Microscopy of Rubber Products

2002 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 511-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald W. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Product Analysis ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Rubber Mat ◽  
Light Optical Microscope ◽  
Shoe Soles ◽  
Microscopy Techniques ◽  
Rubber Product ◽  
Scanning Electron

Abstract This paper is a review of published literature containing some aspects of rubber product analysis using microscopy techniques. This includes close-up photography, photomicrography, photomicrography obtained from light optical microscope (LOM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Products represented are tires, belts, hoses, seals, rubber bands, balloons and some miscellaneous products such as a submarine hydrophone boot, rubber mat, shoe soles, tire curing bladder, and roofing membrane.

Organoclay-reinforced polyethersulfone-modified epoxy-based hybrid nanocomposites

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 526-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Wang ◽  
Boming Zhang ◽  
Jinrui Ye
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Mechanical Analysis ◽  
Hybrid Nanocomposites ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Modified Epoxy ◽  
Scanning Electron

Hybrid nanocomposites were successfully prepared by the incorporation of polyethersulfone (PES) and organoclay into epoxy resin. They had higher fracture toughness than the prepared PES/epoxy blend and organoclay/epoxy nanocomposites. The microstructures of the hybrid nanocomposites were studied. They were comprised of homogeneous PES/epoxy semi-interpenetrating network (semi-IPN) matrices and organoclay micro-agglomerates made up of tactoid-like regions composed of ordered exfoliated organoclay with various orientations. The former was confirmed with dynamic mechanical analysis, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, while the latter was successfully observed with X-ray diffraction measurements, optical microscope, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. The improvement of their fracture toughness was due to the synergistic toughening effect of the PES and the organoclay and related to their microstructures.

scholarly journals Scanning Microscopy Techniques as an Assessment Tool of Materials and Interventions for the Protection of Built Cultural Heritage

Scanning ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonia Moropoulou ◽  
Elisabetta Zendri ◽  
Pilar Ortiz ◽  
Ekaterini T. Delegou ◽  
Ioanna Ntoutsi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Spectroscopy Analysis ◽  
Built Heritage ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Microscopy Techniques ◽  
Scanning Electron

Scanning microscopy techniques have emerged as powerful scientific tools for analysing materials of architectural or archaeological interest, since the commercialization of the first scanning electron microscopy instrumentation in the early 60s. This study is aimed at reviewing and highlighting the significance of several scanning microscopy techniques employed in the protection of built heritage. The diffusion of scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis (SEM-EDX) is proven to be the widest among the available scanning microscopy techniques, while transmission electron microscopy (TEM) applications are steadily present in the field of built heritage protection. The building material characterization, the weathering mechanism investigation, and the development of compatible and performing conservation materials are some major research areas where the application of the aforementioned techniques is discussed. The range of techniques, along with aspects of instrumentation and sample preparation are, also, considered.

Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis in Forensic Science

1973 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 930-943
Author(s):  
John L Brown ◽  
James W Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Forensic Analysis ◽  
Depth Of Focus ◽  
Crystalline Materials ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Electron

Abstract The optical microscope has long been an important tool in forensic analysis for the comparison of firearms markings and the examination and identification of other minute bits of evidence. The electron microscope permits the examination of even smaller details and offers analytical capabilities unique to the type of instrument used. The transmission electron microscope can be used to identify very small amounts of crystalline materials through the process of electron diffraction. The scanning electron microscope can frequently supersede the optical microscope because of its superior depth of focus and range of magnification. When it is equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray analyzer, most of the chemical elements in a sample can be determined. Applications of these instruments have provided some interesting and instructive results in forensic analysis.

Caracterización microestructural del queso de Burgos mediante diferentes técnicas microscópicas / Microstructural characterization of Burgos cheese using different microscopy techniques

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Hernando ◽  
I. Pérez-Munuera ◽  
M.A. Lluch
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Microstructural Characterization ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Dimensional Network ◽  
Lining Structure ◽  
Cheese Microstructure ◽  
Microscopy Techniques ◽  
Scanning Electron

Electron microscopy has made a significant contribution to our knowledge of the structure of foods and the interaction among their components. In this paper, several electron microscopy techniques are applied to study the Burgos cheese microstructure. Burgos cheese samples fixed in glutaraldehyde and observed by scanning electron microscopy showed a continuous three-dimensional network of protein, with roundish empty spaces, which probably contained fat, whey or air in the original sample. Fixation in osmium tetroxide showed the distribution of fat, which is organized in globules (1-3 ltm in diameter). Water closely and uniformly interacting with proteins and the protein shells deposited around the fat globule membranes (0.2 pm thick) can be observed by cryo-scanning electron microscopy. Samples observed by transmission electron microscopy showed loosely or ' strongly aggregated proteins forming the continuous network. Furthermore, a core and lining structure were distinguished; this structure could be related to the presence of B-lactoglobulin. Finally, this technique allows observations of individual casein grains and the interstitial spaces among them.

scholarly journals Observations on the Surface Structure of Aurelia solida (Scyphozoa) Polyps and Medusae

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 244
Author(s):  
Valentina Turk ◽  
Ana Fortič ◽  
Maja Kos Kramar ◽  
Magda Tušek Žnidarič ◽  
Jasna Štrus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Surface Structures ◽  
Epithelial Layer ◽  
Ciliated Cells ◽  
Moon Jellyfish ◽  
Northern Adriatic ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Microscopy Techniques ◽  
Scanning Electron

The surface structures and mucus layers that form an interface between the epithelial layer of organisms and their external environment were studied in the bloom-forming moon jellyfish (Aurelia solida, Scyphozoa) from the northern Adriatic. The surface of the polyps revealed epithelial ciliated cells and numerous nematocysts, both non-discharged and discharged. Cilia were also the most prominent features on the surface of adult medusa, protruding from the epidermal cells and with microvilli surrounding the base. Histochemical methods and various microscopy techniques (light/epifluorescence and electron microscopy) confirmed the presence of abundant mucus around polyps and on the surfaces of adult medusa, and that the mucus contained acidic and neutral mucins. The observed mucus secretions on the exumbrella surface of the medusae were in the form of granules, flocs, and sheets. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analyses confirmed the presence of various microbes in the mucus samples, but not on the epithelial surfaces of the polyps or the exumbrella of the medusae.

scholarly journals Influence of Austenite Phase Transformation on Existing Microstructure of Low C-Mn Steel

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 3525-3529
Author(s):  
S. H. Abro ◽  
A. Chandio ◽  
A. R. Jamali ◽  
S. A. Shah
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Nucleation And Growth ◽  
Austenite Phase ◽  
Continuous Heating ◽  
Growth Morphology ◽  
Microscopy Techniques ◽  
Mn Steel ◽  
Scanning Electron

Cold heading quality CHQ steel is widely used for making small components due to its excellent cold heading response. Austenite nucleation and growth morphology of a commercial CHQ steel has been studied by continuous heating experiments using lead-bath up-quenching at different heating temperatures. Modern optical microscope Olympus GX51, scanning electron microscopy techniques have been deployed to reveal and interpret the microstructure. It was found that at 740°C the microstructure shows lack of homogeneity, hence the cold-head-ability of CHQ steel is anisotropic. At high temperatures, in austenite domain, at 60sec, the resultant austenite is highly homogenous. Then the cold-head-ability properties of CHQ steel turned to be isotropic.

Ultrastructural Analysis of the Salivary Glands of Gromphadorhina Portentosa (Schaum)

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 638-639
Author(s):  
P.J. Dailey
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Secretory Vesicles ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Means Of Transmission ◽  
Gromphadorhina Portentosa ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Topographical Relief

The structure of insect salivary glands has been extensively investigated during the past decade; however, none have attempted scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in ultrastructural examinations of these secretory organs. This study correlates fine structure by means of SEM cryofractography with that of thin-sectioned epoxy embedded material observed by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM).Salivary glands of Gromphadorhina portentosa were excised and immediately submerged in cold (4°C) paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde fixative1 for 2 hr, washed and post-fixed in 1 per cent 0s04 in phosphosphate buffer (4°C for 2 hr). After ethanolic dehydration half of the samples were embedded in Epon 812 for TEM and half cryofractured and subsequently critical point dried for SEM. Dried specimens were mounted on aluminum stubs and coated with approximately 150 Å of gold in a cold sputtering apparatus.Figure 1 shows a cryofractured plane through a salivary acinus revealing topographical relief of secretory vesicles.

Two- or three-way observations of the identical cell elements within the same sections by LM, TEM and/or SEM

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nakazo Watari ◽  
Yasuaki Hotta ◽  
Yoshio Mabuchi
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Fine Structure ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Identical Cell ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Scanning Electron

It is very useful if we can observe the identical cell elements within the same sections by light microscopy (LM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and/or scanning electron microscopy (SEM) sequentially, because, the cell fine structure can not be indicated by LM, while the color is; on the other hand, the cell fine structure can be very easily observed by EM, although its color properties may not. However, there is one problem in that LM requires thick sections of over 1 μm, while EM needs very thin sections of under 100 nm. Recently, we have developed a new method to observe the same cell elements within the same plastic sections using both light and transmission (conventional or high-voltage) electron microscopes.In this paper, we have developed two new observation methods for the identical cell elements within the same sections, both plastic-embedded and paraffin-embedded, using light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and/or scanning electron microscopy (Fig. 1).

Scanning and Transmission Microscopy of Nematocyst Batteries in Epitheliomuscular Cells of Hydra

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 410-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane A. Westfall ◽  
S. Yamataka ◽  
Paul D. Enos
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
External Surface ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Surface Structures ◽  
Transmission Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Scanning Electron

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provides three dimensional details of external surface structures and supplements ultrastructural information provided by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Animals composed of watery jellylike tissues such as hydras and other coelenterates have not been considered suitable for SEM studies because of the difficulty in preserving such organisms in a normal state. This study demonstrates 1) the successful use of SEM on such tissue, and 2) the unique arrangement of batteries of nematocysts within large epitheliomuscular cells on tentacles of Hydra littoralis.Whole specimens of Hydra were prepared for SEM (Figs. 1 and 2) by the fix, freeze-dry, coat technique of Small and Màrszalek. The specimens were fixed in osmium tetroxide and mercuric chloride, freeze-dried in vacuo on a prechilled 1 Kg brass block, and coated with gold-palladium. Tissues for TEM (Figs. 3 and 4) were fixed in glutaraldehyde followed by osmium tetroxide. Scanning micrographs were taken on a Cambridge Stereoscan Mark II A microscope at 10 KV and transmission micrographs were taken on an RCA EMU 3G microscope (Fig. 3) or on a Hitachi HU 11B microscope (Fig. 4).

Application of Scanning Electron Microscopy to Medical Research

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 12-13
Author(s):  
J. D. Hutchison
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Medical Research ◽  
Prosthetic Heart Valve ◽  
School Of Medicine ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Mechanism Of Failure ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Scanning Electron

When the transmission electron microscope was commercially introduced a few years ago, it was heralded as one of the most significant aids to medical research of the century. It continues to occupy that niche; however, the scanning electron microscope is gaining rapidly in relative importance as it fills the gap between conventional optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.IBM Boulder is conducting three major programs in cooperation with the Colorado School of Medicine. These are the study of the mechanism of failure of the prosthetic heart valve, the study of the ultrastructure of lung tissue, and the definition of the function of the cilia of the ventricular ependyma of the brain.

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