scholarly journals MODIFICATION OF THE RECOVERED LOW- GRADE FAT TO FORMULATE ECO-FRIENDLY LUBRICANT GREASE

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-74
Author(s):  
M. A. HABIB
Keyword(s):  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Base Oil ◽  
Animal Fat ◽  
Acceptable Quality ◽  
Lithium Soap ◽  
Ideal Composition ◽  
Iodine Values ◽  
The Ideal

This study presents utilization of the inedible by-product fat of the municipal massacres to formulate bio-based lubricant grease. Inedible animal fat of acceptable quality has been recovered through the wet rendering process. The recovered fat was sterilized and bleached using 200 ppm chlorine dioxide solutions. The acceptable saponification and iodine values of the fat emphasize that it can be used in the chemical industry as an oleochemical resource. The fat was fractionalized into two fractions; stearic and oleic. The lithium soap of the stearic fraction was employed as a thickener and the oleic fraction has been adapted for use as base oil, depending on its proportion of combination compared to the thickener. It was found that the ideal composition of the formulated bio-grease is 15-20 % thickener to 85-80 % base oil. The performance testing shows that the formulated grease has NGLI ranges between 2- 3. The grease can be utilized as a lubricant agent in machinery and gears with an acceptable lubricating performance.

Compatibility of Ionic Liquid With Glycerol Monooleate and Molybdenum Dithiocarbamate as Additives in Bio-Based Lubricant

2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Z. Syahir ◽  
M. H. Harith ◽  
N. W. M. Zulkifli ◽  
H. H. Masjuki ◽  
M. A. Kalam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Antiwear Additives ◽  
Box Behnken Design ◽  
Base Oil ◽  
Order Polynomial ◽  
Ideal Composition ◽  
Worn Surface ◽  
Glycerol Monooleate ◽  
Rsm Technique ◽  
The Ideal

Abstract This study reports the tribological characteristics of trimethylolpropane trioleate (TMPTO) additivated with antifriction and antiwear additives, which are ionic liquid (IL), glycerol monooleate (GMO), and molybdenum dithiocarbamate (MoDTC). In addition, to obtain the ideal composition that results in the minimal coefficient of friction (COF), optimization tool was employed using response surface methodology (RSM) technique with the Box–Behnken design. The IL used in this study was a phosphorus-type IL, namely trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) phosphinate, [P14,6,6,6][TMPP]. The resulting COF and worn surface morphology were investigated using high-frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR) tribotester and scanning electron microscope with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), respectively. From the experimental results, a second-order polynomial mathematical model was constructed and able to statistically predict the resulting COF. The optimized values that resulted in the lowest average COF of 0.0458 were as follows: 0.93 wt% IL, 1.49 wt% GMO, and 0.52 wt% MoDTC. The addition of IL into neat base oil managed to reduce the COF, while the combination of IL, GMO, and MoDTC at optimum concentration further reduced the average COF and wear as observed through SEM micrographs when compared with those of additive-free TMPTO, suggesting that GMO and MoDTC were compatible to be used with IL.

From Structure Topology to Chemical Composition. XXIX. Revision of the Crystal Structure of Perraultite, NaBaMn4Ti2(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2F, a Seidozerite-Supergroup TS-Block Mineral from the Oktyabr'skii Massif, Ukraine, and Discreditation of Surkhobite

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Sokolova ◽  
Maxwell C. Day ◽  
Frank C. Hawthorne ◽  
Atali A. Agakhanov ◽  
Fernando Cámara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Structure Type ◽  
Titanium Silicate ◽  
Space Group ◽  
Structure Topology ◽  
Ideal Composition ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Cation Sites ◽  
The Ideal

ABSTRACT The crystal structure of perraultite from the Oktyabr'skii massif, Donetsk region, Ukraine (bafertisite group, seidozerite supergroup), ideally NaBaMn4Ti2(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2F, Z = 4, was refined in space group C to R1 = 2.08% on the basis of 4839 unique reflections [Fo > 4σFo]; a = 10.741(6), b = 13.841(8), c = 11.079(6) Å, α = 108.174(6), β = 99.186(6), γ = 89.99(1)°, V = 1542.7(2.7) Å3. Refinement was done using data from a crystal with three twin domains which was part of a grain used for electron probe microanalysis. In the perraultite structure [structure type B1(BG), B – basic, BG – bafertisite group], there is one type of TS (Titanium-Silicate) block and one type of I (Intermediate) block; they alternate along c. The TS block consists of HOH sheets (H – heteropolyhedral, O – octahedral). In the O sheet, the ideal composition of the five [6]MO sites is Mn4 apfu. There is no order of Mn and Fe2+ in the O sheet. The MH octahedra and Si2O7 groups constitute the H sheet. The ideal composition of the two [6]MH sites is Ti2 apfu. The TS blocks link via common vertices of MH octahedra. The I block contains AP(1,2) and BP(1,2) cation sites. The AP(1) site is occupied by Ba and the AP(2) site by K > Ba; the ideal composition of the AP(1,2) sites is Ba apfu. The BP(1) and BP(2) sites are each occupied by Na > Ca; the ideal composition of the BP(1,2) sites is Na apfu. We compare perraultite and surkhobite based on the work of Sokolova et al. (2020) on the holotype sample of surkhobite: space group C , R1 = 2.85 %, a = 10.728(6), b = 13.845(8), c = 11.072(6) Å, α = 108.185(6), β = 99.219(5), γ = 90.001(8)°, V = 1540.0(2.5) Å3; new EPMA data. We show that (1) perraultite and surkhobite have identical chemical composition and ideal formula NaBaMn4Ti2(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2F; (2) perraultite and surkhobite are isostructural, with no order of Na and Ca at the BP(1,2) sites. Perraultite was described in 1991 and has precedence over surkhobite, which was redefined as “a Ca-ordered analogue of perraultite” in 2008. Surkhobite is not a valid mineral species and its discreditation was approved by CNMNC IMA (IMA 20-A).

scholarly journals OPTIMIZATION OF THE USE OF FLY ASH AS AN ADDITIVE PORTLAND COMPOSITE CEMENT (PCC)

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leni Rumiyanti ◽  
Listiani Listiani ◽  
Tika Damayanti
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Setting Time ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Insoluble Residue ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Free Lime ◽  
Composite Cement ◽  
Ideal Composition ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
The Ideal

Research has been carried out on the optimization of the use of Lahat Fly Ash as an Additive Portland Composite Cement (PCC) which aims to determine the optimum conditions for adding Lahat fly ash to produce cement with physical and chemical requirements in accordance with SNI 7064:2014 and discover the ideal composition of cement with fly additions Lahat ash from various cement compositions. The quality analysis in making PCC cement is chemically in the form of Insoluble Residue (IR), Loss of Ignition (LOI), and free lime (FCaO) as well as the quality of physics in the form of Blaine, setting time, and cement mortar compressive strength. The results obtained after the process of making PCC cement with the addition of 14% Lahat fly ash, namely PCC cement in optimum conditions with physical and chemical requirements in accordance with SNI 7064: 2014 where the ideal composition of PCC cement manufacture is 14% Lahat fly ash, clinker 62%, 3% gypsum, 18% limestone, and 3% pozzolans in making PCC cement. Therefore, Lahat fly ash can be used as an alternative mixture in making PCC cement.

scholarly journals Lipid vesicles: applications, principal components and methods used in their formulations: A review

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-352
Author(s):  
Cicera Janaine Janaine Camilo ◽  
Débora Odilia Duarte Leite ◽  
Angelo Roncalli Alves Silva ◽  
Irwin Rose Alencar Menezes ◽  
Henrique Douglas Melo Coutinho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Vesicles ◽  
Phospholipid Bilayer ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Ionic Surfactants ◽  
Medical Field ◽  
Lipophilic Compounds ◽  
Ideal Composition ◽  
Low Toxicity ◽  
Main Components ◽  
The Ideal

Liposomes and niosomes are currently the most studied lipid vesicles in the nanomedicine field. The system formed by a phospholipid bilayer in aqueous medium allows these vesicles to carry both hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds, providing an increase in solubility of drugs lready used in conventional therapy. The focus on the development of these vesicles should be directed to determining the ideal composition, with low toxicity, biocompatibility and which remains stable for long periods. These characteristics are related to the components used for formulation and the substances that will be encapsulated. Another important point relates to the methods used during formulation, which are important in determining the type of vesicle formed, whether these be large or small, unilamellar or multilamellar. Because of the deliberate actions applied in the development of these vesicles, this review sought to gather updated information regarding the different methods used, including their main components while considering the behavior of each of them when used in different formulations. Also, data showing the importance of formulations in the medical field evidencing studies performed with liposome and niosome vesicles as promising in this area, and others, were included. The approach allows a better understanding of the participation of components in formulations such as cholesterol and non-ionic surfactants, as well as the basis for choosing the ideal components and methods for future research in the development of these vesicles.

Phase stability of Ni–Al nanoparticles

1999 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 2849-2854 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Ramos de Debiaggi ◽  
J. M. Campillo ◽  
A. Caro
Keyword(s):  
Phase Stability ◽  
Intermediate Phase ◽  
Surface Effect ◽  
Embedded Atom ◽  
Al Nanoparticles ◽  
Simulation Techniques ◽  
Ideal Composition ◽  
Nanoparticle System ◽  
Equilibrium Structures ◽  
The Ideal

The phase stability of Ni–Al clusters of nanometer size was studied by using the embedded atom model and Monte Carlo simulation techniques. For temperatures of 500 and 1000 K and for a range of compositions below 70 at.% Al, the equilibrium structures of the system were determined and compared with the bulk results. We found that the bulk NiAl (B2) and Ni3Al (L12) phases were stable phases in the nanoparticle system; however, for deviations from ideal composition, the analysis revealed that, because of the surface effect, the composition of the clusters was not uniform. There was a core region in which the structure was ordered, B2 or L12, with a composition very close to the ideal, and a chemically disordered mantle region that allocated the deviations from ideal stoichiometries; in this way, a larger phase field appeared, indicating trends similar to those found in experiments on nanocrystalline Ni–Al powder [S.K. Pabi and B.S. Murty, Mater. Sci. Eng. A214, 146 (1996)]. For concentrations between 37 and 51 at.% Al, an intermediate phase, similar to the tetragonal L10 martensite, appeared.

Studies of Carbon Nanotube Based Composites for Aerospace Applications

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Bellucci ◽  
F. Micciulla ◽  
C. Balasubramanian ◽  
A. Grilli ◽  
G. Rinaldi
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
Space Vehicles ◽  
Aerospace Applications ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Ideal Composition ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Properties Of Composites ◽  
The Ideal

Carbon nanotubes are being widely studied for various applications ranging from medical to electronics and also optical devices. They are also being studied for the suitability and applications in aerospace and aeronautical field. A useful application in aerospace that we are studying is the improvement of electrical properties of composites made from carbon nanotubes and epoxy resin. Towards this end, we have studied the resistivity of composite materials with varying percentages of carbon nanotubes (CNT) added to the epoxy resin. Carbon nanotubes were synthesized by thermal arc plasma process after optimization of the synthesis parameters. These samples were then analysed by electron microscopes like scanning electron and transmission electron microscopes (SEM and TEM), in order to establish the morphology of the nanostructures. Composites of epoxy resin with curing agent as well as a mixture of graphite and carbon nanotubes were prepared with varying proportions of the mixture. The electrical resistivity of the material was studied under varying pressure and voltage conditions. The result of these studies yields interesting features which are useful in choosing the ideal composition and ratio of the composite material for use in shielding of electrical circuits of space vehicles from radiations of the outer space.

scholarly journals IoT-Based Kobela Teaching Aid for Mathematics Learning Multiplication and Division Materials for Grade II Elementary School Students

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 1142
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ilham Setiawan ◽  
Novian Anggis Suwastika ◽  
Sidik Prabowo
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Data Storage ◽  
Mathematics Learning ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Learning Activities ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
School Students ◽  
Automatic Data ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Teaching Aid

Kotak Belajar Ajaib (Kobela) is props for elementary school math class II which can help learn to calculate multiplication and division. Based on research conducted by Sugeng Harnanto, Kobela can improve concentration, increase creativity and student learning outcomes. This tool has been tested in low-grade learning and extracurricular learning activities. The average student success in learning without using teaching aid is 54.56 (56.77%), after using teaching aid the average learning success rate reaches 90.52 (94.19%). The level of mastery learning for Basic Competencies: 3.1 Doing Multiplication of Two Numbers have increased by 37.42. In previous studies, the application of Kobela teaching aid in all learning activities was still manual-based. Potential or opportunities for development, especially for reading assessments and automatic data storage are possible to be achieved by implementing the Internet of Things (IoT). In this study, Kobela was built which implements IoT technology for reading, assessment, and recording based on learning activities. Then evaluate the system by testing the functionality of all the learning activities. From the test results, it was found that the system was running 100% by the specified function. The results of system performance testing in terms of sensor readings are on average 3 seconds with 8 Watt room lighting conditions and the average value of the assessment accuracy is 84.

Comparisons of Thermodynamic Performance of Three Types of Air-Conditioning Systems Under Ideal Processing Procedure

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Donggen Peng ◽  
Danting Luo ◽  
Yuting Fu
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Heat Pump ◽  
Hybrid System ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Independent Control ◽  
Pump System ◽  
Heat Pump System ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Ideal

Abstract As the substitution of the traditional heat pump system, the heat pump driven liquid dehumidification hybrid system and the temperature-humidity independent control system have great application potentials. In this paper, the ideal reversible processes of the three types of systems are built theoretically with their mathematical models, in order to compare their maximum coefficients of performance COPs. The results show that the COP1 of the ideal heat pump driven liquid dehumidification hybrid system is the maximum and the COP2 of the temperature-humidity independent control system is the minimum with the COP3 of the heat pump system falling between both. The COP1 increases by 100% with an increase in the indoor design temperature and relative humidity while the COP1 decreases with the increase in the ambient temperature and relative humidity. The COP2 of the temperature-humidity independent control system can be affected more significantly by supply air temperature difference and angle scale. In an ideal heat pump system, low-grade heat source utilized to reheat the processed air is a superior choice. The study results in this paper have guiding significance for the selection of three types of systems in practical applications.

scholarly journals TORREFIED BRIQUETTES OF SUGAR CANE BAGASSE AND EUCALYPTUS

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emylle Veloso Santos Costa ◽  
Matheus Perdigão de Castro Freitas Pereira ◽  
Carlos Miguel Simões da Silva ◽  
Bárbara Luísa Corradi Pereira ◽  
Maria Fernanda Vieira Rocha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Sugar Cane Bagasse ◽  
Ideal Composition ◽  
Direct Use ◽  
Eucalyptus Sawdust ◽  
The Ideal

ABSTRACT Torrefaction and briquetting are two techniques that improve the quality of the biomass and facilitate direct use as fuel. The objective was to evaluate the effect of torrefaction temperature on the properties of the compound briquettes made from sugar cane bagasse and Eucalyptus sawdust. After sample preparation and particle analyses, briquettes were produced with the mixture of the two biomasses, a total of five compositions (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) at 120 °C and pressure of 1500 PSI. Subsequently, the briquettes were torrefied at temperatures of 180, 220 and 260 °C, for a period of 15 minutes. According to the results, both biomasses of Eucalyptus sawdust and sugar cane bagasse showed potential for the production of briquettes. The torrefaction reduced hygroscopicity and increased the calorific value of compound briquettes. The ideal composition for the production of briquettes is 100% Eucalyptus. The composition of 50% Eucalyptus + 50% sugar cane bagasse is also a great option, as some bagasse parameters were excellent. 260 °C was the best temperature to promote energy savings.

Accurate determination of the cell dimensions of magnetite

1957 ◽  
Vol 31 (237) ◽  
pp. 431-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Z. Basta
Keyword(s):  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Precise Determination ◽  
Defect Structures ◽  
Precision Data ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cell Dimensions ◽  
Glass Tubes ◽  
Ideal Composition ◽  
The Ideal

SummaryAn analysed magnetite from Bisperg, Säter, Dalecarlia, Sweden, gave the formula , which corresponds closely to the ideal composition. A precise determination of the cell dimensions gave a 8·3963±0·0005 Å. at 18° C. Gentle heating of the powdered magnetite in evacuated silica glass tubes, before X-ray examination, resulted in sharply defined lines with high Bragg angles; an improvement which enabled precision data to be obtained. Four other new analyses of magnetites are also given and their lattice parameters are determined in the same way and are found to range from 8·3960 Å. to 8·3970 Å. The Bisperg magnetite being the purest sample examined, the value of its cell edge is taken as representative of pure magnetite.The effect of the different ionic substitutions on the cell dimensions of natural magnetites is discussed. An attempt is also made to explain the great variations among the published values of cell dimensions of artificial preparations; one main reason being the presence of defect structures with varying oxygen contents in excess of the formula requirements.

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