EMPLOYMENT AS ONE OF KAZAKHSTAN'S SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC POLICY TOOLS

В статье отмечается, что в Казахстане за последний период наблюдается снижение занятости населения при одновременном повышении уровня безработицы. Формирование новых реальностей в области занятости заставляет по-новому рассматривать расстановку сил между рынком и государством, работником и работодателем. В связи с этим актуализируется вопрос выбора инструментов социально- экономической политики, ориентированной на стимулирование занятости в Казахстане. Проведен анализ основных индикаторов рынка труда Казахстана, рассмотрена структура наемных работников по статусу занятости за последние годы, удельный вес распределения занятого населения по видам экономической деятельности, уровень оплаты труда на предприятиях и организациях, занимающихся предпринимательской деятельностью. Авторы отмечают, что основным направлением в области занятости населения является обеспечение внутренней и внешней конкурентоспособности малого и среднего бизнеса. Изучение динамики процесса региональных рынков труда, выявление основных причин незащищенной занятости и выявление существующих преград перехода на постоянную работу, усиление функций службы занятости должны стать основными задачами государственных органов занятости. Для развития данной сферы государство должно продолжить создавать конкурентоспособную среду, распространение необходимых знаний, усиление работы профсоюзов и улучшение механизмов диалога с частным сектором. The article notes that in Kazakhstan over the last period there has been a decrease in employment of the population, while the level of unemployment has increased. The formation of new realities in the field of employment forces us to consider in a new way the balance of power between the market and the state, the worker and the employer. In this regard, the issue of choosing instruments of socio-economic policy focused on stimulating employment in Kazakhstan is becoming topical. The analysis of the main indicators of the labor market in Kazakhstan is carried out, the structure of hired workers by the status of employment in recent years, the proportion of the distribution of the employed population by types of economic activity, the level of remuneration at enterprises and organizations engaged in entrepreneurial activity. The authors note that the main direction in the field of employment is to ensure the internal and external competitiveness of small and medium-sized businesses. Studying the dynamics of the process of regional labor markets, identifying the main causes of insecure employment and identifying existing barriers to the transition to permanent work, strengthening the functions of the employment service should become the main tasks of state employment agencies. To develop this area, the state must continue to create a competitive environment, disseminate the necessary knowledge, strengthen the work of trade unions and improve mechanisms for dialogue with the private sector.

Self-Reported Prognosis of Employability as an Indicator of Need for Rehabilitation: A Cohort Study in People with Back Pain

Purpose Rehabilitation is a key strategy to enable people with disabilities or chronic diseases to participate in society and employment. In Germany, the approval of rehabilitation services is linked to personal requirements, including significantly compromised work ability due to illness. The subjective prognosis of employability (SPE) is a brief 3-item scale. The total score assesses the self-rated risk of permanent work disability and was therefore proposed to be an indicator to operationalize the requirements to determine the need for a medical rehabilitation measure. This cohort study examined whether rehabilitation and disability pensions can be predicted by the SPE in employees with back pain. Moreover, the study tested the applicability of the SPE regarding interrupted employment. Methods Employees aged 45 to 59 years who reported back pain in the last three months completed the SPE in 2017. The total score ranges from 0 to 3 points, with higher values indicating a higher risk of permanent work disability. Data on rehabilitation, disability pensions, and interrupted employment were extracted from administrative records covering the period until the end of 2018. Proportional hazard and logistic regression models were fitted. Results Data of 6,742 participants were included (mean age: 52.3 years; 57.8% women). Maximum follow-up was 21 months. Of the participants, 38.8, 33.6, 21.4, and 6.2% had an SPE score of 0, 1, 2, and 3 points, respectively. During follow-up, 535 individuals were approved for a rehabilitation measure and 49 individuals for a disability pension. Fully adjusted analyses showed an increased risk of a rehabilitation in employees with an SPE score of 3 points (HR=2.20; 95% CI 1.55; 3.11) and 2 points (HR=1.76; 95% CI 1.33; 2.31) compared to employees with an SPE score of 0 points. The risk of a disability pension (HR=13.60; 95% CI 4.56; 40.57) and the odds of interrupted employment (OR=2.58; 95% CI 1.72; 3.86) were also significantly increased for those with an SPE score of 3 points. Conclusions The brief SPE is an appropriate tool to identify individuals reporting back pain at risk of rehabilitation, poor work participation outcomes, and permanent work disability.

Arbeidsinnkludering som en vei til varig arbeidslivstilknytning og et verdig voksenliv: Hvordan metoder for arbeidsinnkludering kan brukes i opplæringen av lærekandidater

The labour market in many European countries is changing and for many young people it leads to challenges in gaining a lasting connection to working life. School dropout and deficiencies in their education lead to challenges for many young people on the road to adulthood. Students who find it difficult to complete a vocational education in upper secondary school, now have the opportunity to be training candidates in a practically oriented education with a limited number of competence goals. Work inclusion means that the individual's ability to work will be examined in various ways to increase the possibility of permanent work. However, work inclusion is a complex phenomenon, where several actors may be involved and where the goals and progress plan will vary. This is costly and stressful for both the individual and the society. Working life is a central learning arena within upper secondary education, and there will be a need to facilitate participation in this arena also for students with a need for adapted education.

Risk of a permanent work-related disability pension after incident venous thromboembolism in Denmark: A population-based cohort study

Background Long-term complications of venous thromboembolism (VTE) hamper physical function and impair quality of life; still, it remains unclear whether VTE is associated with risk of permanent work-related disability. We aimed to assess the association between VTE and the risk of receiving a permanent work-related disability pension and to assess whether this association was explained by comorbidities such as cancer and arterial cardiovascular disease. Methods and findings A Danish nationwide population-based cohort study consisting of 43,769 individuals aged 25 to 66 years with incident VTE during 1995 to 2016 and 218,845 birth year-, sex-, and calendar year-matched individuals from the general population, among whom 45.9% (N = 120,540) were women, was established using Danish national registries. The cohorts were followed throughout 2016, with permanent work-related disability pension as the outcome. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for disability pension were computed and stratified by sex and age groups (25 to 34, 35 to 44, 45 to 54, and 55 to 66 years of age) and adjusted for comorbidities and socioeconomic variables. Permanent work-related disability pensions were granted to 4,415 individuals with VTE and 9,237 comparison cohort members (incidence rates = 17.8 and 6.2 per 1,000 person-years, respectively). VTE was associated with a 3-fold (HR 3.0, 95% CI: 2.8 to 3.1) higher risk of receiving a disability pension. Adjustments for socioeconomic status and comorbidities such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases reduced the estimate (HR 2.3, 95% CI: 2.2 to 2.4). The risk of disability pension receipt was slightly higher in men than in women (HR 2.5, 95% CI: 2.3 to 2.6 versus HR 2.1, 95% CI: 2.0 to 2.3). As this study is based on medical and administrative registers, information on post-VTE care, individual health behavior, and workplace factors linked to disability pension in the general population are lacking. Furthermore, as disability pension schemes vary, our results might not be directly generalizable to other countries or time periods. Conclusions In this study, incident VTE was associated with increased risk of subsequent permanent work-related disability, and this association was still observed after accounting for comorbidities such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Our results emphasize the social consequences of VTE and may help occupational and healthcare professionals to identify vulnerable individuals at risk of permanent exclusion from the labor market after a VTE event.

Kedudukan Pejabat Sementara Notaris dalam Hal Notaris Diberhentikan Sementara dari Jabatannya

The purpose of this writing is to determine the ratio legis for the position of Temporary Notary Officer in the event that the Notary is temporarily suspended from his/her position and to understand the reformulation of the regulation of the position of the Notary's Temporary Officer in the event that the Notary is temporarily suspended from his/her position. The research method used is the normative research method, which departs from the absence of norm on the regulation of the position of Temporary Notary Officer in order to carry out the position of a temporarily suspended Notary as stipulated in Article 1 point 2 of the UUJN-Amendment, with a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. The technique of collecting legal material is in the form of card system technique and legal material analysis technique in the form of descriptive technique and construction technique. The research findings are as follows: Ratio Legis for the position of a Notary's Temporary Officer in the event that a Notary is temporarily suspended from his/her position is to maintain the continuity of the Notary's position, even though the Notary (official) cannot carry out his/her duties for a while because of being temporarily suspended, but persist because it is a permanent work sector. Regulatory reformulation of the position of Temporary Notary Officer in the event that the Notary is temporarily suspended from office is by establishing a norm that revises the norm of Article 1 point 2 UUJN-Amendment. Abstrak Tujuan penulisan ini adalah untuk mengetahui ratio legis kedudukan Pejabat Sementara Notaris dalam hal Notaris diberhentikan sementara dari jabatannya dan memahami reformulasi pengatuan atas kedudukan Pejabat Sementara Notaris dalam hal Notaris diberhentikan sementara dari jabatannya. Metode penelitian yang dipergunakan yaitu metode penelitian normatif, yang beranjak dari kekosongan norma atas pengaturan kedudukan Pejabat Sementara Notaris guna menjalankan jabatan Notaris yang diberhentikan sementara sebagaimana ditentukan dalam Pasal 1 angka 2 UUJN-Perubahan, dengan jenis pendekatan perundang-undangan serta pendekatan konseptual. Teknik pengumpulan bahan hukum berupa teknik sistem kartu dan teknik analisisa bahan hukum berupa teknik deskriptif dan teknik konstruksi. Adapun temuan penelitian adalah sebagai berikut: Ratio legis kedudukan Pejabat Sementara Notaris dalam hal Notaris diberhentikan sementara dari jabatannya adalah untuk mempertahankan keberlangsungan jabatan Notaris itu sendiri, meskipun Notaris (pejabat) tidak dapat melaksanakan tugas jabatannya untuk sementara waktu karena diberhentikan sementara, namun jabatan Notaris harus tetap ada karena merupakan lingkungan pekerjaan tetap. Reformulasi pengaturan atas kedudukan Pejabat Sementara Notaris dalam hal Notaris diberhentikan sementara dari jabatannya adalah dengan pembentukan norma yang merevisi norma Pasal 1 angka 2 UUJN-Perubahan.

Precariat: Behavior of the Social Class During the Crisis

In the article analyzed the role of the precariat (people with non-standard or informal employment, temporary or non-permanent work) in modern European society as a new social class of the post-industrial period. Stated that socio-economic and political crises, including the coronavirus pandemic, allow us to see the development trends of the precariat (it’s formation as more monolite class), as well as the conditions under which its representatives become politically active and, moreover, have a decisive influence on the development of a particular society and state. It is noted that the effectiveness of the performance of the precariat in the public space largely depends on the extent to which its interests coincide with the expectations of the rest of the employed population (mainly the working class that could became precariat time to time). The article uses the methods of sociological research (Eurostat surveys etc.), comparative analysis, as well as a political science approach for the scrutiny of the precarious employment.

Evaluating the Impact of Intensive Case Management for Severe Vocational Injuries on Work Incapacity and Costs

Purpose This study investigates the impact of an intensive case management program on sick leave days, permanent work incapacity levels and treatment costs for severe vocational injuries set up by the French National Insurance Fund in five health insurance districts. Methods The method employed relies on a four-step matching procedure combining Coarsened Exact Matching and Propensity Score Matching, based on an original administrative dataset. Average Treatment effects on the Treated were estimated using a parametric model with a large set of covariates. Results After one-year follow-up, workers in the treatment group had higher sickness absence rates, with 22 extra days, and the program led to 2.7 (95% CI 2.3–3.1) times more diagnoses of permanent work incapacity in the treatment group. With an estimated yearly operational cost of 2,722 € per treated worker, the average total extra treatment cost was 4,569 € for treated workers, which corresponds to a cost increase of 29.2% for the insurance fund. Conclusions The higher costs found for the treatment group are mainly due to longer sick leave duration for the moderate severity group, implying higher cash transfers in the form of one-off indemnities. Even though workers in the treated group have more diagnoses of permanent work incapacity, the difference of severity between groups is small. Our results on longer sick leave duration are partly to be explained by interactions between the case managers and the occupational physicians that encouraged patients to stay longer off-work for better recovery, despite the higher costs that this represented for the insurance fund and the well-documented adverse side effects of longer periods off-work.