scholarly journals EMPLOYMENT AS ONE OF KAZAKHSTAN'S SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC POLICY TOOLS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
С.К. Кунязова ◽  
Е.К. Кунязов ◽  
М.К. Каримбергенова ◽  
А.С. Кадырова ◽  
S. Kunyazova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
The State ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Regional Labor Markets ◽  
Regional Labor ◽  
The Status ◽  
State Employment ◽  
Permanent Work

В статье отмечается, что в Казахстане за последний период наблюдается снижение занятости населения при одновременном повышении уровня безработицы. Формирование новых реальностей в области занятости заставляет по-новому рассматривать расстановку сил между рынком и государством, работником и работодателем. В связи с этим актуализируется вопрос выбора инструментов социально- экономической политики, ориентированной на стимулирование занятости в Казахстане. Проведен анализ основных индикаторов рынка труда Казахстана, рассмотрена структура наемных работников по статусу занятости за последние годы, удельный вес распределения занятого населения по видам экономической деятельности, уровень оплаты труда на предприятиях и организациях, занимающихся предпринимательской деятельностью. Авторы отмечают, что основным направлением в области занятости населения является обеспечение внутренней и внешней конкурентоспособности малого и среднего бизнеса. Изучение динамики процесса региональных рынков труда, выявление основных причин незащищенной занятости и выявление существующих преград перехода на постоянную работу, усиление функций службы занятости должны стать основными задачами государственных органов занятости. Для развития данной сферы государство должно продолжить создавать конкурентоспособную среду, распространение необходимых знаний, усиление работы профсоюзов и улучшение механизмов диалога с частным сектором. The article notes that in Kazakhstan over the last period there has been a decrease in employment of the population, while the level of unemployment has increased. The formation of new realities in the field of employment forces us to consider in a new way the balance of power between the market and the state, the worker and the employer. In this regard, the issue of choosing instruments of socio-economic policy focused on stimulating employment in Kazakhstan is becoming topical. The analysis of the main indicators of the labor market in Kazakhstan is carried out, the structure of hired workers by the status of employment in recent years, the proportion of the distribution of the employed population by types of economic activity, the level of remuneration at enterprises and organizations engaged in entrepreneurial activity. The authors note that the main direction in the field of employment is to ensure the internal and external competitiveness of small and medium-sized businesses. Studying the dynamics of the process of regional labor markets, identifying the main causes of insecure employment and identifying existing barriers to the transition to permanent work, strengthening the functions of the employment service should become the main tasks of state employment agencies. To develop this area, the state must continue to create a competitive environment, disseminate the necessary knowledge, strengthen the work of trade unions and improve mechanisms for dialogue with the private sector.

Mercantilism Revisited

1980 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 773-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Coleman
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Economic Policy ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Extreme Case ◽  
Economic Thought ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Situation ◽  
The Status

The intention of this paper is to look at some of the problems which arise in attempts to provide ‘explanations’ of mercantilism and especially its English manifestations. By ‘explanations’ I mean the efforts which some writers have made causally to relate the historical appearance of sets of economic notions or general recommendations on economic policy or even acts of economic policy by the state to particular long-term phenomena of, or trends in, economic history. Historians of economic thought have not generally made such attempts. With a few exceptions they have normally concerned themselves with tracing and analysing the contributions to economic theory made by those labelled as mercantilists. The most extreme case of non-explanation is provided by Eli Heckscher's reiterated contention in his two massive volumes that mercantilism was not to be explained by reference to the economic circumstances of the time; mercantilist policy was not to be seen as ‘the outcome of the economic situation’; mercantilist writers did not construct their system ‘out of any knowledge of reality however derived’. So strongly held an antideterminist fortress, however congenial a haven for some historians of ideas, has given no comfort to other historians – economic or political, Marxist or non-Marxist – who obstinately exhibit empiricist tendencies. Some forays against the fortress have been made. Barry Supple's analysis of English commerce in the early seventeenth century and the resulting presentation of mercantilist thought and policy as ‘the economics of depression’ has passed into the textbooks and achieved the status of an orthodoxy.

scholarly journals ON QUESTION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF EQUITY IN THE ENFORCEMENT OF MONETARY OBLIGATIONS

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2(14)) ◽  
pp. 99-102
Author(s):  
Halyna Volodymyrivna Zadorozhnia ◽  
Yurij Anatoliyovych Zadorozhnyi ◽  
Ruslana Оlexandrivna Kotsiuba
Keyword(s):  
Research Study ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Target Setting ◽  
The Status ◽  
Legislative Proposals ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Legislative Changes ◽  
The Individual

Urgency of the research. Study of the problem of implementation of monetary obligations in the field of banking relations is determined by violation of the principle of equity in relation to individuals. Target setting. The state has actually removed from the regulation of credit relations in the field of ensuring the fulfilment of monetary obligations that arise between the individual and the bank. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. Many modern scientists (I. Bezklubyi, T. Bodnar, A. Dzera, A. Kolodiy, V. Lutz, I. Opadchiy and others) studied the institution of the fulfilment of monetary obligations. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. Behind attention of scientists was left the issue of protecting the rights of individuals who have monetary obligations to the bank and do not have the status of the subject of entrepreneurial activity. The research objective. The purpose of the article is to develop legislative proposals taking into account international and foreign practice in the aspect of protecting the rights of individuals who have monetary obligations to the bank. The statement of basic materials. Specifics of legal regulation of contractual relations is determined between banks and recipients of funds in the aspect of liability for late fulfilment of monetary obligations, propositions to the legislation were substantiated. Conclusions. It is offered to solve the problem of violation of the principle of fairness in the aspect of fulfilment of monetary obligations in the field of banking relations through legislative changes.

scholarly journals Regional unemployment and state employment regulation

2021 ◽  
pp. 28-32
Author(s):  
S. S. Tleuberdiyeva ◽  
R. S. Mussina ◽  
A. B. Moldasheva ◽  
G. S. Kodasheva
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Workplace Safety ◽  
Temporary Employment ◽  
The State ◽  
Employment Policy ◽  
Regional Labor Market ◽  
Regional Labor ◽  
State Employment ◽  
Working Day ◽  
New Jobs

The purpose of the article is to study a unique and planned sphere of life of social and economic society in the regional labor market. As it also covers the market of workforce directly connected to production, the concepts unemployment and workplace safety are important. The loss of work means low quality of life and the instability of the economy for many people. Employment determines the content of important aspects of social development to meet the needs of people in the labor market. The article emphasizes that the main policy of the state in regulating the labor market is the implementation of an employment policy for the entire population that preserves the natural level of employment, does not allow the emergence of cyclical employment, the formation of a “flexible market” that quickly adapts to internal and external changes, allowing to maintain stability and management. This compared to the traditional market creates conditions for flexible employee management in conditions of incomplete working day, temporary employment, replacement. On this flexible market, every citizen, looking for work, is obliged to find a workplace that meets its requests. In the labor market, public policy goes in two directions. Active training and retraining in order to create new jobs, ensuring employment and deliverance from unemployment. This can include events implemented in the framework of programs in our country. Passive is support for unoccupied citizens by providing social benefits. The main methods applied by the state in providing regional employment include stimulating investment in the economy, depending on the specifics of each region, which is the main condition for creating new jobs.

scholarly journals DEMAND AND SUPPLY OF TEACHERS IN THE OFFICIAL LABOR MARKET OF UKRAINE

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-34
Author(s):  
Sergii Melnyk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Supply And Demand ◽  
The State ◽  
Educational Services ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Regional Labor ◽  
State Employment ◽  
Relevant Field ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
Staffing Needs

The article reveals the results of the author’s research aimed at determining the need for teachers in the official and regional labor markets. In the current context, this issue is highly relevant and in demand, and it is a key component in ensuring the quality of education services and the effective use of resources from different levels of budgets. The calculations were based on official statistics of the State Statistics Service, the State Employment Service and regional (Kyiv city) employment centers. Information obtained over the last 3 years on the supply and demand of teachers in terms of regions, positions, pedagogical specialties and educational degrees (educational and qualification level of Junior Specialist) was used to calculate the relevant forecast staffing needs. The basis for forecasting work was the author’s methodological approaches to determining the need for specialists in specialties. The general conclusion based on the results of the conducted research is that in today’s conditions approximately 80,0 % of graduates of the relevant field do not «reach» the profile vacancies. This situation is due to financial (low wages, lack of significant social packages and preferences, etc.), general (outflow of youth abroad, etc.), and moral and ethical (difficult working conditions of teachers, falling prestige of work as teachers and educators, etc.) factors. In addition, considering the dynamic changes associated with the reform of the provision of educational services both in Ukraine and abroad, urgent changes and additions to the National Classifier of Ukraine DK 003 «Classifier of Professions» are required. This is primarily due to the obsolescence of many pedagogical positions, their dispersion and artificial underestimation of the requirements for educational degrees, especially concerning the educational and qualification level of a Junior Specialist. In-depth research and opinion polls of a wide range of respondents are required for a more detailed analysis of the reasons for the refusal of graduate teachers from further activities to provide educational services.

scholarly journals Improving the mechanism of implementation of effective employment policies at the regional level

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-11
Author(s):  
Z. Arynova ◽  
S. Kaissarimova
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
The State ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
General Level ◽  
Constitutional Rights ◽  
Employment Policy ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Free Disposal ◽  
State Employment ◽  
The Republic

State employment policy is the expression of the constitutional rights of citizens of a social state to the free use of their abilities for entrepreneurial and other economic activities, including the free disposal of their abilities to work and the choice of activities. The formation of a socially oriented market economy requires an interconnected active socio-economic policy not only at the republican, but also at the regional levels. The merit of many regional administrations was that, to the best of their abilities and because of their special proximity to the population and enterprises, they tried to reduce the negative social consequences of crisis phenomena in the economy. The article discusses the main directions of implementation of the state policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the field of employment promotion. The article also discusses the problematic aspects of the implementation of this policy and made recommendations for improving the state economic policy in the context of increasing the general level of employment and fighting unemployment.

The Institutional Foundations of Prosperity

2019 ◽  
pp. 108-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federica Carugati
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Market Incentives ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status ◽  
Social War ◽  
Institutional Foundations

This chapter shows that the available evidence for fiscal and economic policy is consistent with the model's predictions. It emphasizes that fiscal and economic policy reflects growth-enhancing, innovative departures from the status quo, but departures crafted with an eye to preserving the balance of power among domestic actors. Throughout the fourth century, the Athenians sought to regulate the burden of taxation on the elite. But regulating elite taxation made it even harder for the state to generate revenues in a post-imperial era. In the first half of the century, the Athenians sought to extract rents from abroad while developing market incentives at home. After the defeat in the Social War from 357 to 355 ruled out the coercion option, the Athenians sought to intensify the exploitation of domestic natural resources, most notably the harbor of Piraeus and the Laurion silver mines. But in order to intensify the exploitation of Piraeus and Laurion, the polis had to provide incentives to those actors that were primarily involved in such exploitation. As a result, forms of access to social, legal, and economic institutions were extended to selected categories of noncitizens.

scholarly journals Strategic priorities of entrepreneurship development in Ukraine

2018 ◽  
pp. 122-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Khaietska
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Business Development ◽  
The State ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Competitive Environment ◽  
Innovation Activity ◽  
Entrepreneurship Development ◽  
Business Entities ◽  
Large Enterprises

The features of entrepreneurship functioning in Ukraine are investigated, the main problems of enterprises functioning are outlined in the article. It is noted that entrepreneurship is the driving force of the economy, since the efficiency of the enterprises operation directly affects economic development and some life of the population. The problems of domestic business development are presented, a number of measures were proposed that would create a favorable competitive environment for business development in Ukraine. It is stated that the development and expansion of small and medium-sized businesses is one of the priorities of the state economic policy in Ukraine. The main goals of Ukrainian economic policy are the achievement of economic growth, raising the standard of population living, full employment, course stability of the national currency, achievement of foreign economic equilibrium, etc. Achievement of these goals is primarily connected with the prospects of domestic business development. The main features of entrepreneurship are described as indicating that entrepreneurship not only creates a competitive environment, but also contributes to the efficient allocation of resources, the development of scientific and technological progress and changes in the management system. The analysis of statistical data on the number of business entities during 2010-2017 is carried out in parallel with the structural analysis by types of economic activity by individual industries. The general features that are inherent in the national economy are determined, the value of the relative change in the number of economic entities is regarded. It is indicated on the problem of small business development in Ukraine, with its much more effective raise in developed countries. It is also noted that the number of large enterprises in recent years has been decreasing, which is due to the general economic crisis and in connection with the military events in eastern Ukraine, where large enterprises were mainly engaged in their business activities. Focused attention to the problems that impede the development of domestic business entrepreneurship of the regulatory imperfection and legal regulation; unregulated lending to small and medium businesses; lack of financial support from the state; unequal conditions for the management of small and large enterprises; reduction of consumer demand, aggravation of problems in the banking sector has been done. The main tendencies of entrepreneurship development in Ukraine are outlined, among which one can distinguish: provision of state support to small and medium enterprises engaged in investment, innovation and scientific and technical activities; the number limitation of permit documents and simplification of the opening procedures of enterprises; improvement of tax, statistical reporting, reduction of tax pressure on the economy; ensuring a high level of innovation activity of domestic enterprises, reducing pressure from the controlling bodies, countering corruption and a number of other measures. In Ukraine, at the present stage, there are many problems hindering the development of domestic business, the solution of which will increase the efficiency of entrepreneurial activity, will ensure the expansion of the business sector and reduce the share of the shadow sector. In the study of the peculiarities of entrepreneurship development in Ukraine, it was discovered that entrepreneurial activity is multifaceted in its content; it mobilizes active people capable, makes them constantly search for new ways of combining available resources to produce higher quality products at lower costs, while trying to maximize their own profits – get higher profits. Key words: entrepreneurship, competitiveness, business entities, small enterprises, medium-sized enterprises, large enterprises.

Russian Protectionism: Problems of Institutional Heritage

2012 ◽  
pp. 96-114
Author(s):  
L. Tsedilin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
The State ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
State Monopoly ◽  
The Times ◽  
Soviet Experience

The article analyzes the pre-revolutionary and the Soviet experience of the protectionist policies. Special attention is paid to the external economic policy during the times of NEP (New Economic Policy), socialist industrialization and the years of 1970-1980s. The results of the state monopoly on foreign trade and currency transactions in the Soviet Union are summarized; the economic integration in the frames of Comecon is assessed.

OPERATIONAL STATE OF BRIDGES OF UKRAINE

2019 ◽  
pp. 57-68
Author(s):  
Larysa Bodnar ◽  
Petro Koval ◽  
Sergii Stepanov ◽  
Liudmyla Panibratets
Keyword(s):  
Management System ◽  
The State ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Bridge Management ◽  
Bridge Management System ◽  
Program Complex ◽  
Operating Condition ◽  
Software Complex ◽  
Automatic Mode ◽  
The Status

A significant part of Ukrainian bridges on public roads is operated for more than 30 years (94 %). At the same time, the traffic volume and the weight of vehicles has increased significantly. Insufficient level of bridges maintenance funding leads to the deterioration of their technical state. The ways to ensure reliable and safe operation of bridges are considered. The procedure for determining the predicted operational status of the elements and the bridge in general, which has a scientific novelty, is proposed. In the software complex, Analytical Expert Bridges Management System (AESUM), is a function that allows tracking the changes in the operational status of bridges both in Ukraine and in each region separately. The given algorithm of the procedure for determining the predicted state of the bridge using a degradation model is described using the Nassie-Schneidermann diagram. The model of the degradation of the bridge performance which is adopted in Ukraine as a normative one, and the algorithm for its adaptation to the AESUM program complex with the function to ensure the probabilistic predicted operating condition of the bridges in the automatic mode is presented. This makes it possible, even in case of unsatisfactory performance of surveys, to have the predicted lifetime of bridges at the required time. For each bridge element it is possible to determine the residual time of operation that will allow predict the state of the elements of the structure for a certain period of time in the future. Significant interest for specialists calls for the approaches to the development of orientated perspective plans for bridge inspection and monitoring of changes in the operational status of bridges for 2009-2018 in Ukraine. For the analysis of the state of the bridge economy, the information is available on the distribution of bridges by operating state related to the administrative significance of roads, by road categories and by materials of the structures. Determining the operating state of the bridge is an important condition for making the qualified decisions as regards its maintenance. The Analytical Expert Bridges Management System (AESUM) which is implemented in Ukraine, stores the data on the monitoring the status of bridges and performs the necessary procedures to maintain them in a reliable and safe operating condition. An important result of the work is the ability to determine the distribution of bridges on the public roads of Ukraine, according to operating conditions established in the program complex of AESUM, which is presented in accordance with the data of the current year. In conditions of limited funding and in case of unsatisfactory performance of surveys, it is possible to make the reasonable management decisions regarding the repair and the reconstruction of bridges. Keywords: bridge management system, operating condition, predicted operating condition, model of degradation, bridge survey plan, highway bridge.

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