Adsorption of Stearic Acid by Carbon

1929 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 633-636
Author(s):  
J. T. Blake
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Stearic Acid ◽  
Filler Particle ◽  
Hydrocarbon Chain ◽  
Carboxyl Group ◽  
Dipole Axis ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Dispersing Agent ◽  
Stearic Acid Molecule ◽  
Dispersing Agents

Abstract The equations used in the calculations are based on the assumption that the adsorbed molecules are dipoles and are adsorbed in an oriented condition. That the values check is evidence that the proposed theory of dispersion is correct and that the dispersing agent is in an oriented condition on the surface of the filler particle. It is possible to calculate that the center of the dipole axis is 4.2 A˚ngströms from the filler surface. Since this value is but 20 per cent of the length of the stearic acid molecule, the carboxyl group is the chief contributor to its dipole moment. This would imply that the length of the hydrocarbon chain is probably not critical so far as the dispersing properties of a fatty acid are concerned. The mechanism of the successful dispersion of fillers other than carbon black should be essentially the same. The whole theory throws much light on the essential part that the naturally occurring fatty acids and added stearic acid play in the dispersion of carbon black in rubber and explains why the addition of small amounts of stearic acid to rubber, especially to rubbers deficient in the naturally occurring dispersing agents, tends to produce a better and more uniform product.

Dispersion of Channel Gas Black in Rubber. Effect of Stearic Acid and Other So-called Dispersing Agents

1935 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 470-482
Author(s):  
C. R. Park ◽  
V. N. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Stearic Acid ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Zinc Stearate ◽  
Surface Forces ◽  
Dispersing Agent ◽  
Principal Effect ◽  
Dispersing Agents

Abstract THE completeness of wetting of carbon black by rubber, the consequent state of dispersion of the black, and the effect of the surface forces in the development of reënforcement of the rubber have been the subjects of much deliberation and experimentation. Of special interest has been the effect of stearic acid upon the dispersing power of rubber for carbon black. On the basis of Green's observation (6) that the dispersion of zinc oxide which had previously flocculated in kerosene resulted in a pronounced softening of the mixture, Goodwin and Park (5) concluded that stearic acid has little effect upon the dispersion of carbon black in rubber. They pointed out that stearic acid has a slight softening action in uncured stock and in cured stock containing no zinc oxide, and that the addition of fatty acid to a stock containing no zinc oxide affects its physical properties adversely. Although they considered that these facts furnished slight indications of a dispersing effect by the stearic acid, these authors offered no convincing evidence of the dispersing effect of stearic acid on carbon black in rubber. For various reasons, including the fact that the plasticity of uncured black stocks is not materially affected by the presence of zinc stearate, Goodwin and Park also concluded that zinc stearate is not a dispersing agent for blacks. In fact, they postulated that the effect of zinc stearate, if any, is to decrease the wetting of the black by the medium and hence to cause flocculation. Since the combined addition of zinc oxide and stearic acid to a rubber-sulfur mix results in an improvement in properties, these investigators were finally led to the conclusion that the principal effect of these soap-forming agents in a carbon black stock is on the curing properties of the rubber itself rather than on the dispersion of the black.

Discussion

1929 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 636-637
Author(s):  
C. R. Boggs
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Small Particle ◽  
Small Particle Size ◽  
Polar Compound ◽  
Dispersing Agent ◽  
Filler Dispersion ◽  
Dispersing Agents

Abstract Doctor Blake has suggested a theory for the mechanism of filler dispersion and reënforcement. However, he deals only with carbon black in rubber. Carbon black is the most important reënforcing ingredient we have for a tire-tread compound. Being a conductor, it cannot be used in appreciable quantities in insulation. We might consider the possibility of finding a non-conducting reënforcing filler for insulation and also what should be done when the present supply of natural gas is depleted. What is needed is a material similar to clay which is cheap and has a small particle size. With present dispersing agents, clay does not, however, reënforce rubber to anywhere near the extent that carbon black does. For a filler to reënforce satisfactorily it must be well dispersed and adhere firmly to the rubber. The correct dispersing agent should bring this about. This agent should be a polar compound. One portion of the molecule should be soluble in the rubber hydrocarbon and another portion should be capable of being adsorbed by and adhering strongly to the surface of the clay.

Effects of dispersing agents on dispersity and mechanical properties of carbon black/PET

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 500-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dae-Jin Kim ◽  
Kwan-Ho Seo ◽  
Ki-Heon Hong ◽  
Sang-Youl Kim
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Dispersing Agents

Effect of the modified dispersing agent and milling time on the properties and particle size distribution of inkjet ink formulation for textile printing

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Abd El-Wahab ◽  
A.M. Nasser ◽  
H.M. Abd ElBary ◽  
M. Abd Elrahman ◽  
M. Hassanein
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Milling Time ◽  
Polyester Fabric ◽  
Light Fastness ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Textile Printing ◽  
Dispersing Agent ◽  
Dispersing Agents ◽  
Ink Formulation

Purpose This paper aims to study the effect of the new modified dispersing agent, milling time of the properties and particle size distribution (PSD) of inkjet ink formulation for polyester fabric printing. Design/methodology/approach The study’s methods include preparation of different formulations of textile inkjet inks based on different types of dispersing agents, then applying and evaluating the prepared formulations on the polyester fabric. The properties of the prepared ink formulations were analyzed by measuring viscosity, surface tension and particle size. The current work is including the study of the effect of using different doses of different dispersing agents and the milling time on their characteristics. Also, the study was extended to evaluate the printed polyester by using the prepared inks according to light fastness, washing fastness, alkali perspiration fastness and crock fastness. Findings The results showed that the used dispersing agents and the different milling time enhanced the viscosity and dynamic surface tension in the accepted range, but it was largely cleared in the PSD which tends to perform the inks on the printhead and prevent clogging of nozzles. Light fastness, washing fastness, alkali perspiration fastness and crock fastness gave good results in agreement with this type of inkjet inks for textile printing. Research limitations/implications In this work, good results were obtained with this type of dispersing agent for inkjet ink formulations, but for other dispersing agents, other tests could be performed. The inkjet ink could also be formulated with other additives to prevent clogging of nozzles on the printhead. Practical implications These ink formulations could be used for printing on polyester fabric by the inkjet printing. Originality/value Recently, there was a considerable interest in the study of the effect of PSD on the inkjet inks to prevent clogging of nozzles on the printhead and to improve the print quality on the textile fiber.

Effect of Resin Components on the Reversion Process of Sulfur-Vulcanized Guayule Rubber

1986 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 800-808 ◽  
Author(s):  
James M. Sloan ◽  
Michael J. Maghochetti ◽  
Walter X. Zukas
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Stearic Acid ◽  
Naturally Occurring

Abstract An effort to characterize the reversion process of guayule rubber when naturally-occurring guayule resin components are present has shown that these components act as a reversion-retarding material. The amount of reversion resistance varies as a function of temperature, concentration, and type of fatty acid. Of the three fatty acids used, linoleic acid, stearic acid, and oleic acid, linoleic acid performed the best for reversion resistance, followed by stearic acid, then oleic acid. When the temperature was increased 10°C, an increase of 15% reversion was observed. This held true for the three temperatures studied. In addition, the amount of reversion improvement upon addition was 20% reversion. In the case of curing at 150°C, this resulted in 0% reversion. The 20% resistance improvment was consistent for the 3 temperatures studied.

The Effect of New Antiagglomerators of the Quantislip Series for Solution-Polymerised Rubber on the Properties of cis-1,4-polyisoprene

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
I.Sh. Nasyrov ◽  
V.Yu. Faizova ◽  
D.A. Zhavoronkov ◽  
S.M. Kavun ◽  
A.S. Kolokol'nikov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Stearic Acid ◽  
Pilot Plant ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Calcium Stearate ◽  
Rubber Crumb ◽  
Chlorine Ions ◽  
Active Centres ◽  
Isoprene Rubber ◽  
Rubber Filler

The results of pilot-plant tests of SKI-3 isoprene rubber containing a series of Quantislip™ rubber crumb antiagglomerators (AAs) are presented. Tests were conducted at OAO ‘Sintez Kauchuk’, with the AAs introduced at the degassing stage. The new Quantislip AAs, developed by OOO ‘NPP Kvalitet’, ensure a reduction in calcium and chlorine ions in wastewater and in its alkalinity. An improvement in the elastic strength properties of carbon-black-filled vulcanisates based on cis-1,4-polyisoprene (SKI-3) and containing AAs was shown. For the production of SKI-3 rubber, an optimum AA composition – Quantislip of grade BM-2R – was developed. When BM-2R is used, stearic acid, formed in standard rubber with a calcium stearate suspension as AA, is eliminated. The possible mechanism of improvement in the strength properties of carbon-black-filled vulcanisates based on SKI-3 is discussed. This is possibly due to an improvement in rubber–filler interaction as a result of there no longer being any competition between segments of macromolecules and stearic acid for active centres when carbon black is adsorbed on the surface.

Synthesis and Dispersion of Ni-Doped Cu2ZnSnS4

2020 ◽  
Vol 860 ◽  
pp. 42-50
Author(s):  
Camellia Panatarani ◽  
Hera Redianti ◽  
Ferry Faizal ◽  
Eka Cahya Prima ◽  
Brian Yuliarto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Phase Transformation ◽  
Zeta Potential ◽  
Elemental Analysis ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Future Application ◽  
Dispersing Agent ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Average Size ◽  
Dispersing Agents

This paper reports the preliminary study on the synthesis of Ni doped CZTS (Cu2ZnSnS4:Ni) particle 5 at.% of Cu by solution method and dispersion of the obtained particles by beads mill method at various dispersing agents (SDS, CTAB, and Tween80). The phase transformation of the obtained particles was analyzed from the XRD spectra and XRF elemental analysis. The phase transformation and amount of Ni-doped to particles was predicted employing commercially available analytical software tool Match! Version 2.x. Moreover, the dispersion characteristics were investigated includes size, size distribution, and zeta potential of bare particles in comparison to various dispersing agents. This characteristic related to the future application of CZTS as an absorber in a thin-film based PV. The XRD analysis showed that the obtained particle contained crystal structure of copper sulfate pentahydrate (75.9 %), Ni(HN2S2)2 (12.5 %), and Cu2ZnSnS4 (11.6%). The XRF elemental analysis showed that amount of Ni-doped was 6.8 at.%; it was higher than the initial design amount of Ni doping. The dispersion of suspended particles was the majority (90%) with an average size of 3.06 µm and only 10 % with size 255 nm. Beads-milling of particles without dispersing agents did not disintegrate agglomerated particles. It is highlighted dispersion only using magnetic stirred with SDS dispersing agent provides the best suspension with a majority (60%) in 166 nm and only 30 % with average size 3.06 µm with relatively high zeta potential (-17 mV). It was concluded that the presence of a multi-phase crystal needs to be resolved either by proper calcination at a higher temperature than 400°C or further heating at a higher temperature during film preparation. High-energy centrifugation of zirconia beads mill caused desorption of adsorbed steric stabilization of dispersing agent under investigation. Further investigation on the coating process to facilitated laboratory fabrication of thin-film absorber with SDS as a dispersing agent is necessary to carry out concerning the properties of the thin-film.

scholarly journals Effect of Sodium Carbonate Concentration in Calgon on Hydrometer Analysis Results

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arshdeep Kaur ◽  
George C. Fanourakis
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sodium Hexametaphosphate ◽  
Carbonate Content ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Carbonate Concentration ◽  
Dispersing Agent ◽  
Effective Combination ◽  
Dispersing Agents

Calgon (a combination of sodium hexametaphosphate and sodium carbonate) has proved to be the most effective dispersing agent in determining the grain size distribution of fine-grained soils by means of the hydrometer analysis. Previous research on the effect of the sodium hexametaphosphate content of dispersing agents on the clay contents showed that the addition of sodium carbonate to sodium hexametaphosphate increases its dispersing effectiveness. Hence, Calgon 35:7 was used /recommended by many researchers/methods and proved to be the most effective dispersing agent. Although previous work focusing on the effect of varying the concentration of sodium hexametaphosphate in Calgon has been reported, the effect of the concentration of sodium carbonate in Calgon has not been assessed and reported. For this reason, in this investigation a series of hydrometer test analyses were conducted using the 152H and ASTM 152H: E100 hydrometers with Calgon in ratios of 35:0, 35:20 and 35:30.  It was observed that with any increase in sodium carbonate content beyond 7 grams, the percentage clay content actually decreased tremendously in the case of hydrometer 152H. However, for the other hydrometer, Calgon (35:0) proved to be most effective combination. Thus, the increase in the sodium carbonate content in Calgon, beyond 7 g/ litre, is not recommended.

Numerical Simulation for Mechanical Behavior of Carbon Black Filler Particle Reinforced Rubber Matrix Composites

2011 ◽  
Vol 137 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Qing Li ◽  
Xiao Xiang Yang
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Mechanical Behavior ◽  
Plane Stress ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Filler Particle ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Dimensional Plane

In this paper, the micromechanical finite element method based on Representative Volume Element has been applied to study and analyze the macro mechanical properties of the carbon black filled rubber composites by using two-dimensional plane stress simulations and three-dimensional axisymmetric simulations under uniaxial compression respectively. The dependence of the macroscopic stress-strain behavior and the effective elastic modulus of the composites, on particle shape, particle area/volume fraction and particle stiffness has been investigated and discussed. Additionally, the simulation results of the two-dimensional plane stress model and the three-dimensional axisymmetric model are evaluated and compared with the experimental data, which shows that the two-dimensional plane stress simulations generate poor predictions on the mechanical behavior of the carbon black particle reinforced rubber composites, while the three-dimensional axisymmetric simulations appear to give a better prediction.

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