FUNCTIONALIZED SBRs IN SILICA-REINFORCED TIRE TREAD COMPOUNDS: EVIDENCE FOR INTERACTIONS BETWEEN SILICA FILLER AND ZINC OXIDE

2016 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 559-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Maghami ◽  
W. K. Dierkes ◽  
J. W. M. Noordermeer
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Major Change ◽  
Polymer Chains ◽  
Silane Coupling Agents ◽  
Covalent Bonds ◽  
Oh Groups ◽  
Polar Functional Groups

ABSTRACT Unlike carbon black, silica is polar and naturally not compatible with nonpolar hydrocarbon elastomers. This lack of interaction or compatibility between the filler and the elastomer typically causes lower properties compared with carbon black–filled compounds. A common approach to deal with this problem is to use silane coupling agents in the system to link the silica and the polymer chains via covalent bonds. An alternative is the introduction of polar functional groups or chemically reactive groups into the elastomer chains, which can improve the compatibility of elastomers with fillers such as silica. In this article, the effect of three functionalized SBRs, one backbone modified with carboxylate moieties, one modified with dithiol groups, and one partially Si-coupled, on the dynamic and mechanical properties of a silica-reinforced tire tread compound will be discussed and compared with a reference compound that contains unmodified s-SBR as the main polymer. The results show the significant potential of two of these modified SBRs to reduce the rolling resistance of tire treads made thereof, while no major change in wet grip occurs. Zinc oxide is known as the best activator for sulfur vulcanization. Zn ions combine with accelerators to form an active complex that catalyzes the vulcanization process. However, in silica-filled compounds, ZnO may interfere with the silanization process because of its alkaline nature, and it may compete with the silanes in reacting with the acidic –OH groups on the surface of silica particles. When functionalized SBRs with higher polarity are used in silica compounds, ZnO may interact with these moieties as well. To investigate the effect of ZnO on the properties of the silica-reinforced tread compound, a series of compounds have been prepared, in which the addition of ZnO in a later stage was compared with conventional mixing. The dynamic and mechanical properties of the final compounds are discussed.

Extraction and identification of fillers and pigments from pyrolyzed rubber and tire samples

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 174-175
Author(s):  
P. Sadhukhan ◽  
J. B. Zimmerman
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Synthetic Polymers ◽  
Nitrogen Atmosphere ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Curing Agents

Rubber stocks, specially tires, are composed of natural rubber and synthetic polymers and also of several compounding ingredients, such as carbon black, silica, zinc oxide etc. These are generally mixed and vulcanized with additional curing agents, mainly organic in nature, to achieve certain “designing properties” including wear, traction, rolling resistance and handling of tires. Considerable importance is, therefore, attached both by the manufacturers and their competitors to be able to extract, identify and characterize various types of fillers and pigments. Several analytical procedures have been in use to extract, preferentially, these fillers and pigments and subsequently identify and characterize them under a transmission electron microscope.Rubber stocks and tire sections are subjected to heat under nitrogen atmosphere to 550°C for one hour and then cooled under nitrogen to remove polymers, leaving behind carbon black, silica and zinc oxide and 650°C to eliminate carbon blacks, leaving only silica and zinc oxide.

Tire tread rubber compounds with ternary system filler based on carbon black, silica, and metakaolin: Contribution of silica/metakaolin content on the final properties

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 712-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cléverson Fernandes Senra Gabriel ◽  
Alessandra de Alencar Padua Gabino ◽  
Ana Maria Furtado de Sousa ◽  
Cristina Russi Guimarães Furtado ◽  
Regina Célia Reis Nunes
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Partial Substitution ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Lower Heat ◽  
Tread Rubber ◽  
Heat Buildup

Carbon black and high performance silica have been widely employed as binary system filler in tire tread formulations. This study evaluated the total and partial substitution of silica by metakaolin (MK) on the properties of tread rubber composites. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis and abrasion tests were conducted as typical assessments of tire tread performance: rolling resistance (fuel consumption), wet traction (safety), and abrasion (durability). Further the energy spent by the equipment during the processing of formulations was also analyzed, as well as rheological and mechanical properties. A significant reduction of rolling resistance was obtained with 75% and 100% of silica substitution by MK, which could lead to lower heat buildup in tire tread applications, without showing negative effects on wet traction, although abrasion showed undesired results. The substitution of silica by MK also lowered energy demanded for processing. No major changes were observed in vulcanization parameters and mechanical properties, which is interesting considering the fact that MK is nonreinforce filler.

scholarly journals Enhanced Crystallinity and Antibacterial of PHBV Scaffolds Incorporated with Zinc Oxide

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cijun Shuai ◽  
Chen Wang ◽  
Fangwei Qi ◽  
Shuping Peng ◽  
Wenjing Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Zno Nanoparticles ◽  
Bone Repair ◽  
Porous Scaffold ◽  
Selective Laser Sintering ◽  
Polymer Chains ◽  
Relative Crystallinity ◽  
Cell Behaviors ◽  
Positive Results

Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) has a great potential in bone repair, but unfortunately, the poor mechanical properties limit its further application. In this work, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were incorporated into PHBV porous scaffold fabricated by selective laser sintering technique. It was because ZnO nanoparticles could provide nucleating sites for the orderly stacking of polymer chains, thereby enhancing the crystallinity of PHBV. It was well known that the mechanical properties of PHBV scaffold could be enhanced with the increase of crystallinity. More significantly, the released Zn2+ would combine negatively charged cell membranes of bacterial through electrostatic interaction and consequently destructed the protein structure and resulted in the death of bacterial, which was highly desired in reducing the risk of implant infection. Results indicated that the relative crystallinity of scaffold with 3 wt.% ZnO increased remarkably from 38% to 64% compared to pure PHBV scaffold, which effectively enhanced the compression strength and modulus by 56% and 51.5%, respectively. Moreover, the scaffold had a favorable antibacterial activity. Cell culture experiments proved that the scaffold could promote the cell behaviors. The positive results demonstrated the scaffold may serve as a potential replacement in bone repair.

DERIVATIZATION OF SOYBEAN OIL TO ENHANCE PERFORMANCE AS A PROCESSING OIL IN SBR-BASED RUBBER COMPOUNDS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olena Shafranska ◽  
Andrey Chernykh ◽  
Bret J. Chisholm ◽  
Ihor Tarnavchyk ◽  
Dean C. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Degree Of Unsaturation ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Direct Replacement ◽  
Crosslink Densities

ABSTRACT Although soybean oil (SBO) has been used as a bio-based processing oil (PO) for rubber compounds, direct replacement of a conventional petroleum-based PO with SBO often results in a reduction of some important properties. As a result, it was of interest to investigate two higher molecular weight SBO-derived materials as POs, namely, sucrose octasoyate (SS) and poly(2-vinyloxyethyl)soyate (P2VOES). When these compounds were used in carbon black (CB)-filled SBR, mechanical properties were significantly improved. This result was mainly attributed to higher crosslink densities resulting from their higher degree of unsaturation per molecule as compared with SBO. Higher unsaturation per molecule increases the probability that the PO will be incorporated into the crosslinked network as elastically effective crosslinks as opposed to dangling chain ends. With regard to tire tread performance, both SS and P2VOES-based vulcanizates showed a lower predicted rolling resistance than the SBO-based control, and the P2VOES vulcanizate showed a better balance between rolling resistance and wet traction. Vulcanizates derived from SS and P2VOES showed a small tangent delta peak between −13 and 35 °C that might be associated with relatively highly crosslinked domains rich in SS or P2VOES.

Synergistically improving the anti-reversion property of natural rubber by zinc glycerolate and zinc laurate as environmentally friendly activators

2020 ◽  
pp. 009524432094775
Author(s):  
Shunyu Yang ◽  
Qiwei Pan ◽  
Zhaohui Chen
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Mole Fraction ◽  
Viscoelastic Behavior ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Green Approach ◽  
Curing Characteristics ◽  
Filler Dispersion

Sulfur-vulcanized nature rubber (NR) usually accompanies with reversion, which is of great challenge to the application of the NR products. In this work, zinc glycerolate in combination with zinc laurate was incorporated into sulfur-vulcanized NR, for the purpose of effectively substituting the traditional activator zinc oxide. Curing characteristics, physical and mechanical properties and dynamic viscoelastic behavior of the sulfur-vulcanized NR were investigated. Compared with solo addition of zinc glycerolate, zinc glycerolate/zinc laurate significantly improved the anti-reversion property of the sulfur-vulcanized NR. Incorporation of zinc laurate also enhanced the processing fluidity, filler dispersion, and rolling resistance of the sulfur-vulcanized NR. Moreover, the mole fraction of zinc was reduced by 51% with using zinc glycerolate/zinc laurate, compared with the traditional vulcanizates activated by zinc oxide. Our work provides a green approach to fabricate sulfur-vulcanized NR with outstanding anti-reversion performance.

scholarly journals Improvement of Mechanical, Hydrophobicity and Thermal Properties of Chinese Fir Wood by Impregnation of Nano Silica Sol

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enguang Xu ◽  
Yanjuan Zhang ◽  
Lanying Lin
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
In Situ Polymerization ◽  
Silica Sol ◽  
Chinese Fir ◽  
Nano Silica ◽  
Amorphous Sio2 ◽  
Covalent Bonds ◽  
Oh Groups

In this paper, a wood-SiO2 composite material was prepared via in-situ polymerization using vacuum/pressure impregnation technology using commercial scale nano silica sol and Chinese Fir (Cunninghamia lanceolate (Lamb.) Hook.). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), and water contact angle were used to study the changes in the microstructure and physical and mechanical properties of this composite. The results showed that silica sol can penetrate and distribute into the wood cell cavities and surface of cell walls and hence combine with the substances of wood materials. FTIR results indicated that the –OH groups of wood can polycondense in-situ with silica sol to form Si–O–C covalent bonds, and amorphous SiO2 formed from Si–O–Si bonds between the –OH groups of silica sol did not change the crystalline structure of wood cell walls. This in-situ formulating composite significantly improved the compact microstructure, thermal and mechanical properties, and hydrophobicity of the composites.

scholarly journals Mechanical properties and dissipation energy of carbon black/rubber composites

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 263498332110054
Author(s):  
Rungsima Chollakup ◽  
Supitta Suethao ◽  
Potjanart Suwanruji ◽  
Jirachaya Boonyarit ◽  
Wirasak Smitthipong
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Mechanical Analysis ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Dissipation Energy ◽  
Truck Tires ◽  
Reinforcing Agent ◽  
Bound Rubber ◽  
Heat Build Up

The effects of carbon black on the properties of rubber composites were studied in order to explore their value in producing low rolling resistance truck tires. Carbon black with different grades, N330 (coarser grade of 26–30 nm) and N220 (finer grade of 20–25 nm), was used as a reinforcing agent of natural rubber. The effects of different ratios of carbon black N330 at 40, 45, 50 and 55 parts per hundred rubber (phr) and N220 at 30, 35, 40 and 50 phr were investigated. Rubber composites with N220 had greater rubber/carbon black interaction than those with N330. The Mooney viscosity of rubber composite increased when the carbon black ratio increased. After vulcanisation of rubber, the samples were characterised by dynamic mechanical analysis, tensile strength and heat build-up. The results showed that the strength of rubber composites increased with increasing carbon black ratios. Interestingly, at the same bound rubber level, rubber composites with N220 presented lower dissipation energy, heat build-up and better mechanical properties than those with N330. This study indicated that reinforcement with an optimum amount of carbon black N220 would improve several desirable characteristics of rubber composites when used in low rolling resistance truck tires.

scholarly journals Application of Silica Supported Calix[4]arene Derivative as Anti-reversion Agent in Tire Tread Formulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-136
Author(s):  
Hediye Mohamadi ◽  
Fereshteh Motiee ◽  
Saeed Taghvaei-Ganjali ◽  
Mandana Saber-Tehrani
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Temperature Rise ◽  
Tensile Testing ◽  
Polymer Chains ◽  
Arene Derivative ◽  
Oh Groups ◽  
Test Pieces ◽  
Curing Characteristics ◽  
Thermal Stability Of

In this research the influence of the silica supported calix[4]arene derivative (SS-Calix) on the reversion resistance, mechanical properties and thermal behavior of NR/BR tire tread formulation was investigated by the oscillating disc rheometer, FTIR, TGA and tensile testing. The results revealed that the reversion behavior of NR/BR vulcanizate is affected by SS-Calix. The data obtained from curing characteristics and thermal stability of test pieces indicate that, SS-Calix acts as an anti-reversion for rubbery materials that are exposed to thermal shock in the early stages of temperature rise. It’s predicted that these results are due to the interaction between the OH groups present in the SS-Calix surface and the carbon of the polymer chains. The broad peak observed in the IR spectrum around 1824 cm−1 which is referred to C=O bond, confirms this prediction. In addition, the presence of SS-Calix in compound causes to increase modulus and hardness but reduce elongation and resilience.

Dynamics of Nanoparticle Chain Aggregates of Carbon Under Tension

2003 ◽  
Vol 778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajdip Bandyopadhyaya ◽  
Weizhi Rong ◽  
Yong J. Suh ◽  
Sheldon K. Friedlander
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Polymer Film ◽  
Elastic Behavior ◽  
Small Strains ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Chain Aggregates ◽  
Nanoparticle Chains ◽  
Reinforcing Filler

AbstractCarbon black in the form of nanoparticle chains is used as a reinforcing filler in elastomers. However, the dynamics of the filler particles under tension and their role in the improvement of the mechanical properties of rubber are not well understood. We have studied experimentally the dynamics of isolated nanoparticle chain aggregates (NCAs) of carbon made by laser ablation, and also that of carbon black embedded in a polymer film. In situ studies of stretching and contraction of such chains in the transmission electron microscope (TEM) were conducted under different maximum values of strain. Stretching causes initially folded NCA to reorganize into a straight, taut configuration. Further stretching leads to either plastic deformation and breakage (at 37.4% strain) or to a partial elastic behavior of the chain at small strains (e.g. 2.3% strain). For all cases the chains were very flexible under tension. Similar reorientation and stretching was observed for carbon black chains embedded in a polymer film. Such flexible and elastic nature of NCAs point towards a possible mechanism of reinforcement of rubber by carbon black fillers.

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