Modeling of Real Estate Income Tax: System Dynamics Approach

The current issues of reforming the current tax system in the Russian Federation in the context of the transition to determining the amount of real estate taxes based on the cadastral value of real estate objects are discussed. The decision on adopting elements of a tax system in practice should be scientifically and methodologically based. The rational construction of the tax system of Russia contributes to the study of foreign tax systems’ models. In the article, the systems for calculating real estate tax established in the foreign countries under consideration are highlighted. Everything is based on analyzing the practice of real estate valuation in the UK, France, Belgium, Latvia, Finland, USA and Chile. A comparison is made of the grounds for calculating the property tax, their distinctive features. The main approaches to determining the cadastral value taking place in the cadastral systems of foreign countries are summarized. The conducted studies provide grounds for identifying trends in real estate valuation, which are being introduced into modern Russian cadastral valuation practice.

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Lack of Uniformity in the Israeli Property Tax System 1997–2017

Journal of Risk and Financial Management ◽

10.3390/jrfm13120327 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (12) ◽

pp. 327

Author(s):

Avi Perez

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Real Estate ◽

Central And Eastern Europe ◽

Property Tax ◽

Measurement Methods ◽

Tax System ◽

Tel Aviv ◽

Unique Data ◽

The World ◽

Taxation System

There are two different forms of property tax systems: value-based tax, which is used in most countries of the world, and area-based tax, which is used mainly in Central and Eastern Europe and developing countries in Africa. Area-based property tax provides more stable and predictable budget revenues. It is simpler to administer and scores worse on equity grounds from the perspective of the ability-to-pay principle of taxation. Against this background, Israel’s property tax system, known as Arnona, is complex, spatially diversified, and causes a lack of uniformity that leads to tax distortion. This paper’s primary purpose is to identify the weaknesses of Israeli property tax from 1997 to 2017 and indicate how to improve the property tax system. This paper is based on case studies from four of the most important cities in Israel: Tel Aviv, Jerusalem, Haifa, and Beersheba, which have four different measurement methods for calculating property tax. Unique data were collected from the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. According to this analysis, it was found that there are substantial differences in property tax between the four cities over the two decades analyzed. The main weakness is the lack of uniformity of the taxation system; the solution is to unify the measurement of real estate area for tax purposes using drone technology.

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The relationship of the income tax system to self-assessment in the Badung Bali district

Advances in Business, Management and Entrepreneurship ◽

10.1201/9780429295348-71 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 321-322

Author(s):

N.L.P. Suastini ◽

G. Wirata ◽

I.W. Astawa

Keyword(s):

Income Tax ◽

Self Assessment ◽

Tax System ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

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Victory Tax: A Holistic Income Tax System

Entropy ◽

10.3390/e23111492 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (11) ◽

pp. 1492

Author(s):

Donald J. Jacobs

Keyword(s):

Income Tax ◽

Free Market ◽

Poverty Line ◽

The United States ◽

Effective Tax Rate ◽

Tax System ◽

Tax Rate ◽

Single Tax ◽

Government Transfer ◽

Log Normal

How can an income tax system be designed to exploit human nature and a free market to create a poverty free society, while balancing budgets without disproportional tax burdens? Such a tax system, with universal character, is deduced from the following guiding principles: (1) a single tax rate applies to all income types and levels; (2) the tax rate adjusts to satisfy budget projections; (3) government transfer only supplements the income of households with self-generated income below the poverty line; (4) deductions for basic living expenses, itemized investments and capital losses are allowed; (5) deductions cannot be applied to government transfer. A general framework emerges with three parameters that determine a minimum allowed tax deduction, a maximum allowed itemized deduction, and a maximum deduction defined by income percentage. An income distribution that mimics the United States, and a series of log-normal distributions are considered to quantitatively compare detailed characteristics of this tax system to progressive and flat tax systems. To minimize government dependency while maximizing after-tax income, the effective tax rate (ETR) as a function of income percentile takes the shape of the letter, V, inspiring the name victory tax, where the middle class has the lowest ETR.

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Unified Reporting on Personal Income Tax and Unified Social Tax: Simplification or Additional Complication of Conditions for Business Operation?

Accounting and Finance ◽

10.33146/2307-9878-2020-3(89)-48-54 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 48-54

Author(s):

Andrii Boichuk ◽

Keyword(s):

Income Tax ◽

Personal Income ◽

Effective Control ◽

Personal Income Tax ◽

Tax System ◽

Doing Business ◽

Tax Simplification ◽

Processing Information ◽

Tax Payments ◽

The Military

In the context of the reform of the tax system and the accounting and reporting system, as well as the integration of Ukraine with the European Community, the issue of simplifying the conditions for doing business, building an effective and understandable system for administering taxes and other duties acquire special significance. One of the important aspects of reforming the tax system of Ukraine is the introduction of unified reporting on personal income tax and unified social tax. The purpose of the article is to identify the positive and negative aspects of the process of reforming the reporting on personal income tax and unified social tax and scientifically substantiate the structure of such unified reporting. The existing forms of reporting on personal income tax and unified social tax, proposed by government agencies, were analyzed. In addition, the unified reporting models from these taxes proposed by scientists were critically assessed by the author. It was found that such indicators as the presence of Ukrainian citizenship, gender and the sign of a new job, do not participate in the process of monitoring the completeness of tax payments. Therefore, it is impractical to fill in these indicators for each employee, and it is enough to submit the total number and structure of these indicators on the reporting title page. The opposite situation exists with the military tax, which is advisable to display for each employee in the reporting for more effective control over its accrual and payment. The author has improved the structure of unified reporting on personal income tax and unified social tax, which will reduce the time spent on filling out such reports, increase the efficiency of control by the fiscal authorities and simplify the process of processing unified reporting data. The main advantages of the proposed form of unified reporting are: significant reduction in the number of indicators; simplicity and compactness; personalized registration of military tax; ease of filling and processing information.

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Tax planning in Australia’s income tax system

Agenda - A Journal of Policy Analysis and Reform ◽

10.22459/ag.27.01.2020.03 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 59-83

Author(s):

Tristram Sainsbury ◽

Robert Breunig

Keyword(s):

Income Tax ◽

Tax Planning ◽

Tax System

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Does the Tax System Reduce Tax Evasion in Light of the Governance Mechanisms? Evidence From Jordan

Research in World Economy ◽

10.5430/rwe.v12n2p99 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 99

Author(s):

Ashraf Bataineh

Keyword(s):

Tax Evasion ◽

Income Tax ◽

Social Impact ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Governance Mechanisms ◽

Official Statistics ◽

Tax System ◽

Study Results ◽

The Impact ◽

Awareness Level

This study aims to measure the impact of tax system elements on reducing the tax evasion, in light of the governance mechanisms in Jordan. The study sample consists of (140) tax auditors at the Jordanian Income tax and sales department, and to achieve the study objectives the researcher designed a questionnaire and distributed it on the study sample members. Study results show that elements of the tax system (tax legislations, tax administration, and Taxpayer) have a positive impact on reducing the tax evasion, in light of governance mechanisms. study recommends the need to raise the tax awareness level among members of the Taxpayer, work to reduce the continuation of making adjustments on tax laws and legislation, and give a sufficient period of time to ensure that desired economic and social impact being achieved from these adjustments, with the need to announce the official statistics of tax evasion’s figures and ratios, because the unofficial statistics on tax evasion have been tarnished by some exaggeration where work should concentrate on increasing penalties of tax evaders.

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The Double Irish and Dutch Sandwich tax strategies: Could a general anti-avoidance rule counteract the problems caused by the utilisation of these structures?

10.26686/wgtn.17006479.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Danielle Thorne

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Income Tax ◽

Multinational Enterprises ◽

Current System ◽

The United States ◽

Tax System ◽

Tax Havens ◽

Intangible Resources ◽

And Control ◽

Tax Structures

<p>This paper analyses the Double Irish and Dutch Sandwich tax structures used by large multinational enterprises. These structures enable companies to shift significant profits to offshore tax havens through the use of wholly owned subsidiaries in Ireland and the Netherlands. Application of the New Zealand General Anti-Avoidance rule in s BG 1 of the Income Tax Act 2007 reveals that any attempt to counteract these structures would be highly fact dependent. The paper concludes that it would be possible to apply the rule, but that there would be practical difficulties in relation to enforceability of the Commissioner’s ruling. A similar result was reached when applying the United States General Anti-Avoidance rule. The attempted application of the General Anti-Avoidance rules reveals a fundamental flaw in the income tax system. That is, the inability of the current system to regulate and control intangible resources and technology based transactions.</p>

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International Real Estate Review

International Real Estate Review ◽

10.53383/100222 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 249-264

Author(s):

Steve P. Fraser ◽

◽

Marcus T. Allen ◽

Keyword(s):

Real Estate ◽

Income Tax ◽

Residential Development ◽

Development Project ◽

Golf Course ◽

Golf Club ◽

Development Projects ◽

The Real Estate ◽

Real Estate Price ◽

Price Premiums

Considerable prior research confirms the existence of real estate price premiums associated with golf course amenities in residential development projects. This study examines a unique residential development project in which membership in a golf club is appurtenant to the real estate: ownership of certain (but not all) dwellings in the project includes deeded membership in the project¡¦s golf club. In this development project, golf memberships can only be obtained or disposed of by acquiring or selling the associated dwelling, respectively. The results of this analysis indicates that price premiums associated with appurtenant golf memberships, after controlling for golf course view and other relevant property characteristics, are significantly positive. Furthermore, the results indicate that the magnitude of the price premium for appurtenant golf memberships varies across dwelling types (detached vs. attached) in this project. These findings may be important for housing developers, consumers, lenders, appraisers, and property and income tax authorities.

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