The survival and resurrection of a “Bakema-experiment” in an Amsterdam garden city

2021 ◽  
pp. 36-41
Author(s):  
Tim Nagtegaal
Keyword(s):  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Great Success ◽  
Garden City ◽  
Open Society ◽  
Garden Cities ◽  
Human Scale ◽  
The 1950S

There is a hidden gem in the Amsterdam garden cities. Jaap Bakema was the founder of an experiment in the 1950s. A piece of “Rotterdam in Amsterdam.” Based on the philosophy of an open society and the human scale. Forty years after completion, there is a call for renewal. The architect’s heritage ends up on the demolition list. Due to the economic crisis, demolition has been postponed and there was time for reflection. The neighborhood seems to survive the test of time. The careful renewal proves to be a great success. This is a story about the resurrection of a Bakema experiment.

Garden Cities in Theory and Practice

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.R. Sennett
Keyword(s):  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Garden City ◽  
Garden Cities ◽  
Human Scale ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Commuting Distances

Garden cities sought to combine the best of town and country living to provide healthy vibrant communities on a human scale: affordable housing for all classes in tree-lined streets with well-tended gardens, jobs within easy commuting distances, integrated transport, all surrounded by a green belt to prevent urban sprawl. The first examples were built in England in the early years of the twentieth century but the idea soon caught on internationally, with garden cities being planned and built in the USA, Australia, Germany and Japan amongst countries. Alfred Sennett's little known classic work offers one of the most comprehensive accounts of garden cities. Its two volumes cover not only the history and idea of the garden city but are unique in their encycopaedic coverage of the practicalities of the garden city. Among the topics covered are transport, building materials, agriculture, self-cleansing streets, rolling roofs, as well as the sociological aspects. He draws comparisons with cities of the ancient world but also with cities in other countries.

Brazilian Garden Cities and Suburbs

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 276-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renato Leão Rego
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Physical Model ◽  
Garden City ◽  
New Towns ◽  
Garden Cities

This article discusses some adaptations of the garden-city concept in Brazil and reveals how a foreign physical model was conveniently matched to specific civic purposes. The layout of three planned new towns—Águas de São Pedro, Maringá, and Goiânia—and two garden suburbs (Jardim América and Jardim Shangri-lá) are analyzed along with their planners’ discourses and their representations in the contemporary local press. The analysis reveals that the garden-city concept was used as a path to modernity, a civilizing instrument, and a tool for real-estate venture by involving processes of representation and institutionalization which were different to those at their point of origin.

NATURE AND RESIDENTIAL ENVIRONMENT IN THE FIRST GARDEN CITIES IN GALICIA: “SALWATOR” IN KRAKOW AND “NOVYI SVIT” IN LVIV

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-252
Author(s):  
Tyrchyn B ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Analysis ◽  
Residential Environment ◽  
Comprehensive Approach ◽  
Town Planning ◽  
Garden City ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Garden Cities ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Historical Comparative

The article discloses the peculiarities of the nature and residential environment in the first garden cities in Galicia: “Salwator” in Krakow and “Novyi Svit” in Lviv. The topicality of the issue is predetermined by the need for supplementing and developing available scientific researches related to the study of the garden city concept as well as for analyzing profoundly and comparing the architectural and townplanning structures of the garden cities in Galicia at the early stages of their development. Both general scientific methods (historical, comparative, structural analysis), and special field observations have been used. This comprehensive approach has enabled us to point out the special features (planning, functional) of the garden cities as exemplified by Lviv and Krakow. It has been proven that the development of the architecture and town planning of the above cities in the early ХХth century corresponds to the general European trends, while the concept of garden cities was implemented in a fragmented way, that is in the form of gardens-on-the-outskirts.

The Yugoslav National Idea Under Socialism: What Happens When a Soft Nation-Building Project Is Abandoned?

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Tomaž Ivešić
Keyword(s):  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
Socialist System ◽  
Party Members ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Building Project ◽  
Party Congress

Abstract Following Stalin’s interpretations of the Lenin’s thesis on the merging of the nations, the Yugoslav communists first needed to “push” all nations to the same level of development. After the Tito-Stalin split in 1948, the soft Yugoslav nation-building project was accelerated. During the 1950s, national Yugoslavism was stimulated in a latent way through language, culture, censuses, and changes in the constitutional and socialist system. By the end of the 1950s, the Yugoslav socialist national idea reached its peak with the 1958 Party Congress. Nevertheless, with the economic crisis in the early 1960s, and the famous Ćosić-Pirjevec debate on Yugoslavism, the Yugoslav national idea declined. This was evident on the level of the personal, national identifications of the Party members, but also in the ideological shift of the Party’s chief ideologue Edvard Kardelj. Yet, the concept of Yugoslavism was redefined in the second half of the 1960s without ethnic or national connotations. Two Yugoslavisms were created: a socialist one propagated by the Party and a national one that lived among the population in small proportions. Although the Yugoslavs were never recognized as a nation, that did not stop them from publicly advocating for their national rights.

scholarly journals Garden Cities of the 21st Century: A Sustainable Path to Suburban Reform

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 181-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Vernet ◽  
Anne Coste
Keyword(s):  
Energy Transition ◽  
Gated Communities ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Garden City ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Garden Cities ◽  
Sectoral Approach ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Original Concept

The garden city is often presented as a low-density, unsustainable and space-consuming archetype of suburbanization (Duany, Roberts, & Tallen, 2014; Hall, 2014; Safdie & Kohn, 1997). It has been deliberately also misused by property developers for gated communities (Le Goix, 2003; Webster, 2001). But these projects have little in common with the original concept of garden cities. We argue that the original garden city, as a theory (Howard, 1898) and as experiments (Letchworth and Welwyn Garden Cities), is a precedent that can be used in a sustainable approach that addresses a range of issues and concerns, such as housing, governance, the economy, mobility, the community, agriculture, energy and health. The recent Wolfson Economics Prize (2014) and the many new garden cities and suburbs projects currently planned in the UK have demonstrated the resurgence of this model in the planning world, both in terms of theory and practice. In this paper, we explore its potential in the light of environmental challenges. We therefore suggest that as a model, it can in particular underpin the evolution of suburbs in an era of energy transition, since these areas require an ecosystemic rather than sectoral approach to design.

A New Civic Spirit for Garden City-states

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 320-344
Author(s):  
Matthew Wilson
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Social Reform ◽  
Design Theory ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Garden City ◽  
John Ruskin ◽  
World War ◽  
Garden Cities ◽  
Auguste Comte ◽  
City States

Sybella Gurney (1870–1926) made important and largely unrecognized contributions to British community design theory and practice. This essay begins with an exploration of her youthful social reform activities and academic influences including Leonard Hobhouse, John Ruskin, Auguste Comte, Frederic Le Play, John Stuart Mill, and Ebenezer Howard. These foundational pursuits inspired her to become an ardent cooperator affiliated with the Garden Cities movement and to serve as a sociologist seeking to kindle a “new civic spirit” for post -World War I reconstruction. Gurney, as part of an idealistic circle of thinkers which included Patrick Geddes, considered sociology as a means to realize complete Garden City-states based upon scientific, ethical, and participatory principles.

PRINCIPLES AND STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE GARDEN CITY CONCEPT: AN ARCHITECTURAL ASPECT

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-117
Author(s):  
Tyrchyn B ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
New Urbanism ◽  
Garden City ◽  
Semantic Meaning ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Architectural Space ◽  
Garden Cities ◽  
New Phenomena

The article highlights the semantic meaning of the term "garden city", the formation of the garden city concept and its spread in the global architectural space. The question of the influence of the idea of a garden city on the incipience of new phenomena in architecture and urban planning, in particular, the New Urbanism movement, is revealed. Examples of the implemented garden cities outline the factors that can ensure a balance between the nature of the environment and the high urban loads that are characteristic of the present time. The relevance of the topic is determined by the need to systematize the available factual and analytical materials for further popularization of the principles, which were established in the garden city concept

scholarly journals Traces of Social Sustainability in Garden Cities- Karlsruhe as a Case Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 250
Author(s):  
Mahsa Bagheri
Keyword(s):  
User Satisfaction ◽  
Social Sustainability ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Garden City ◽  
Sustainable Communities ◽  
Garden Cities ◽  
Sustainable Urbanism ◽  
Level Of Satisfaction ◽  
Significant Measure ◽  
High Level

Discussions about sustainable communities as a significant measure in social sustainability began in the 2000s. Sustainable communities are defined as places in which existing and future generations would like to work and live. They contribute to the well-being and quality of life and offer equal opportunities to their residents. The definitions are similar to the objectives of one of the most influential movements in the history of urban planning: the Garden City. The principles of the Garden City are applicable to new and existing towns and its concept has been adopted in different contexts until today. Therefore, many lessons can be learnt regarding sustainable urbanism by studying social sustainability in this type of urban settlement. As a first step towards this aim, this paper studies the experience of living in the Garden City of Karlsruhe today. A survey was conducted among the current inhabitants. The study shows a high level of satisfaction and the tendency for a long residency in the Garden City because of the reasons like ample greenery, central location, and quietness of the settlement. The results will be used as the first dataset for developing a framework for urban social sustainability in the Garden Cities.  Keywords: sustainable urbanism, social sustainability, sustainable communities, user satisfaction, Garden Cities

scholarly journals Jorge Oteiza’s ‘de-occupation’: towards an ascetic space in Spanish modern architecture (1948–60)

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 343-352
Author(s):  
Lucía C. Pérez-Moreno ◽  
Emma López-Bahut
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Reference Point ◽  
Modern Architecture ◽  
San Sebastian ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Artistic Career ◽  
Art And Architecture

The work and thought of the Basque sculptor Jorge Oteiza (b. Orio, 1908 – d. San Sebastian, 2003) is an omnipresent reference point in the historiography of modern Spanish architecture. Since the Jorge Oteiza Museum Foundation was opened shortly after his death, a great number of studies have been published about him, mainly in Spanish and Basque. Oteiza’s artistic career was closely connected to the postwar Spanish architectural scene. During the 1950s, he participated in numerous projects and architecture competitions and published his work in specialised journals and magazines in the field. Spain was at that time under the regime of General Franco and, as a consequence of the Civil War (1936–9), the country was suffering an economic crisis that affected culture, art, and architecture.

LIVEABILITY IN A GARDEN CITY – A CASE STUDY OF PODKOWA LEŚNA (POLAND)

2015 ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Edīta Barucka
Keyword(s):  
Public Spaces ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Garden City ◽  
Open Spaces ◽  
Community Values ◽  
Garden Cities ◽  
Sustainable Planning ◽  
City Model ◽  
The Town

<p>The first garden cities in the early 20th century were designed to provide a wholesome alternative to increasingly congested cities. They were characterised by low-density building amongst generous verdure, the presence of open public spaces, and of cultural and educational institutions. Interestingly, the goals and priorities of the Garden City Movement presaged much of the agenda of contemporary sustainable planning. This article sets out to highlight the ecological and social potential of the garden city model and to assess its relevance for current debates on liveability through a case study of Podkowa Leśna in Poland. The argument draws considerably on the analysis of reports issued by the municipal council of Podkowa Leśna and the Town and Country Planning Association in Britain. One of the main issues addressed concerns the heritage of green and open spaces and the legacy of community values in historical garden cities.</p>

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