CHLOROHYDRINATION OF NR LATEX BY USING SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE FOR FUEL-RESISTANT MATERIALS

2016 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Chanroj ◽  
P. Paoprasert
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Surfactant Concentration ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid Concentration ◽  
Thermal And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Production Processes

ABSTRACT NR is hydrophobic and cannot be used to store, transfer, or make contact with hydrocarbon compounds. We report a simple method to increase the hydrophilicity of NR: a chlorohydrination reaction of NR latex by using sodium hypochlorite is described. It was found that only chlorohydrinated NR was obtained and side products were unnoticeable. The effects of sodium hypochlorite concentration, hydrochloric acid concentration, surfactant concentration, and reaction time on chlorohydrin content in NR were investigated. The swelling resistance of chlorohydrinated NR with 11% chlorohydrin content in diesel and gasohol fuels was improved nearly 3-fold and 4-fold, respectively, compared to that of the unmodified NR. The thermal and mechanical properties of the chlorohydrinated NR were characterized and found to be similar to those of pristine NR, indicating that the chlorohydrinated NR can be an excellent substitute for NR. This method has merits such as low cost of raw materials, easier and greener production processes than traditional methods, and scaling-up possibilities for the fabrication of chlorohydrinated NR for a variety of applications.

Rice Husk Reinforcement in Polymer Composites

2016 ◽  
pp. 165-191
Author(s):  
Sanjay Sharma ◽  
Deepak Verma
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Natural Fibre ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Thermal And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Coconut Husk ◽  
Fibre Composites ◽  
Petroleum Reserves

Increasing concern about global warming and depleting petroleum reserves and the high cost of petroleum products had made scientists to focus more on the use of natural fibres such as rice husk, baggase, coconut husk, hemp, sisal, jute, flax, banana etc. Past decade has shown many efforts to develop composites to replace the Petroleum and other non-decaying material products. Reinforcement with natural fibre in composites has recently gained attention due to low cost, easy availability, low density, acceptable, strength full, stiffness, ease of separation, enhanced energy recovery, biodegradability and recyclable in nature. Natural fibre composites are suitable as wood substitutes in the construction sector. All these have excellent physical, thermal and mechanical properties and can be utilized more effectively in the development of composite materials. In this connection, an investigation has been carried using rice husk, a natural fibre abundantly available in India.

scholarly journals 3D Printing of Continuous Fiber Reinforced Low Melting Point Alloy Matrix Composites: Mechanical Properties and Microstructures

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 3463
Author(s):  
Xin Wang ◽  
Xiaoyong Tian ◽  
Lixian Yin ◽  
Dichen Li
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Matrix Composite ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Metallic Matrix ◽  
Interfacial Microstructure ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Continuous Fiber ◽  
Alloy Matrix

A novel 3D printing route to fabricate continuous fiber reinforced metal matrix composite (CFRMMC) is proposed in this paper. It is distinguished from the 3D printing process of polymer matrix composite that utilizes the pressure inside the nozzle to combine the matrix with the fiber. This process combines the metallic matrix with the continuous fiber by utilizing the wetting and wicking performances of raw materials to form the compact internal structures and proper fiber-matrix interfaces. CF/Pb50Sn50 composites were printed with the Pb50Sn50 alloy wire and modified continuous carbon fiber. The mechanical properties of the composite specimens were studied, and the ultimate tensile strength reached 236.7 MPa, which was 7.1 times that of Pb50Sn50 alloy. The fracture and interfacial microstructure were investigated and analyzed. The relationships between mechanical properties and interfacial reactions were discussed. With the optimized process parameters, several composites parts were printed to demonstrate the advantages of low cost, short fabrication period and flexibility in fabrication of complex structures.

Application of Response Surface Methodology for Improving the Yield of 1,5-bis(ptoluenesulfonyl)- 3,7-Dihydroxyoctahydro-1,5-Diazocine

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 398-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Zou ◽  
Jingyi Fei ◽  
Liangzhe Chen ◽  
Qingfeng Dong ◽  
Houbin Li
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Product Yield ◽  
Synthesis Process ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Ft Ir

Background: 3,3,7,7-tetrakis (difluoramino) octahydro-1,5-dinitro-1,5-diazocine (HNFX), as an important oxidizer in propellants, has received much attention due to its high density and energy. However, there are many difficulties that need to be solved, such as complex synthetic processes, low product yield, high cost of raw materials and complicated purification. In the synthesis of HNFX, the intermediate named 1,5-bis (p-toluenesulfonyl)-3,7-dihydroxyoctahydro-1, 5-diazocine (gem-diol), is difficult to synthesize. Methods: A simple method was used to synthesize the gem-diol. This prepared gem-diol was characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR, melting point and mass spectrometry. In order to increase the yield of gem-diol, response surface methodology (RSM) was introduced to optimize experimental conditions. Results: After the establishment of the model, the optimal conditions of synthesis were found to be 9.33h for reaction time, 6.13wt. % for the concentration of NaOH and 1.38:1 for ratio of ECH (p-toluenesulfonamide): TCA (epichlorohydrin). Under the optimal conditions, the experimental value and the predicted value of yield were 22.18% and 22.92%, respectively. Conclusion: 1,5-bis (p-toluenesulfonyl)-3,7-dihydroxyoctahydro-1,5-diazocine (gem-diol) can be synthesized using the low cost of chemical materials, including p-toluenesulfonamide, epichlorohydrin, sodium hydroxide and ethanol. Response surface methodology (RSM) is an effective method to optimize the synthesis process, thereby improving the yield of gem-diol.

Absorbable Suture Made from Rice Starch

2010 ◽  
Vol 123-125 ◽  
pp. 291-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sittiporn Punyanitya ◽  
Rungsarit Koonawoot ◽  
Sakdiphon Thiensem ◽  
Surasit Laosatirawong ◽  
Anirut Raksujarit
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Polymer Films ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Water ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Rice Starch ◽  
Absorbable Suture ◽  
Milling Method ◽  
Simple Technology

The main objective of this work is to make an absorbable monofilament suture from Thai rice starch. The improvement of the mechanical properties of Thai rice starch polymer films were achieved by addition of small amount of gelatin, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and carbon nanopowders. The carbon nanopowders were produced from coconut shell in our laboratory room by milling method. The incorporation of carbon nanopowders with a high aspect ratio and/or an extremely large surface area into Thai rice starch polymer films improves their mechanical performances significantly. Additionally, the black color from carbon nanopowder is easily visualized in tissue during surgery. The manufacturing processes are very simple by blending of the raw materials in hot water and then dry heating in electric oven. The final product was characterized of microstructures and mechanical properties. The resulting Thai rice starch-carbon nanocomposites possess several advantages for manufacture of sutures: 1. high water resistance that can be uses in the human body. 2. high mechanical strength that appropriate to manufacture of sutures. 3. biocompatibility and bioabsorbable. 4. low cost. 5. Eco-friendly green nanocomposites. However, the method of size designation of sutures fibers and needle attachment are the problem which restricts our suture in really applications. The investigation of knowledge and simple technology of manufacture of suture and needle attachment will be performed.

scholarly journals Preparation of Linear Low-density Polyethylene/Treated Date Palm Leaflet Green Composites and Investigation of their Thermal and Mechanical Properties

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 200-206
Author(s):  
Mashael Alshabanat
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Testing ◽  
Date Palm ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Gum Arabic ◽  
Renewable Resource ◽  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Thermal And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Linear Low Density Polyethylene

This work aims to develop green linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) composites that are commercially viable due to the low cost of the date palm leaflet filler, which is a local renewable resource. The filler was naturally treated with gum arabic solution. FT-IR, XRD, and SEM techniques were used to characterize the samples. The thermal and mechanical properties were measured by TGA, DSC, and tensile testing. The results showed noticeable changes in the properties of the composites compared to those of the original LLDPE sample. TGA revealed that the composite started thermally. The composites started thermally degrading before the original polymer, owing to the degradation of the natural components in the filler. The findings from DSC suggested that the crystallinity was affected. The tensile testing results indicated that the composites were appropriate for applications requiring low tensile strength at break and high Young’s modulus. A comparison of these results with earlier ones exhibited that the basic additives in the polymer may have an effect on the filler performance.

Physical and mechanical properties of polyurethane thermoset matrices reinforced with green coconut fibres

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (30) ◽  
pp. 4841-4852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Lamounier Faria ◽  
Laércio Mesquita Júnior ◽  
Ana Angélica Resende ◽  
Daiane Erika Lopes ◽  
Lourival Marin Mendes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Coconut Fibre

Currently, the use of composites to replace parts made only with plastics has been gradually employed. The advantages of these composites are low cost, high availability of raw materials and good physical and mechanical properties. Thus, this work aimed at producing and characterizing composites produced with coconut fibre reinforced polyurethane matrices. The coconut fibres were studied as to their chemical constituents, aspect ratio, bulk density, pH, tensile properties, and surface SEM images. The composites were prepared using the hand lay-up process and four different concentrations of coconut fibre were evaluated: 30, 40, 50, and 60%. The composites were assessed as for water absorption after 20 days of immersion, bulk density, impact IZOD, tensile tests, and visualize the matrix-reinforcement interface using SEM. The electron micrographs showed a great deal of impurities on the surface of coconut fibres, such as greases, waxes, and gums, due to the high amount of extraction material (19.78%), which damages the adherence of the polymer onto the coconut fibre and, as observed, cause detachment between the reinforcement and the matrix. The tensile strength of the composites tended to increase as greater amounts of coconut fibres were added to the matrix. The averages were around 6.51 to 6.72 MPa for composites with 30 and 60% fibres, respectively. Therefore, coconut fibres can be considered as an alternative to synthetic fibres commonly used in composites, and they can be used at a ratio of 60% without prejudicing the properties of the composites, making them lighter and cheaper.

scholarly journals Multifunctional Graphene-Based Composite Sponge

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu Cui ◽  
Jiayu Tian ◽  
Yin Yu ◽  
Aron Chand ◽  
Shuocheng Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Porous Materials ◽  
Retention Rate ◽  
Electrical Response ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Expansion Method ◽  
Resistance Change ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Flexible Sensor ◽  
Capacitive Properties

Although graphene has been widely used as a nano-filler to enhance the conductivity of porous materials, it is still an unsatisfactory requirement to prepare graphene-based sponge porous materials by simple and low-cost methods to enhance their mechanical properties and make them have good sensing and capacitive properties. Graphene platelets (GnPs) were prepared by the thermal expansion method. Graphene-based sponge porous materials were prepared by a simple method. A flexible sensor was formed and supercapacitors were assembled. Compared with other graphene-based composites, the graphene-based composite sponge has good electrical response under bending and torsion loading. Under 180° bending and torsion loading, the maximum resistance change rate can reach 13.9% and 52.5%, respectively. The linearity under tension is 0.01. The mechanical properties and capacitance properties of the sponge nanocomposites were optimized when the filler fraction was 1.43 wt.%. The tensile strength was 0.236 MPa and capacitance was 21.4 F/g. In cycles, the capacitance retention rate is 94.45%. The experimental results show that the graphene-based sponge porous material can be used as a multifunctional flexible sensor and supercapacitor, and it is a promising and multifunctional porous nanocomposite material.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document