The Load Dependence of Laboratory Abrasion and Tire Wear

1970 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 701-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Grosch ◽  
A. Schallamach
Keyword(s):  
Contact Length ◽  
Surface Topology ◽  
Inflation Pressure ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Side Force ◽  
Load Dependence ◽  
Tire Wear ◽  
Modified Theory

Abstract The first outcome of this investigation is that non-proportionality between sliding abrasion and load has relatively little effect on the load dependence of tire wear, which is almost entirely governed by the load dependence of the contact length, unless the inflation pressure is very low. The modified theory on the wear of slipping wheels predicts near proportionality at constant slip between wear in crab walk and side force. This relation is useful for test procedures and has been qualitatively confirmed by experiment. The theory suggests, furthermore, the existence of a severity effect on tire wear ratings which is independent of ambient or tire temperature and is expected to affect the wear rating of different tires if road tests are carried out on test routes with radically different surface topology.

Study on Cornering Properties of Tire and Vehicle

1990 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 136-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Sakai
Keyword(s):  
Load Distribution ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Slip Angle ◽  
Inflation Pressure ◽  
Slip Ratio ◽  
Side Force ◽  
Camber Angle ◽  
Tire Wear ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Tire Friction

Abstract This paper presents theoretical analysis on the cornering properties of tire and vehicle. First, the side force, braking driving forces and self-aligning torque on the tire are shown as functions of slip angle, slip ratio, camber angle and load. Next, the steady cornering properties of the vehicle using these tires are analyzed with the rolling conditions. Slip angle, slip ratio, camber angle and load, and forces and moments of the four tires are calculated. Effects of main factors on the above vehicle properties such as the load distribution, camber/roll ratio, front/rear drive ratio, tire size, tire wear, tire inflation pressure and tire friction are discussed.

scholarly journals Relationships among the contact patch length and width, the tire deflection and the rolling resistance of a free-running wheel in a soil bin facility

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. e0211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parviz Tomaraee ◽  
Aref Mardani ◽  
Arash Mohebbi ◽  
Hamid Taghavifar
Keyword(s):  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Contact Length ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Image Processing Technique ◽  
Inflation Pressure ◽  
Wheel Load ◽  
Contact Patch ◽  
Patch Width ◽  
Soil Bin ◽  
Patch Length

<p>Qualitative and quantitative analysis of contact patch length-rolling resistance, contact patch width-rolling resistance and tire deflection-rolling resistance at different wheel load and inflation pressure levels is presented. The experiments were planned in a randomized block design and were conducted in the controlled conditions provided by a soil bin environment utilizing a well-equipped single wheel-tester of Urmia University, Iran. The image processing technique was used for determination of the contact patch length and contact patch width. Analysis of covariance was used to evaluate the correlations. The highest values of contact length and width and tire deflection occurred at the highest wheel load and lowest tire inflation pressure. Contact patch width is a polynomial (order 2) function of wheel load while there is a linear relationship between tire contact length and wheel load as well as between tire deflection and wheel load. Correlations were developed for the evaluation of contact patch length-rolling resistance, contact patch width-rolling resistance and tire deflection-rolling resistance. It is concluded that the variables studied have a significant effect on rolling resistance.</p>

Experimental Investigation and Simulation of Aircraft Tire Wear

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Kahms ◽  
Matthias Wangenheim
Keyword(s):  
Wear Behavior ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Contact Length ◽  
Wear Model ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Tire Wear ◽  
Wear Maps ◽  
Dynamics And Vibration ◽  
Brush Model ◽  
Good Agreement

ABSTRACT Not only in the automotive sector, but also in the field of aircraft tires, the topic of abrasion is of great importance. The aircraft tire manufacturers provide criteria for the permissible degree of wear. If these limits are exceeded, the tire must be replaced or retreaded. By this time, the tire should withstand as many takeoff and landing cycles as possible. Abrasion models should help to predict the wear behavior in preflight modeling. At the Institute of Dynamics and Vibration Research, quasi-steady abrasion tests are performed using tread block samples from an aircraft tire. For various pressures and sliding speeds, the abrasion is determined by recording the mass loss of the rubber sample. Based on these measurement data, a wear model is derived as a function of coefficient of friction, contact pressure, and sliding speed for different ambient temperatures. The well-known brush model forms the basis for the wear simulations. With parameters validated on the aircraft tire, such as contact length, stiffness, and friction coefficient, the resulting mechanical forces within the contact area are calculated. Finally, the classic brush model is extended by the abrasion calculation. The tire wear is determined during unsteady load and slip conditions by use of the quasi-steady wear maps derived from our experiments. Within a measurement campaign on the complete tire, the tread depth is measured after various driving maneuvers and is in good agreement with the simulation results.

Principal Considerations on Tire Wear

1956 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 781-788 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Schallamach
Keyword(s):  
Tangential Stress ◽  
Relative Motion ◽  
Velocity Component ◽  
Model Experiment ◽  
Elasticity Problem ◽  
Front Part ◽  
Side Force ◽  
Tire Wear ◽  
Rear Part ◽  
Common Area

Abstract The prerequisite for tire wear is relative motion between the tire and road in their common area of contact. Such relative motion occurs, for example, when a tire is flattened on entering the area of contact and can also take place when the tire exerts a force on the ground, i.e., during propulsion, braking and, particularly, cornering. The mechanism of abrasion when the wheel is not rolling freely becomes complicated by the fact that, because of the elasticity of the tire, its circumferential velocity with respect to the vehicle can differ from the travelling velocity, and that, furthermore, the tire can have a velocity component normal to its plane without skidding. In other words, slip without noticeable abrasion is possible. The only case discussed here will be when the wheel describes a curved path. The elasticity problem involved has been treated, among others, by Fromm, von Schlippe, and Temple; the essential facts are best visualized by means of the model experiment reproduced in Figure 1. In this experiment, a solid rubber wheel rolled around a Perspex disk, and the area of contact was illuminated by internal reflection. The deformation of the equator (marked in black) shows that two regions can be distinguished in the area of contact. In the front part, the equator is distorted into a curve parallel to the path, i.e., into a circle, and one can easily see that no relative motion between wheel and track occurs here, but that the wheel adheres to the track. The tangential stress necessary to deflect the wheel is maintained by friction until the stress becomes so high that the limiting friction is reached. At this point the second or rear part of the area of contact develops, in which the wheel slides back sideways. Abrasion should, therefore, be expected only in the rear part of the area of contact. It will decrease with increasing elasticity of the tire, but nothing will be gained thereby, since the tire has, after all, to take up the forces arising during driving. In the present case, this involves the side force holding the vehicle on the curve, and what matters is the dependence of abrasion on this side force.

The Load Dependence of Side Force and Self-Aligning Torque of Pneumatic Tires

1970 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 995-1004
Author(s):  
A. Schallamach
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
The Other ◽  
Research Association ◽  
Side Force ◽  
Load Dependence ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Force Curves ◽  
Theoretical Side ◽  
Pneumatic Tires

Abstract A conclusion to be drawn from this analysis of the load dependence of side force and self-aligning torque of pneumatic tires is that agreement between experimental and theoretical side force curves does not necessarily prove the soundness of the theory. On the other hand, even an inadequate theory is successful in suggesting a predictable and useful interrelation between load and slip dependence of the side force. Figure 4 demonstrates that quite a primitive transform of experimental data can lead to a unified presentation of its load and slip dependence although the resulting curve deviates quantitatively from theory in this particular case. This work forms part of a program of research undertaken by the Natural Rubber Producers' Research Association.

An estimation algorithm for tire wear using intelligent tire concept

2021 ◽  
pp. 095440702199948
Author(s):  
Bo Li ◽  
Zhenqiang Quan ◽  
Shaoyi Bei ◽  
Lanchun Zhang ◽  
Haijian Mao
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Vibration Frequency ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Estimation Algorithm ◽  
Average Error ◽  
Radial Vibration ◽  
Inflation Pressure ◽  
Speed Increase ◽  
Pressure Load ◽  
Tire Wear

Real-time monitoring of tire wear is a hot spot in the research of automobile tires, and it has a great significance to ensure the safety of automobile driving. A tire wear estimation algorithm was proposed based on the relevant knowledge of finite element modal analysis theory and the concept of intelligent tires in this paper. First, the finite element model of the 205/55/R16 radial tire was established through the ABAQUS software, then the finite element method was used to simulate and analyze the influence of tire inflation pressure, load, tire wear, and speed on the tire radial vibration frequency. The simulation results show that inflation pressure and tire wear shows an upward trend with the increase of the vibration frequency of each order in the tire radial direction, and load and speed increase with what increases of tire radial increase frequency. Based on simulation analysis data, combined with the relationship between tire inflation pressure, load, tire wear, speed, and radial vibration frequency, a neural network-based tire wear estimation algorithm is proposed. The estimate results show that the predicted wear curve and the actual wear curve have a higher degree of overlap, the average error is 0.0874 mm, and the average error percentage is 2.78%, Thus, a feasible tire wear estimation algorithm is proposed.

scholarly journals Analysis of Tire Contact Parameters Using Visual Processing

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentin Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Test Bench ◽  
Normal Load ◽  
Contact Length ◽  
Inflation Pressure ◽  
Patch Area ◽  
Wheel Load ◽  
Contact Patch ◽  
Wheel Rolling ◽  
Contact Parameters

This paper discusses the application of noncontact methods to analyze the tire-surface contact interaction. This approach uses the tire test bench with the set of contact patch monitoring based on image processing procedures. The first part of this paper presents the results of experimental estimation of the contact patch area depending on the normal wheel load and inflation pressure for different car tires. The data were obtained for test bench conditions on the basis of the visual processing of tread footprint. Further, the contact length in the cohesion area during wheel rolling for single points on the tire profile has been chosen as a benchmark criterion. This paper has analyzed the influence of the wheel normal load and tire inflation pressure on the contact length with small rolling velocities. The results of the investigations are given for winter and racing tires with different grades of wear.

Impact of Load and Inflation Pressure on Traffic-Induced Soil Compaction for Two Types of Flotation Tires

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 499-507
Author(s):  
Ahmad Mohsenimanesh ◽  
Claude Laguë
Keyword(s):  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Contact Length ◽  
High Load ◽  
Inflation Pressure ◽  
Cone Penetration ◽  
Contact Patch ◽  
Low Load ◽  
Cone Index

Abstract. An Automatic Air Inflation-Deflation (AAID) control unit was evaluated on a manure tanker equipped with Alliance model 390 30.5LR32 steel belted radial-ply and Michelin 650/75R32 172A8/172B TL MEGAXBIB radial-ply flotation tires. The objective was to validate the effectiveness of the AAID control unit from an engineering perspective and its benefits for field agricultural operations. The contact patch was characterized in terms of rut depth and width, and tire contact length. Soil cone index was used as an indicator of soil compaction caused by the weight of the manure tanker. Cone index and rut depth at the centerline and edge of both the Alliance and the Michelin tires were affected by tire inflation pressure and load. As inflation pressure or load increased, the cone penetration resistance in the contact patch increased, indicating an increase in soil compaction. The adjusted tire inflation pressure for field operation using the AAID control unit reduced the rut depth at a lug imprint at the tire centerline, at a high load of 68 kN per tire, by 18.4% and 15.6% for the Michelin and Alliance tires, respectively, and by 19.1% and 12.0% at a low load of 44 kN per tire for the Michelin and Alliance tires respectively. Keywords: Automatic air inflation deflation, Cone index, Contact patch, Flotation tire, Manure tanker, Rut depth, Rut width, Soil compaction management.

scholarly journals Topology Analysis of Bicycle Rim Brake Pad to Improve Braking Performance

2018 ◽  
Vol 217 ◽  
pp. 04004
Author(s):  
Le-Onn Keong ◽  
Choe-Yung Teoh
Keyword(s):  
Parametric Study ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Contact Length ◽  
Surface Topology ◽  
Brake Pad ◽  
Topology Analysis ◽  
Braking Performance ◽  
External Dimension ◽  
Friction Performance ◽  
The Right

Various parameters of rubber brake pad tribology will affect the braking performance of a rim brake system of a bicycle. Out of those, three main parameters are contact length of brake pad, surface topology of friction surface, and the thickness of rim brake pad. the goals of this study are to improve the braking performance of rim brakes to have better friction performance while retaining its simplicity of manufacturing and to investigate the effect on friction performance through the modifications of external dimensions and surface topology of rim brakes. Moreover, through this study, it can reveal which topology modifications of the rubber brake pad will have the most significance effect towards friction performance. Experimental measurement is used to obtain the friction properties and then parametric study was carried out numerically to obtain the braking performance of the rubber brake pad. the parametric study was simulated in ANSYS Transient Structural analysis. Taguchi design method was used for quantitatively identifying the right inputs and parameter levels. the results showed that smaller groove and smaller width contribute to higher friction performance. Stress concentration occurs at the edge of groove; hence, by reducing number of groove, it allows higher braking force to be generated. Location of groove concentration appears to have insignificance effect to the friction performance. Through the topology modifications, it improves the braking performance by 3%. As for external dimension, thick rubber brake pad will not demonstrate any improvement and longer contact length will demonstrate higher friction force. However, it has to be bounded by the practicality of the dimension. Upon modifications at the external dimension, it has an improvement of 64% in braking performance.

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