Temporal relationships between device-derived sedentary behavior, physical activity, and sleep in early childhood

Study Objectives Understanding the ideal composition of a child’s day requires a better understanding of the relations between wake behaviors (sedentary behavior [SB], physical activity [PA]) and sleep. Here we examine between- and within-person temporal associations between daytime wake behaviors and overnight sleep in early childhood, an important age when healthy behaviors are initiated and 24-hour behaviors are largely determined by caregivers. Methods Daily, repeated measures of wake behavior and overnight sleep were assessed via wrist-worn actigraphy (mean=9 days/nights) in 240 children (50.8±9.8 months). Multilevel models with lagged effects were used to examine the temporal associations between wake and overnight sleep measures and adjusted for daily nap duration, age, sex, and socioeconomic status. Results Between-person associations for sleep outcomes were negative between MVPA and total activity for sleep efficiency (SE). Between-person associations for wake outcomes were positive between sleep duration and light PA, and negative between SE and both MVPA and total PA. When children obtained higher SE relative to their individual average, they were more likely to engage in less SB and greater MVPA and total PA the next day. Conclusions Generally, days with greater activity or sleep were not associated with greater subsequent sleep or PA. Most subsequent behaviors were not influenced by children achieving higher activity or sleep relative to their individual average levels, although higher sleep efficiency was beneficially associated with next day wake behaviors. Future analyses with young children should consider within-person associations and could investigate lagged effects beyond one day.

Characterization in the icosahedral phase of the system Al63Cu25Fe12

The present work aimed to characterize the microstructure of the icosahedral phase (ɸ-quasicrystalline phase) of the system with stoichiometric composition of the quasicrystal Al63Cu25Fe12. The ternary alloy with nominal composition of Al63Cu25Fe12 was processed by Mechanical Alloying (MA) as a viable solid state processing method for producing various metastable and stable quasicrystalline phases. The structural characterization of the obtained samples was performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), while the elemental composition of the chemical elements Al, Fe and Cu were determined by the technique of X-ray spectroscopy by dispersive energy (EDS). According to the results of XRD, the diffraction patterns of Al63Cu25Fe12 showed the presence of β-Al (Fe, Cu) and λ-Al13Fe4 phases coexist with the thermodynamic ɸ-phase quasicrystalline. Finally, elemental analysis indicates that during alloy synthesis there is little variation of the ideal composition. The results indicate that alloys with high percentage of icosahedral phase can be obtained by casting in the air.

Physical and chemically changes in limestone intruded by trachytic dyke: implications for cement raw material

Limestone samples intruded by trachyte dike from the Tonasa Formation in Bantimurung, Indonesia have been investigated for their suitability for cement manufacturing. The objective of this study is to analyze the physical and chemical characteristics of the limestone surround an intrusion with the petrographic and XRF methods. Field observation shows a gradation of color (reddish to grey) away from intrusion contacts. Petrographic analysis shows metasomatic indication by the presence of garnet and wollastonite within the limestone at 0 - 20 meters from the intrusion contact. The geochemical analysis shows a decreasing degree trend of CaO2, and Fe2O3, however SiO2, Al2O3, and MgO increase towards the intrusion contact. According to the petrographic and geochemical characteristics indicate the limestone fulfills requirements as raw material for cement, even though the ideal composition for the cement industry is the limestone which is located between 20 - 70 meters from the intrusion contact.

Behavior of light elements in iron-silicate-water-sulfur system during early Earth’s evolution

Hydrogen (H) is considered to be one of the candidates for light elements in the Earth’s core, but the amount and timing of delivery have been unknown. We investigated the effects of sulfur (S), another candidate element in the core, on deuteration of iron (Fe) in iron–silicate–water system up to 6–12 GPa, ~ 1200 K using in situ neutron diffraction measurements. The sample initially contained saturated water (D2O) as Mg(OD)2 in the ideal composition (Fe–MgSiO3–D2O) of the primitive Earth. In the existence of water and sulfur, phase transitions of Fe, dehydration of Mg(OD)2, and formation of iron sulfide (FeS) and silicates occurred with increasing temperature. The deuterium (D) solubility (x) in iron deuterides (FeDx) increased with temperature and pressure, resulting in a maximum of x = 0.33(4) for the hydrous sample without S at 11.2 GPa and 1067 K. FeS was hardly deuterated until Fe deuteration had completed. The lower D concentrations in the S-containing system do not exceed the miscibility gap (x < ~ 0.4). Both H and S can be incorporated into solid Fe and other light elements could have dissolved into molten iron hydride and/or FeS during the later process of Earth’s evolution.

From Structure Topology to Chemical Composition. XXIX. Revision of the Crystal Structure of Perraultite, NaBaMn4Ti2(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2F, a Seidozerite-Supergroup TS-Block Mineral from the Oktyabr'skii Massif, Ukraine, and Discreditation of Surkhobite

ABSTRACT The crystal structure of perraultite from the Oktyabr'skii massif, Donetsk region, Ukraine (bafertisite group, seidozerite supergroup), ideally NaBaMn4Ti2(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2F, Z = 4, was refined in space group C to R1 = 2.08% on the basis of 4839 unique reflections [Fo &gt; 4σFo]; a = 10.741(6), b = 13.841(8), c = 11.079(6) Å, α = 108.174(6), β = 99.186(6), γ = 89.99(1)°, V = 1542.7(2.7) Å3. Refinement was done using data from a crystal with three twin domains which was part of a grain used for electron probe microanalysis. In the perraultite structure [structure type B1(BG), B – basic, BG – bafertisite group], there is one type of TS (Titanium-Silicate) block and one type of I (Intermediate) block; they alternate along c. The TS block consists of HOH sheets (H – heteropolyhedral, O – octahedral). In the O sheet, the ideal composition of the five [6]MO sites is Mn4 apfu. There is no order of Mn and Fe2+ in the O sheet. The MH octahedra and Si2O7 groups constitute the H sheet. The ideal composition of the two [6]MH sites is Ti2 apfu. The TS blocks link via common vertices of MH octahedra. The I block contains AP(1,2) and BP(1,2) cation sites. The AP(1) site is occupied by Ba and the AP(2) site by K &gt; Ba; the ideal composition of the AP(1,2) sites is Ba apfu. The BP(1) and BP(2) sites are each occupied by Na &gt; Ca; the ideal composition of the BP(1,2) sites is Na apfu. We compare perraultite and surkhobite based on the work of Sokolova et al. (2020) on the holotype sample of surkhobite: space group C , R1 = 2.85 %, a = 10.728(6), b = 13.845(8), c = 11.072(6) Å, α = 108.185(6), β = 99.219(5), γ = 90.001(8)°, V = 1540.0(2.5) Å3; new EPMA data. We show that (1) perraultite and surkhobite have identical chemical composition and ideal formula NaBaMn4Ti2(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2F; (2) perraultite and surkhobite are isostructural, with no order of Na and Ca at the BP(1,2) sites. Perraultite was described in 1991 and has precedence over surkhobite, which was redefined as “a Ca-ordered analogue of perraultite” in 2008. Surkhobite is not a valid mineral species and its discreditation was approved by CNMNC IMA (IMA 20-A).

Human Milk and Brain Development in Infants

Human milk is considered the most advantageous source of nourishment for infants. Even though there is no ideal composition of human milk, it still contains a unique combination of components that contribute to brain development. The aim of this review is to provide an overview on the possible correlation of human milk with the neurodevelopment of infants, with a special emphasis on myelination and epigenetic modifications. Research in human milk is a rapidly expanding field and cutting-edge technologies might contribute to identify specific mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects on human milk on neurodevelopment.

Effect of Sintering Temperature to the Mechanical Properties of Different Filler Loading of Zirconia Powder in Hydroxyapatite Composites

Hydroxyapatite (HA)-Zirconia (ZrO2) composite with varying zirconia composition ranging from 1 to 10 wt% was investigated for biomedical applications in order to produce high compressive strength. Precipitation method was used to prepare both hydroxyapatite and zirconia powders. To find the ideal composition, mixture-containing 1, 3, 5 and 10 wt% ZrO2 powder was added. Each mixture was sintered for 4 hours at 750oC, 1050oC and 1250oC. Hardness and compressive strength test were used for evaluation. It was found that with 1 wt% of ZrO2 sintered at 1250oC showed the greatest structural strength as its volume fraction porosity is the lowest. The hardness and compressive strength of this sample were found to be 2.75 GPa and 72.0 MPa respectively. This can be useful for biomedical applications especially in promoting osteo-integration.

ICOSAHEDRAL PHASE OF Al65Cu25Fe15

The present work aimed to characterize the microstructure of the icosahedral phase (quasicrystalline phase-ϕ) of the system with stoichiometric composition of the quasicrystal Al65Cu25Fe15 . The ternary alloy with nominal composition of Al63Cu25Fe12 was processed by mechanical alloying (MA) as a viable solid state processing method for producing various metastable and stable quasicrystalline phases. The structural characterization of the obtained samples was performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while the elemental composition was determined by dispersive energy spectroscopy (DES). The diffraction patterns of Al65Cu25Fe15 showed the presence of ω-Al7Cu2Fe , β-Al(Fe, Cu) and λ-Al13Fe4 phases that coexist with the thermodynamic quasicrystalline phase-ϕ. Finally, elemental analysis indicates that during alloy synthesis there is little variation of the ideal composition. The results indicate that alloys with high percentage of icosahedral phase can be obtained by casting in the air.

Empowerment of Mushroom Business Groups through Identifying the Composition of "Japigo" Mushroom Chips in Gondangmanis Village

Oyster mushroom is one of the mushrooms that is often cultivated by the people of Indonesia because it is edible and has high nutrition, is easy to process, and is affordable. One way to use oyster mushrooms is by processing it into food products. Oyster mushroom processing carried out by the Gondangmanis Mushroom Processing Business Group is in the form of mushroom chips. Identification of the composition of mushroom chips is carried out to (1) determine the ideal composition of mushroom chips (2) determine the selling price of mushroom chips. The method used is Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) which focuses on the participation of members of the Gondangmanis Mushroom Processing Business Group in its implementation with a series of activities to identify raw material prices, processing mushroom chips, packaging mushroom chips, and determining the price of mushroom chips. Measuring the success of the program was done by comparing the composition of the mushroom chips before and after the program. The results obtained are the composition of the typical “Japigo” oyster mushroom, and the price of mushroom chips is IDR 14,000 per 100 grams.

Si-rich Mg-sursassite Mg4Al5Si7O23(OH)5 with octahedrally coordinated Si: A new ultrahigh-pressure hydrous phase

The crystal structure of a new high-pressure hydrous phase, Si-rich Mg-sursassite, of ideal composition Mg4Al5Si7O23(OH)5, that was produced by sub-solidus reaction at 24 GPa and 1400 °C in an experiment using a model sedimentary bulk composition, has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The phase was found to be topologically identical to Mg-sursassite, Mg5Al5Si6O21(OH)7, and has space group P21/m and lattice parameters a = 8.4222(7), b = 5.5812(3), c = 9.4055(9) Å, b = 106.793(8)°, V = 423.26(6) Å3, and Z = 1. The empirical formula determined by electron microprobe analysis of the same crystal as was used in the X-ray experiment is [Mg3.93(3)Fe0.03(1)]Σ3.96[Al4.98(3)Cr0.04(1)]S5.02 Si7.02(4)O23(OH)5, with hydroxyl content implied by the crystal-structure analysis. The most significant aspect of the structure of Si-rich Mg-sursassite is the presence of octahedrally coordinated Si. Its structural formula is M1,VIIMg2M2,VIMg22+M3,VI(Al0.5Si0.5)2M4,VIAl2M5,VIAl2T1,IVSi2T2,IVSi2T3,IVSi2 O23(OH)5. Si-rich Mg-sursassite joins the group of hydrous ultrahigh-pressure phases with octahedrally coordinated Si that have been discovered by experiment, and that may play a significant role in the distribution and hosting of water in the deep mantle at subduction zones. The reactions defining the stability of Si-rich Mg-sursassite are unknown, but are likely to be fundamentally different from those of Mg-sursassite, and involve other ultrahigh-pressure dense structures such as phase D, rather than phase A.