scholarly journals Perspektywa globalna i jej implikacje w kontekście wielowymiarowego kryzysu społeczno-gospodarczego

Ekonomista ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
MACIEJ MISZEWSKI

The author assumes that today we are dealing with a multidimensional crisis, one of the components of which is the pandemic. This crisis, as well as the countermeasures undertaken in connection with it, are creating a new shape of global socio-economic reality. The key issue here are the multilateral links between seemingly separate phenomena such as migration, climate disasters and ocean contamination. All these links have an economic dimension that can be fully tangible only with a global perspective. Facing crisis challenges requires cooperation on a global scale – between countries, international organizations and large corporations. Due to the unreliability of traditional prediction, it becomes necessary to formulate scenarios of events that may occur as a result of crisis phenomena.

Author(s):  
Sara Lorenzini

In the Cold War, “development” was a catchphrase that came to signify progress, modernity, and economic growth. Development aid was closely aligned with the security concerns of the great powers, for whom infrastructure and development projects were ideological tools for conquering hearts and minds around the globe, from Europe and Africa to Asia and Latin America. This book provides a global history of development, drawing on a wealth of archival evidence to offer a panoramic and multifaceted portrait of a Cold War phenomenon that transformed the modern world. Taking readers from the aftermath of the Second World War to the tearing down of the Berlin Wall, the book shows how development projects altered local realities, transnational interactions, and even ideas about development itself. The book shines new light on the international organizations behind these projects—examining their strategies and priorities and assessing the actual results on the ground—and it also gives voice to the recipients of development aid. It shows how the Cold War shaped the global ambitions of development on both sides of the Iron Curtain, and how international organizations promoted an unrealistically harmonious vision of development that did not reflect local and international differences. The book presents a global perspective on Cold War development, demonstrating how its impacts are still being felt today.


2021 ◽  
pp. 026858092110609
Author(s):  
Julia C Lerch ◽  
Evan Schofer ◽  
David John Frank ◽  
Wesley Longhofer ◽  
Francisco O Ramirez ◽  
...  

Existing scholarship documents large worldwide increases in women’s participation in the public sphere over recent decades, for example, in education, politics, and the labor force. Some scholars have argued that these changes follow broader trends in world society, especially its growing liberalism, which increasingly has reconfigured social life around the choices of empowered and rights-bearing individuals, regardless of gender. Very recently, however, a variety of populisms and nationalisms have emerged to present alternatives to liberalism, including in the international arena. We explore here their implications for women’s participation in public life. We use cross-national data to analyze changes in women’s participation in higher education, the polity, and the economy 1970–2017. We find that women’s participation on average continues to expand over this period, but there is evidence of a growing cross-national divergence. In most domains, women’s participation tends to be lower in countries linked to illiberal international organizations, especially in the recent-most period.


Author(s):  
David W. Forslund ◽  
David G. Kilman

With the arrival of the “World Wide Web,” we have witnessed a transition toward a truly global perspective with respect to electronic health records. In recent years, much more discussion has focused on the potential for international virtual electronic health records and what is required for them to become a reality in the world today (Kilman & Forslund, 1997). As the Internet becomes more ubiquitous and Web-enabled, we see access to electronic health records using these technologies becoming more commonplace. Even so, these Web-enabled health records still remain technologically isolated from other medical records in the distributed continuum of care; much of the standardization challenge still stands before us. We have witnessed startling technological advances, but we still face considerable obstacles to the goal of having globally standardized electronic health records. In this chapter we describe some of the issues associated with Web-enabled health records, the role of standards in the evolution of Web-enabled health records, and some of the barriers to the development of globally accessible electronic health records. We discuss possible ways to overcome these barriers and the kinds of benefits and opportunities that global health records will help provide. The global scale perspective makes more evident the very real and potentially tragic consequences of prolonged and unnecessary delays in deploying these technologies. Therefore, in an effort to promote a fuller consciousness of health safety, the chapter concludes with a comparative look at the negative impact of impediments in the movement toward global extensible electronic health records.


2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1977 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swati Suman ◽  
Prashant K. Srivastava ◽  
George P. Petropoulos ◽  
Dharmendra K. Pandey ◽  
Peggy E. O’Neill

Space-borne soil moisture (SM) satellite products such as those available from Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) offer unique opportunities for global and frequent monitoring of SM and also to understand its spatiotemporal variability. The present study investigates the performance of the SMAP L4 SM product at selected experimental sites across four continents, namely North America, Europe, Asia and Australia. This product provides global scale SM estimates at 9 km × 9 km spatial resolution at daily intervals. For the product evaluation, co-orbital in situ SM measurements were used, acquired at 14 test sites in North America, Europe, and Australia belonging to the International Soil Moisture Network (ISMN) and local networks in India. The satellite SM estimates of up to 0–5 cm soil layer were compared against collocated ground measurements using a series of statistical scores. Overall, the best performance of the SMAP product was found in North America (RMSE = 0.05 m3/m3) followed by Australia (RMSE = 0.08 m3/m3), Asia (RMSE = 0.09 m3/m3) and Europe (RMSE = 0.14 m3/m3). Our findings provide important insights into the spatiotemporal variability of the specific operational SM product in different ecosystems and environments. This study also furnishes an independent verification of this global product, which is of international interest given its suitability for a wide range of practical and research applications.


1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Pike Masteralexis ◽  
Mark A. McDonald

This article presents the results of a pilot study that found significant differences between U.S. and non-U.S. based international sport managers with regard to the educational background, language, and cultural training deemed essential for success in the global sports market. Educational and executive training programs in sport management should recognize sport's movement into a global market and consider providing students in their programs with the competency to compete for positions in sport on a global scale. To do so, sport management programs should offer a global perspective, which encompasses education for recognizing and avoiding potential barriers to effectively conducting sport business in societies where differences exist in language, culture, business, economics, and politics.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara De Toffoli ◽  
Ana-Catalina Plesa ◽  
Ernst Hauber ◽  
Doris Breuer

<p>The presence of delta deposits on Mars has been thoroughly demonstrated for decades and large scale mapping [1,2] highlighted the presence of several delta fans mainly located on the dichotomy boundary. While a previous delta inventory was compiled by Morgan et al. [3], we aim to update and finalize a complete mapping of delta deposits in order to allow the examination of the evolution and distribution of standing bodies of water on Mars. The objective of our project focuses on the production of a global catalogue of water-related features at the Martian surface, which are commonly studied separately or at smaller scales.</p><p>Globally, we located around 150 deltas among which many were not previously included in published literature [e.g. 1,2,4]. We then examined the deltas based on two main traits. Firstly, we measured the length of the feeding channels since it may be (i) a proxy for the duration of the aqueous activity in the channel-delta system, and (ii) proportional to the age of the delta [2]. The latter relationship links older deltas near Chryse Planitia (>3 Ga) to longer valleys, while younger deltas are usually fed by shorter valleys [2]. Secondly, we measured the elevation of the delta population and compared the obtained dataset with the hypothesized sea level elevation of -2540 ± 177 m firstly suggested by Di Achille and Hynek [1] for a northern ocean through the analysis of deltas.</p><p>We observed that, if the relationship between feeding channel length and delta age found for a sub-group of the population [2] is applicable as a rule of thumb to all deltas, many of the deposits have the potential to be Hesperian or Amazonian in age. They would thus be younger than the ocean that might have occupied the northern lowlands during the Noachian-Hesperian boundary period [1] and thus be unrelated to a global sea level range. In fact, less than half of the delta population is related to medium/long feeding channels (>30 km). Abundant pristine morphologies, both related to channels and deltas, also supports the hypothesis that part of the population is younger than Noachian. Additionally, the large variety of elevations where the deltaic deposits can be found and the very small amount of deltas included in the sea level elevation range proposed by Di Achille and Hynek [1] raise questions about the generation and environmental implications of these features, especially when seen at global scale.</p><p> </p><p>[1] Di Achille, G. & Hynek, B. M., Nat. Geosci. 3, 459–463 (2010).</p><p>[2] Hauber, E. et al., J. Geophys. Res. E Planets 118, 1529–1544 (2013).</p><p>[3] Morgan, A. M., et al., Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. (2018).</p><p>[4] Ori, G.G. et al., J. Geophys. Res. E Planets 105, 17629–17641 (2000).</p>


2015 ◽  
Vol 02 (01) ◽  
pp. 1550003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torsten Welle ◽  
Joern Birkmann

The demand for information and understanding on natural hazard related risk on a global scale has grown in recent years. Such information is crucial for stakeholders who are working in the field of disaster risk reduction, spatial planning and (re-)insurance. This article provides a new approach to assess risk and vulnerability towards natural hazards on country scale and allows the comparison of countries at global scale. The concept of the WorldRiskIndex focuses on the understanding of risk which is defined as the interaction of physical hazards and the vulnerability of exposed elements. The exposure to natural hazards was assessed by using five indicators that describe the expsoure of people towards earthquakes, cyclones, floods, droughts and sea level rise. Whereas vulnerability consists of susceptibility, coping capacity and adaptive capacity was calculated on the basis of 23 indicators which comprise social, economic and environmental conditions of a society. The method and the results of the WorldRiskIndex were validated by using statistical analysis such as reliability, sensitivity and uncertainty analysis. The results of the WorldRiskIndex were mapped and classified by means of a GIS system to show different patterns of exposure, vulnerability and risk on global scale. The global perspective of risk clearly shows that the vulnerability of a society or a country is not the same as exposure to natural hazards.


2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (35) ◽  
Author(s):  
Horst Pietschmann

Os princípios retores da organização estatal nas ÍndiasThe guiding principles of the state organization in the Indies Horst Pietschmann[1] RESUMO: Na América hispânica, as regiões começam a se articular mais em virtude do dinamismo da economia, das concentrações demográficas, institucionais e de poder e de outros fatores geopolíticos. As novas articulações do espaço colonial apenas parcialmente e, quando fosse o caso, respondiam às estruturas governamentais do aparato imperial estabelecido durante o século XVI. Ao mesmo tempo, dá-se um processo inverso: por diferentes causas – sejam geopolíticas, econômicas etc. – determinadas regiões, dotadas, inclusive, de aparato burocrático próprio, entram na órbita de centros mais poderosos que conseguem impor política e economicamente sua autoridade e poder. Esse conjunto de desenvolvimentos contraditórios, que até o momento só se estudou parcialmente na dimensão econômica, porém muito pouco na político-administrativa, em realidade é o início do processo que denominamos de fase de formação de proto-Estados. As reformas do século XVIII são, em grande media, a consequência ou a resposta tardia a desenvolvimentos prévios que se produziram mais bem contra a vontade da metrópole, em momentos de debilidade da Coroa, frente ao processo de desarticulação imperial que ocorre não só na América, mas também nas possessões europeias. É precisamente a perspectiva global do Império hispânico para a segunda metade do século XVII que permite caracterizar esse processo de desintegração imperial como um processo de surgimento de novas entidades políticas que adquirem um maior grau de autonomia e influíram na formação de novos Estados independentes. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: História da América Hispânica. Formação de Estados. Organização estatal. Império Hispânico. ABSTRACT: In Hispanic America, the regions have begun to articulate more by virtue of economic dynamism, demographic, institutional and power concentrations, and other geopolitical factors. The new articulations of the colonial space only partially, and when was the case, responded to the governmental structures of the imperial apparatus established during the 16th century. At the same time, there is an inverse process: for different causes - geopolitical, economic, etc. - certain regions, even equipped with their own bureaucratic apparatus, enter into the orbit of more powerful centers that can politically and economically impose their authority and power. This set of contradictory developments, which until now has been studied only partially in the economic dimension, but very little in the political-administrative sphere, is actually the beginning of the process we call the proto-state formation phase. The reforms of the 18th century are, in large measure, the consequence or the late answer to previous developments that have been produced against the will of the metropolis, in moments of weakness of the Crown, during the process of imperial disarticulation that occurs not only in America, but also in European possessions. It is precisely the global perspective of the Spanish Empire during the second half of the 17th century that allows us to characterize this process of imperial disintegration as a process of emergence of new political entities that acquire a greater degree of autonomy and influenced the formation of new independent states. KEYWORDS: History of Hispanic America. State formation. State organization. Spanish Empire.[1] Professor emérito da Universidade de Hamburgo.


2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 215
Author(s):  
Muhammed Hayati Taban ◽  
Kadir Karatekin

At the age of a new kind of everything (a new kind of communication, a new kind of education, a new kind of social problems etc.) citizenship also takes a new kind form: global citizenship. Global concept has been conducted on almost every area including citizenship. Therefore, citizenship has been understood from a global perspective to overcome new global scale problems. EU is a good example of changing citizenship understanding differing from the national base. Poland is a good target country taken its membership since 2004. 12 years duration means that new generation has been raised in the atmosphere of a supra national environment. At this point, what kinds of variables have what kinds of impact on the global citizenship level of this generation is worth being studied. This study has aimed to understand this question using a personal information form in addition to a “global citizenship” scale developed by Morais - Ogden (2010). The study conducted through survey model included 353 Polish university students. It is understood from the results of the study that Polish students have an intermediate level of global citizenship and low level of global civic engagement. It is also one of the findings that some variables have impact on global citizenship levels. In this respect, the study will contribute to the understanding of the global citizenship levels of EU member students. This document gives formatting instructions for authors preparing papers for publication.


Author(s):  
Scholte Jan Aart

This chapter examines the forms, consequences, and challenges of civil society involvement in contemporary global governance. It is organized as follows. The first section considers definitions of civil society. The second section maps the various involvements of civil society actors in global regulatory processes. The third section surveys different theoretical understandings of the relationship between civil society and global governance. The fourth section assesses the substantive impacts of civil society interventions in global governance, that is, how NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations) and other civil society groups affect institutional developments, agendas, decisions, discourses, and deeper structures of global governance. The fifth section considers the relationship between civil society and legitimacy in global governance. The conclusion includes several suggestions for future enhancement of civil society engagement of global-scale regulation.


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