim Brotherhood ◽  
The Times

Profound changes in politics, the structure of internal affairs and culture during recent decades have led inside Islam to the problem of the "Aggiornamento" — the adjustment to a knowledge of the demands of the times and the adaptation and practice of religion in a new industrial milieu — in a way similar to what happened within the Catholic Church. The charismatic period of primitive Islam is recalled. In Egypt especially, which is the centre of efforts at reform, the connection between Socialism and Islam is a point of interest. Political factors (Colonialism) and matters of domestic economy did not result for Islam, as they frequently did for Christian Europe, in a conflict between the political demands of the working class and religious allegiances. One can speak of Islam as "system neutral". At the same time there is taking place, to use Bultmann's terminology, a "demythologising". The teachings of the Koran are explained in terms of modern thought and the traditional exposition of them is criticised. The old mysticism and asceticism still survive alongside this rationalism, together with the forms of their degeneration. A particular tendency is the close connection between Sufism and Pantheism observable today in Iraq and Persia. The Muslim Brotherhood can be held up as an example of a political offshoot of Sufism. The picture of Islam which the European has is even today stamped with prejudices dating back to the time of the Crusades, whereas Islam has in its favour, by reason of its recognition of the New Testament as valid revelation, a certain tolerance with regard to Christ which formerly was only broken with for purely political motives. Various problems of adjustment reveal themselves in situations of everyday life; co-education for men and women in schools, the form in which prayer shonld be performed — here one discerns even stronger resistance of Orthodoxy. But efforts will be made during the transitiou to a mass society to prevent the kind of friction and estrangement between Church and State which took place in 19th century Europe. Islam could, through adjustment to modern life, win a new missionary attractiveness, especially among the peoples of Central Africa.

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