A Review of Rubber Oxidation

Abstract The aging of rubber caused by oxidative degradation leads to the deterioration in the physical and mechanical properties of vulcanized rubbers. In an effort to improve the oxidative stability of rubbers and elastomers, considerable amount of work has been carried out over the past 50 years (especially in the most recent 5 years) in order to understand degradation modes and effects in rubber due to the action of oxygen and ozone in the air. Different mechanisms have been proposed to interpret the experimental data relative to the oxidation of rubber. The diffusion limited theory has been widely used in the literature and verified by many experiments. Various instrumental techniques have been utilized to characterize the oxidation and degradation and their mechanisms in rubber compounds. Recently, FTIR imaging has demonstrated a unique combination of spectral and spatial resolution which allows not only the identification of the oxidation products but also their spatial distribution from the oxygen penetrating surfaces. This critical review will cover the major developments in our understanding of the oxidation of rubbers.

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Fifty years of progress in ice engineering

Journal of Glaciology ◽

10.3189/s0022143000215852 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 33 (S1) ◽

pp. 78-85 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lorne W. Gold

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Bearing Capacity ◽

Thermal State ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Ice Formation ◽

The Past ◽

Atmospheric Icing ◽

Ice Forces

AbstractThe literature reporting scientific and engineering investigations on ice has grown rapidly in the past 50 years, and increased by a factor of at least ten in the past 20 years. A review is presented of advances in engineering for ice problems during this period, including ice formation in rivers, lakes, and oceans; ice forces on structures; bearing capacity of ice covers; and atmospheric icing. The difficulties faced by engineers due to the unique physical and mechanical properties of ice and its normal thermal state are emphasized.

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The Influence on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of the Tread by Preheating of Raw Rubber

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.501.114 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 501 ◽

pp. 114-116

Author(s):

Chuang Sheng Wang ◽

Feng Bao Bai

Keyword(s):

Experimental Data ◽

Mechanical Properties ◽

Water Temperature ◽

Fill Factor ◽

Cooling Water ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Rotor Speed ◽

Cooling Water Temperature

This paper using synchronous rotor mixer, had researched the influence of preheating of raw rubber on the physical and mechanical properties of the tread under the same fill factor, rotor speed, cooling water temperature, and the pressure on top of bolt. According to processing and analysis of the experimental data, we can conclude that: As the temperature of raw rubber increased, the physical and mechanical properties of the tread had changed.

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Influence of magnesium hydrosilicate on the properties plantar rubber

Butlerov Communications ◽

10.37952/roi-jbc-01/20-61-1-91 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 61 (1) ◽

pp. 91-95

Author(s):

Konstantin V. Efimov ◽

◽

Lyudmila Yu. Tsareva ◽

Nikolay F. Ushmarin ◽

Nikolay I. Koltsov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Particle Size ◽

Practical Interest ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Rubber Mixture ◽

Rubber Compounds ◽

Developed Surface ◽

The Cost ◽

Methyl Styrene ◽

Styrene Butadiene

The properties of rubber products are determined by the nature and content of caoutchoucs, vulcanizing systems and other ingredients. Among them, fillers play an important role. The most common fillers are carbon black and silicas. Recently, in connection with the increasing operational requirements for rubber products, additives of special fillers began to be introduced into rubber mixtures. Among them, silicates are of practical interest, the use of which allows not only to reduce the cost, but also to give qualitatively new useful physical and mechanical properties to rubbers. Improving the physical and mechanical properties of rubbers directly depends on the particle size of the fillers. Fillers with a smaller particle size have a larger surface area and have a significant effect on the physical and mechanical properties of rubbers. The highly developed surface of powdered magnesium hydrosilicate suggests its use as a filler for rubber compounds. In this regard, it is of interest to study the effect of magnesium hydrosilicate on the properties of rubbers. This article explored the possibility of using magnesium hydrosilicate in plantar rubber based on a combination of nitrile butadiene SKN-4055, methyl styrene butadiene SKMS-30ARK and isoprene SKI-3 caoutchoucs. The rheometric properties were investigated for the rubber mixture, and the physical and mechanical properties, hardness, resistance to thermal aging and the action of aggressive media were determined for vulcanizates. As a result of the studies, it was found that the best rheometric, physico-mechanical and operational properties are possessed by the vulcanizate of the rubber compound, in which the silicon-acid filler of rossil 175 was partially replaced by magnesium hydrosilicate. This rubber can be used in the production of oil and petrol resistant soles of rubber shoes.

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Study of the expanded clay sand uses in surface and underground mine construction

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202131501008 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 315 ◽

pp. 01008

Author(s):

Natalya Gilyazidinova ◽

Evgeniy Shabanov ◽

Tatyana Santalova

Keyword(s):

Experimental Data ◽

Mechanical Properties ◽

Material Properties ◽

Construction Projects ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Underground Mine

The possibility of using expanded clay sand in surface and underground mine construction is considered in the article. As a result of the research, the material properties were studied, its uses were determined. The research has experimentally proven that expanded clay sand can be used as a base for concretes and mortars, which are suitable for mine construction by their properties. In the course of the research, samples of various compositions were made; the structure of the material is shown. Samples were tested to determine several physical and mechanical properties. Based on the experimental data, it was concluded that expanded clay sand can be used for mine construction projects, providing strength and heat performance of structures.

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Developments in Lightweight Aluminum Alloys for Automotive Applications: 2001-2005

10.4271/9780768017168 ◽

2006 ◽

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Fuel Efficiency ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Safety Performance ◽

Automotive Application ◽

Vehicle Safety ◽

Automotive Applications ◽

Lightweight Materials ◽

The Past ◽

Development Evaluation

The use of lightweight materials in automotive application has greatly increased in the past two decades. A need to meet customer demands for vehicle safety, performance and fuel efficiency has accelerated the development, evaluation and employment of new lightweight materials and processes. The 50 SAE Technical papers contained in this publication document the processes, guidelines, and physical and mechanical properties that can be applied to the selection and design of lightweight components for automotive applications. The book starts off with an introduction section containing two 1920 papers that examine the use of aluminum in automobiles.

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Lightweight Artificial Aggregate Based on Fly Ash for New Rehabilitation Materials

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.688.146 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 688 ◽

pp. 146-151 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Pavel Sokol ◽

Rostislav Drochytka ◽

Vit Cerný ◽

Ester Helanová

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Fly Ash ◽

Power Plants ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Social Pressure ◽

High Quality ◽

Lightweight Materials ◽

The Past ◽

Rehabilitation Work

During rehabilitation work are often strict requirements on the use of high quality lightweight materials, including aggregate. Due the constantly increasing social pressure on the optimal use of secondary raw materials is therefore most appropriate to exploit the potential of fly ash as mineral residue from the combustion of ground coal in power plants. Especially filter fly ash has proven to be an adequate substitute for traditional materials in the past. This article deals with the evaluation of physical and mechanical properties of cold-consolidated pellets based on conventional and fluidized fly ash with various cement addition.

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Measurement of Physical and Mechanical Properties of High-Speed Heated Casting Cores

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.729.114 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 729 ◽

pp. 114-118

Author(s):

Ivan Nikolaevich Erdakov ◽

Viktor Vladimirovich Novokreshchenov ◽

Vladimir Michaylovich Tkachev ◽

Ranil Danillovich Gabbasov

Keyword(s):

Experimental Data ◽

Mechanical Properties ◽

High Speed ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Deformation Model

The paper presents the results of experimental studies of physical and mechanical properties of casting cores (-set process using Carbectis binder) high-speed heated with subsequent destruction. Based on experimental data, such parameters of deformation model of a core are obtained which permit to calculate the values of hindered shrinkage of AK7Ch alloy with the accuracy of 1.5 %.

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Study of Phase Formation Processes in a Three-Component System of Diopside, Porcelain, Alumina

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.872.201 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 872 ◽

pp. 201-205 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Valeriy M. Pogrebenkov ◽

Kirill S. Kostikov

Keyword(s):

Experimental Data ◽

Mechanical Properties ◽

Phase Formation ◽

Crystalline Phase ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Theoretical Research ◽

Formation Processes ◽

Component System ◽

Technical Ceramic ◽

Theoretical Investigations

This article presents the study of phase formation at nonductile component interacting (diopside, alumina and pre-synthesized porcelain). Technical ceramic compositions with improved physical and mechanical properties are developed on the basis of these components. A theoretical research has been conducted, as a result of which a triple forecasting diagram is built in the system of diopside - alumina - porcelain. The diagram reflects 10 main areas with a major crystalline phase for the composition. Theoretical investigations are proved out by experimental data.

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Model of the interaction of elements of track supporting surface of harvester with soil

Forestry Engineering Journal ◽

10.12737/8472 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 191-200 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Клубничкин ◽

Evgeniy Klubnichkin ◽

Клубничкин ◽

Vladislav Klubnichkin ◽

Дручинин ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Experimental Data ◽

Mechanical Properties ◽

Soil Mechanics ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Analytical Description ◽

Supporting Surface

Analytical description of the interaction between the tracks with soil is quite difficult, although to date the physical and mechanical properties of soils are fairly well understood. However, the application of the laws of soil mechanics to describe the interaction of track with soil is not acceptable because of loading dynamism of soil with elements of track bearing surfaces. Therefore, to describe the process of interaction of track with soil the experimental data are used, which revealed some general patterns.

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