Policy Conflict and its Settlement in Korea: The Case of Regulatory Reform

Policy making can be defined as the specification of policy content, a set of policy goals and instruments. This specification can be made through two stages: position taking and coordination. Usually due to their interests and values, major policy actors in the policy making process have not only concern for the content of the policy to be made but also some ideas and preference for it. They internally transform these ideas and preferences into their policy positions, and then push their positions externally against other incompatible positions. When policy actors push different policy positions from somewhat independent power bases, policy conflict ensues. Coordination among them is needed. The outcome of policy coordination can not always be the same as each actor intends. Original policy content can be maintained, or partially deleted from or added to, or changed into completely new one, or evaporated into the air. More than two policy positions can be coordinated in integrative or distributive fashion.

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When Populist Leaders Govern: Conceptualising Populism in Policy Making

Politics and Governance ◽

10.17645/pag.v8i3.2922 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 71-81 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Attila Bartha ◽

Zsolt Boda ◽

Dorottya Szikra

Keyword(s):

Social Policy ◽

Policy Making ◽

Ideal Type ◽

Liberal Democracies ◽

Policy Positions ◽

Willingness To Adopt ◽

Decision Making Processes ◽

Policy Content ◽

Distinguishing Features

The rise of populist governance throughout the world offers a novel opportunity to study the way in which populist leaders and parties rule. This article conceptualises populist policy making by theoretically addressing the substantive and discursive components of populist policies and the decision-making processes of populist governments. It first reconstructs the implicit ideal type of policy making in liberal democracies based on the mainstream governance and policy making scholarship. Then, taking stock of the recent populism literature, the article elaborates an ideal type of populist policy making along the dimensions of content, procedures and discourses. As an empirical illustration we apply a qualitative congruence analysis to assess the conformity of a genuine case of populist governance, social policy in post-2010 Hungary with the populist policy making ideal type. Concerning the policy content, the article argues that policy heterodoxy, strong willingness to adopt paradigmatic reforms and an excessive responsiveness to majoritarian preferences are distinguishing features of any type of populist policies. Regarding the procedural features populist leaders tend to downplay the role of technocratic expertise, sideline veto-players and implement fast and unpredictable policy changes. Discursively, populist leaders tend to extensively use crisis frames and discursive governance instruments in a Manichean language and a saliently emotional manner that reinforces polarisation in policy positions. Finally, the article suggests that policy making patterns in Hungarian social policy between 2010 and 2018 have been largely congruent with the ideal type of populist policy making.

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Understanding rationales for collaboration in high-intensity policy conflicts

Journal of Public Policy ◽

10.1017/s0143814x16000301 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 38 (1) ◽

pp. 1-25 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Christopher M. Weible ◽

Tanya Heikkila ◽

Jonathan Pierce

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

High Intensity ◽

Professional Competence ◽

Questionnaire Data ◽

Policy Actor ◽

Policy Positions ◽

Policy Actors ◽

Shared Beliefs ◽

Policy Debates ◽

Policy Conflicts

AbstractWhy people collaborate to achieve their political objectives is one enduring question in public policy. Although studies have explored this question in low-intensity policy conflicts, a few have examined collaboration in high-intensity policy conflicts. This study asks two questions: What are the rationales motivating policy actors to collaborate with each other in high-intensity policy conflicts? What policy actor attributes are associated with these rationales? This study uses questionnaire data collected in 2013 and 2014 of policy actors from New York, Colorado and Texas who are actively involved with hydraulic fracturing policy debates. The results show that professional competence is the most important rationale for collaborating, whereas shared beliefs are moderately important, and financial resources are not important. Policy actor attributes that are associated with different rationales include organisational affiliation and extreme policy positions. This article concludes with a discussion on advancing theoretical explanations of collaboration in high-intensity policy conflicts.

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State Boards of Education: Lesser Known Policy Actors

Educational Policy ◽

10.1177/0895904818807311 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

pp. 205-233 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Michelle D. Young ◽

Bryan A. VanGronigen ◽

Amy Luelle Reynolds

Keyword(s):

Exploratory Study ◽

Policy Making ◽

Boards Of Education ◽

Policy Actors ◽

Policy Work ◽

Over Time

Few scholars have engaged in close examinations of state boards of education (SBOEs), their make-up, or the broader implications of their influence over time. SBOE membership, authority, and impact differ significantly across the 50 states. This article reports findings from an exploratory study of three SBOEs and their role as policy actors. Thinking about SBOEs as policy actors focuses attention not only on the power, authority, and policy-making functions of SBOEs, but also on the individuals who serve on SBOEs, their actions, and the discourses constructed through the performance of their policy work.

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A qualitative exploration of pharmacovigilance policy implementation in Jordan, Oman, and Kuwait using Matland’s ambiguity-conflict model

Globalization and Health ◽

10.1186/s12992-021-00751-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Hamza Y. Garashi ◽

Douglas T. Steinke ◽

Ellen I. Schafheutle

Keyword(s):

Policy Implementation ◽

Policy Development ◽

Stakeholder Involvement ◽

Implementation Process ◽

Arab Countries ◽

Decision Makers ◽

Pharmacovigilance System ◽

Policy Conflict ◽

Policy Goals ◽

Conflict Model

Abstract Background As Arab countries seek to implement the ‘Guideline on Good Pharmacovigilance Practice (GVP) for Arab countries’, understanding policy implementation mechanisms and the factors impacting it can inform best implementation practice. This study aimed to explore the mechanisms of and factors influencing pharmacovigilance policy implementation in Arab countries with more established pharmacovigilance systems (Jordan, Oman), to inform policy implementation in a country with a nascent pharmacovigilance system (Kuwait). Results Matland’s ambiguity-conflict model served to frame data analysis from 56 face-to-face interviews, which showed that policy ambiguity and conflict were low in Jordan and Oman, suggesting an “administrative implementation” pathway. In Kuwait, policy ambiguity was high while sentiments about policy conflict were varied, suggesting a mixture between “experimental implementation” and “symbolic implementation”. Factors reducing policy ambiguity in Jordan and Oman included: decision-makers’ guidance to implementors, stakeholder involvement in the policy’s development and implementation, training of policy implementors throughout the implementation process, clearly outlined policy goals and means, and presence of a strategic implementation plan with appropriate timelines as well as a monitoring mechanism. In contrast, policy ambiguity in Kuwait stemmed from the absence or lack of attention to these factors. Factors reducing policy conflict included: the policy’s compliance with internationally recognised standards and the policy’s fit with local capabilities (all three countries), decision-makers’ cooperation with and support of the national centre as well as stakeholders’ agreement on policy goals and means (Jordan and Oman) and adopting a stepwise approach to implementation (Jordan). Conclusions Using Matland’s model, both the mechanism of and factors impacting successful pharmacovigilance policy implementation were identified. This informed recommendations for best implementation practice in Arab as well as other countries with nascent pharmacovigilance systems, including increased managerial engagement and support, greater stakeholder involvement in policy development and implementation, and undertaking more detailed implementation planning.

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13. Environmental Policy

Policy-Making in the European Union ◽

10.1093/hepl/9780198807605.003.0013 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 297-320

Author(s):

Andrea Lenschow

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Environmental Policy ◽

Interest Groups ◽

Policy Making ◽

Policy Coordination ◽

Historical Evolution ◽

The European Union ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Environmental Interest Groups ◽

The Eu

This chapter focuses on the European Union’s environmental policy, the development of which was characterized by institutional deepening and the substantial expansion of environmental issues covered by EU decisions and regulations. Environmental policy presents a host of challenges for policy-makers, including the choice of appropriate instruments, improvement of implementation performance, and better policy coordination at all levels of policy-making. The chapter points to the continuing adaptations that have been made in these areas. It first considers the historical evolution of environmental policy in the EU before discussing the main actors in EU environmental policy-making, namely: the European Commission, the Council of the European Union, the European Parliament, the Court of Justice of the European Union, and environmental interest groups. The chapter also looks at the EU as an international actor.

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13. Environmental Policy Contending Dynamics of Policy Change

10.1093/hepl/9780199689675.003.0013 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Andrea Lenschow

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Environmental Policy ◽

Policy Making ◽

Environmental Issues ◽

Policy Coordination ◽

The European Union ◽

Court Of Justice ◽

Environmental Interest Groups ◽

The Eu ◽

Made In

This chapter focuses on the European Union’s environmental policy, the development of which was characterized by institutional deepening and the substantial expansion of environmental issues covered by EU decisions and regulations. Environmental policy presents a host of challenges for policymakers, including the choice of appropriate instruments, improvement of implementation performance, and better policy coordination at all levels of policy-making. The chapter points to the continuing adaptations that have been made in these areas. It first considers the historical evolution of environmental policy in the EU before discussing the main actors in EU environmental policy-making, namely: the European Commission, the Council of the European Union, the European Parliament, the Court of Justice of the European Union, and environmental interest groups. The chapter also looks at the EU as an international actor.

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7. Policy-Making under Economic and Monetary Union Crisis, Change, and Continuity

10.1093/hepl/9780199689675.003.0007 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Dermot Hodson

Keyword(s):

Monetary Union ◽

Euro Area ◽

Sovereign Debt ◽

Policy Making ◽

De Novo ◽

Debt Crisis ◽

Policy Coordination ◽

Financial Supervision ◽

Economic And Monetary Union ◽

High Stakes

This chapter examines the role of the economic and monetary union (EMU) in the European Union’s macroeconomic policy-making. As of 2015, nineteen members of the euro area have exchanged national currencies for the euro and delegated responsibility for monetary policy and financial supervision to the European Central Bank (ECB). EMU is a high-stakes experiment in new modes of EU policy-making insofar as the governance of the euro area relies on alternatives to the traditional Community method, including policy coordination, intensive transgovernmentalism, and delegation to de novo bodies. The chapter first provides an overview of the origins of the EMU before discussing the launch of the single currency and the sovereign debt crisis. It also considers variations on the Community method, taking into account the ECB and the European Stability Mechanism.

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Delegation and political turnover

Journal of Theoretical Politics ◽

10.1177/0951629819895596 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 32 (2) ◽

pp. 262-288

Author(s):

Greg Sasso

Keyword(s):

Policy Making ◽

Policy Conflict ◽

The Future ◽

Uncertain Future ◽

Second Period ◽

Policy Stability

We study a two-period delegation model with an uncertain future principal. In the first period, an incumbent principal decides whether to delegate policy-making authority to an agent or make policy herself. Before the second period, there is an election, and another principal with different preferences may take power. The main result is that the incumbent can exploit the uncertainty about the future principal to extract policy surplus from the agent. The agent’s uncertainty about the future principal pushes him to implement a policy that both principals accept. The surplus from this compromise policy makes the incumbent better off than she would be without the possibility of turnover. We also find that when costs are low, policy stability can increase as elections become more competitive, as the agent has more incentive to implement a compromise policy. We then allow the incumbent to appoint the agent. We show that as the incumbent becomes more likely to retain office, she prefers more policy conflict with the agent.

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What Is Meaningful Participation for Older People? An Analysis of Aging Policies

The Gerontologist ◽

10.1093/geront/gnz060 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 60 (3) ◽

pp. 396-405 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Lovely Dizon ◽

Janine Wiles ◽

Roshini Peiris-John

Keyword(s):

Older People ◽

Policy Making ◽

Population Aging ◽

Individual Responsibility ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Active Involvement ◽

Meaningful Participation ◽

Policy Goals ◽

Design And Methods ◽

Policy Problems

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesThe language used to construct policy problems influences the solutions created. Recent aging policies emphasize participation as essential to aging well, encouraging independence and active involvement in all aspects of life. However, it is less clear whether participation in the creation of policies or in policy goals and aspirations is meaningful. This article addresses the question: “How is meaningful participation reflected and enabled in policy?”Research Design and MethodsEleven global, national, and local policies were purposively selected and analyzed using thematic and discourse analysis.ResultsPolicies framed population aging as a challenge and active aging as a value as or part of the policy-making process, participation is enabled (or not) through the types of participation encouraged by policy makers and the kinds of participation used to engage with older people.Discussion and ImplicationsOur analysis identifies a strong pattern of discourses regarding individual responsibility to age well; underlying tensions between productive and passive participation; and tensions inherent to the concept of consultation. Implications include the need for those in the consultative phase of policy making to engage with diverse older people and to use participatory methods to explore what meaningful participation means for older people themselves.

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Flanders Ahead, Wallonia Behind (But Catching Up): Reconstructing Communities Through Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy Making

Bulletin of Science Technology & Society ◽

10.1177/0270467619854327 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 37 (4) ◽

pp. 185-198

Author(s):

Michiel Van Oudheusden ◽

Nathan Charlier ◽

Pierre Delvenne

Keyword(s):

Policy Making ◽

Innovation Policy ◽

The Other ◽

Policy Actors ◽

Technology And Innovation ◽

Knowledge Based ◽

Documentary Analysis ◽

Catching Up ◽

Science Technology ◽

Science Technology And Innovation

Drawing on a documentary analysis of two socioeconomic policy programs, one Flemish (“Vlaanderen in Actie”), the other Walloon (“Marshall Plans”), and a discourse analysis of how these programs are received in one Flemish and one Francophone quality newspaper, this article illustrates how Flanders and Wallonia both seek to become top-performing knowledge-based economies (KBEs). The article discerns a number of discursive repertoires, such as “Catching up,” which policy actors draw on to legitimize or question the transformation of Flanders and Wallonia into KBEs. The “Catching up” repertoire places Flanders resolutely ahead of Wallonia in the global race toward knowledge, excellence, and growth, but suggests that Wallonia may, in due course, overtake Flanders as a top competitive region. Given the expectations and fears that “Catching up” evokes among Flemish and Walloon policy actors, the repertoire serves these actors as a flexible discursive resource to make sense of, and shape, their collective futures and their regional identities. The article’s findings underline the simultaneity of, and the interplay between, globalizing forces and particularizing tendencies, as Flanders and Wallonia develop with a global KBE in region-specific ways.

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