scholarly journals Microbial Flora of Smoke-Dried Catfish (Clarias Gariepinus) Processed and Sold in Some Abattoirs in Bayelsa and Rivers States

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 123-133
Author(s):  
Bosede A.A. ◽  
Omokaro O.
Keyword(s):  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Pseudomonas Sp ◽  
Bacillus Sp ◽  
Total Hydrocarbon ◽  
Penicillium Sp ◽  
Fusarium Sp ◽  
Total Fungi ◽  
Rhizopus Sp

The microflora of smoked catfish (Clarias gariepinus) sold in some abattoirs in Bayelsa and Rivers States were investigated. Smoked catfish samples were purchased within abattoirs and aseptically transported in ice-packed coolers to the laboratory. The total heterotrophic bacteria, total coliform, total hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria, total fungi and hydrocarbon utilizing fungal counts and identification of isolates from samples were analyzed using standard microbiological methods. Mean values of counts obtained showed that total heterotrophic bacteria ranged from 5.4 × 106CFU/g to 4.0 × 105CFU/g, total hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria ranged from 1.5 × 104 to 1.0 × 103CFU/g, total coliform ranged from 1.7 × 106CFU/g to 0, total fungi ranged from 4.3 × 104 CFU/g to 1.2 × 104CFU/g and total hydrocarbon utilizing fungi ranged from 3.5 × 103CFU/g to 1.1 × 103CFU/g. Kruskal Walis H test showed no significant differences (P≤0.05) in the total heterotrophic bacterial load nor in the total fungal load in the locations. Bacteria identified are Bacillus sp, Enterobacter sp, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus sp, Pseudomonas sp, Salmonella sp., and Shigella species. Bacillus sp, Pseudomonas sp and Micrococcus sp., were isolated in all the samples. Salmonella sp and Shigella sp occurred in Igbogene and Swale samples. Bacillus sp recorded the highest occurrence (34%) while Enterobacter sp. and Micrococcus sp recorded the least (7%). Bacteria with hydrocarbon utilizing potentials with percentage occurrence were Bacillus sp (70%) and Pseudomonas sp (30%). Fungi isolated were Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium sp, Fusarium sp., and Rhizopus sp. Aspergillus species recorded the highest frequency (36.0%) while Rhizopus sp recorded the least (9.83%). Aspergillus niger, Fusarium sp and Penicillium sp were isolated from all the samples. Penicillium sp recorded hydrocarbon utilizing the potential and the highest percentage of occurrence (35.89%). The presence of a high microbial load of pathogenic bacteria and known mycotoxin producing fungi in the smoke-dried catfish are of great public health significance.

scholarly journals Microbiological and Physicochemical Characteristics of Abattoir Wastewaters in Bayelsa and Rivers State

2021 ◽  
pp. 32-45
Author(s):  
Ariyo, Adenike Bosede ◽  
Obire, Omokaro
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Pseudomonas Sp ◽  
Bacillus Sp ◽  
Penicillium Sp ◽  
Untreated Wastewater ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Fusarium Sp ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Rivers State

Wastewater samples from abattoirs in Bayelsa and Rivers State were evaluated for their microbiological and physicochemical properties. The microbiological parameters were analyzed using standard microbiological techniques while the Physicochemical parameters were analyzed based on the APHA standard method. The mean range of the total heterotrophic bacterial, bacterial, total coliform, total Vibrio, total hydrocarbon utilizing, total heterotrophic fungal and hydrocarbon utilizing fungal counts of the wastewater were: (1.9×107to 5.2×107, 2.1×105 to 4.0 × 105, 1.0×103 to 3.1 × 103, 1.0×105 to 2.2×105, 1.8×105 to c4.1×105 and 1.1×103 to 3.2 ×103)CFU/ml respectively. Kruskal-Wallis H test showed that there was no significant difference (P≥0.05) in the counts for the bacterial and fungal counts. Bacillus sp (17.32%), Escherichia coli (16.33%), Streptococcus sp (15.34%), Staphylococcus sp (14.35%), Pseudomonas sp (11.38%), Shigella sp (10.39%) Alcaligenes sp (9.9%), Vibrio sp (6.93%) and Salmonella sp (4.93%), were the bacteria isolated. The percentage of occurrence of hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria isolates were: Bacillus sp (34.28%), Pseudomonas sp (26.71%), Alcaligenes sp (20%). Escherichia coli (14.28%), Staphylococcus sp (5.71%). Among the fungi isolated Aspergillus niger, Fusarium sp, Geotrichum sp were found in 18.75% each while Penicillium sp recorded 23% occurrence, Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida sp were found in 6.25% occurrence each but Mucor sp exhibited 8.33% of occurrence. The percentages of occurrence of hydrocarbon utilizing fungi were Aspergillus sp (22.22%), Fusarium sp (16.66%), Penicillium sp (33.33%), Geotrichum sp (16.66%), Mucor sp (5.55%) and Candida (5.55%). The mean of physicochemical parameters was: pH: 6.7-9.1, EC: 156-4981, Turbidity: 11.1-149NTU, TSS: 62-239, TDS: 104-3320, NO3: 20.97-30.97, SO4: 14.5-54.6, PO4: 1.78-20.21, salinity: 41.25-2800, DO: 4.29-41.18, COD:3600-5476.0 and BOD-:1600.0-7761.4. The high microbial load and physicochemical parameters in these wastewaters is alarming and could pose serious human health and environmental challenges if the disposal of untreated wastewater continues unabated.

scholarly journals Microbial Assessment and Proximate Composition of Pepper (Capsicum annum) and Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Displayed for Sales

2021 ◽  
pp. 100-112
Author(s):  
Omorodion Nnenna ◽  
Alabo Briggs
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Lycopersicum ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Pseudomonas Sp ◽  
Bacillus Sp ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Candida Sp ◽  
Capsicum Annum ◽  
Fusarium Sp ◽  
Lower Count

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and pepper (Capsicum annuum) are among the world’s most important vegetable crops. A total of 20 samples made up of fresh tomatoes, spoilt tomatoes, fresh pepper and spoilt pepper were analysed in this study. Standard microbiological practices were carried out on the samples. Total Heterotrophic Bacterial (THB) Count for Spoilt tomatoes ranged from 1.98x107cfu/g to 2.39x107cfu/g. Fresh tomatoes samples had a THB counts ranging from 1.43x106cfu/g to 2.14x106cfu/g. Spoilt pepper total heterotrophic bacteria counts ranged from 1.46x107cfu/g to 2.01x107cfu/g. Fresh pepper had a THB count of 1.22x106cfu/g to 1.66x106cfu/g. Spoilt tomatoes samples had a higher fungal count that ranged from 3.5x105cfu/g to 5.25x105cfu/g while the fresh tomatoes samples had lower fungal counts ranging from 1.95x104cfu/g to 3.45x104cfu/g. The spoilt pepper had fungal counts ranging from 1.45x105cfu/g to 2.65x105cfu/g which was higher than that of fresh pepper with a low count of 1.6x104cfu/g to 2.75x104.cfu/g. The bacterial isolates identified during this study are Staphylococcus sp., Escherichia coli, Bacillus sp., klebsiella sp., Pseudomonas sp., Shigella sp., Protues sp., Enterobacter sp., Citrobacter sp., Lactobacillus sp. Micrococcus sp. Listeria sp. Streptococcus sp. and Serratia sp. Spoilt tomatoes had the highest coliform count 1.02x105cfu/g to 9.0x105cfu/g while fresh tomatoes had a lower count of 4.65x105cfu/g to 6.75x105cfu/g. Spoilt pepper recorded coliform counts ranging from 3.8x105cfu/g to 9.4x105cfu/g. Most of the fungi isolated from both the tomatoes and pepper samples were molds and yeast which include Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Candida sp., Saccharomyces sp., Penicillium sp. Mucor sp. and Fusarium sp. Adequate cooking is recommended before consumption.

scholarly journals Transporte, patogenicidade e transmissibilidade de fungos associados às sementes de pinhão manso

2011 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 663-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danila Alves Corrêa de Sá ◽  
Gil Rodrigues dos Santos ◽  
Gleiber Quintão Furtado ◽  
Eduardo Andréa Lemus Erasmo ◽  
Ildon Rodrigues do Nascimento
Keyword(s):  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Penicillium Sp ◽  
Fusarium Sp ◽  
Aspergillus Sp ◽  
Rhizopus Sp

Objetivou-se determinar a taxa de transporte de população de fungos associados às sementes de pinhão manso, a patogenicidade desses microrganismos a plântulas e frutos e a transmissibilidade fruto-semente e semente-plântula. Avaliaram-se a taxa de transporte, por meio de blotter test, de sementes produzidas nos estados de Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Bahia e Tocantins. As sementes foram submetidas aos tratamentos: sem desinfestação com tegumento (SDCT), sem desinfestação sem tegumento (SDST), com desinfestação com tegumento (CDCT) e com desinfestação sem tegumento (CDST). A incidência (%) dos fungos foi avaliada sob microscópio estereoscópico binocular. Para o teste de patogenicidade em plântulas e frutos inocularam-se suspensões de 10(6) esporos e discos de BDA com micélio, respectivamente. Para os fungos fitopatogênicos avaliaram-se a transmissibilidade fruto-semente e semente-plântula. O tratamento SDCT permitiu a detecção de maior número de fungos. Os fungos identificados foram Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, C. capsici, Curvularia sp., Verticillium sp., Fusarium sp., Penicillium sp., Aspergillus sp., A. niger e Rhizopus sp. Apenas as espécies de Colletotrichum são patogênicas às plântulas e frutos. Para ambas espécies há transmissibilidade fruto-semente, entretanto não é observada transmissão semente-plântula.

scholarly journals Production Performance of Catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burchell, 1822) Cultured With Added Probiotic Bacillus sp. on Biofloc Technology

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 274
Author(s):  
Rifqah Pratiwi ◽  
Kurniawan Wahyu Hidayat ◽  
Sumitro Sumitro
Keyword(s):  
Specific Growth ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Bodyweight Gain ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Bacillus Sp ◽  
Fish Waste ◽  
Biofloc Technology ◽  
Supplementary Feed

Biofloc technology (BFT) is one of the most developed aquaculture technologies, which aims to improve the efficiency of feed use by providing nutrients for flocs to be used by fish as a supplementary feed. Also, BFT serves to improve water quality through the breaking down of fish waste materials assisted by heterotrophic bacteria. Bacteria used in this study were Bacillus sp. as probiotics in BFT. This study aimed to examine the production performance of catfish maintained with a biofloc system on an industrial scale, without experimental design. The average weight of catfish when stocking was 5.9 ± 0.0 g/fish with a density of 7000 fish in 9 unit circular ponds. This studies showed after 78 days of culture, bodyweight gain about 28.6 g/fish to 41.7 g/fish, highest specific growth rate was K2 (2.4 ± 0.2% BW/day), the highest survival rate K2 (98.87 ± 6.64% BW/day), highest grow rate K1 (41.7 ± 5.8 g) and the best FCR K9 (0.95 ± 0.11).

scholarly journals Trigona sp. COMO VISITANTE FLORAL E VETOR DE ESPOROS FÚNGICOS PARA GOIABEIRA (Psidium guajava L. – MYRTACEAE)

2004 ◽  
Vol 26 (55) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Makowiecky Stuart ◽  
Carolina Lamas ◽  
Ida Chapaval Pimentel
Keyword(s):  
Psidium Guajava ◽  
Penicillium Sp ◽  
Alternaria Sp ◽  
Fusarium Sp ◽  
Aspergillus Sp ◽  
Rhizopus Sp ◽  
Mycelia Sterilia

Este trabalho foi realizado para avaliar a ação de Trigona sp. como visitante floral e vetor de esporos fúngicos para goiabeira (Psidium guajava L.). As observações foram feitas entre dezembro de 2003 e fevereiro de 2004 em flores de goiabeiras do Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná. Foi verificado que três gêneros de abelhas estavam visitando as flores de goiaba: Apis melifera, Bombus sp. e Trigona sp.. Entretanto, Trigona demonstrou ser mais freqüente que as outras durante as observações. A freqüência de visitas de Trigona foi maior durante o início da manhã, decrescendo ao longo do dia. A avaliação dos fungos associados a Trigona demonstrou a presença de 11 gêneros distintos: Acremonium sp., Altenaria sp., Aspergillus sp., Colletotrichum sp., Curvularia sp., Fonsecaea sp., Fusarium sp., Mycelia sterilia, Penicillium sp., Phoma sp. e Rhizopus sp.. 48 % destes representam fitopatógenos potenciais como Alternaria sp., Colletotrichum sp., Curvularia sp., Fusarium sp. e Phoma sp.. Estes dados demonstram que o gênero Trigona pode atuar na disseminação de doenças para diversas culturas, funcionando como vetor de esporos fúngicos para outras plantas.

Qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de sementes de Cenostigma tocantinum Ducke (Fabaceae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiago Martins Santos ◽  
Alisson Rangel Albuquerque ◽  
Milena Pupo Raimam
Keyword(s):  
Penicillium Sp ◽  
Fusarium Sp ◽  
Aspergillus Sp ◽  
Rhizopus Sp

O conhecimento acerca das características fisiológicas e sanitárias das sementes é essencial para o controle de qualidade de mudas. Assim, os testes de vigor e sanidade das sementes são fundamentais na análise de lotes amostrais. Este trabalho teve por objetivo verificar a sanidade e a viabilidade de sementes de Cenostigma tocantinum coletadas no município de Marabá-PA. A germinação utilizou o substrato de papel toalha e incubação em BOD e a viabilidade foi obtida pelo método do tetrazólio (0,1%). A sanidade das sementes foi avaliada com e sem a desinfecção por hipoclorito de sódio 2%. Para cada análise foram utilizadas 200 sementes. Foram avaliados o índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG), taxa de germinação (%), tempo médio de germinação (TMG), porcentagem de sementes viáveis e incidência de fungos (%). As análises demonstraram a taxa de germinação de 85%, IVG de 6,49 horas e TMG de 2,85 dias. A viabilidade das sementes foi de 73%. O lote apresentou 85% de incidência de Penicillium sp., 46% por Aspergillus sp, 14% por Fusarium sp. e 16% de Rhizopus sp. O método de desinfecção foi eficiente para a redução da incidência dos fungos.

INVENTARISASI JAMUR PADA BENIH BEBERAPA VARIETAS KEDELAI [Glycine max (L.) Merril] YANG BERADA DI SEKITAR BANDAR LAMPUNG

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Reny Destya Angrum ◽  
Muhammad Nurdin ◽  
Suskandini Ratih ◽  
Hasriadi Mat Akin
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Agar Plate ◽  
Plate Test ◽  
Penicillium Sp ◽  
Trichoderma Sp ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Fusarium Sp ◽  
Aspergillus Sp ◽  
Rhizopus Sp

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menginventarisasi jamur yang terdapat pada beberapa varietas benih kedelai [ Glycine max (L.) Merril ] yang berada di sekitar Bandar Lampung. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Laboratorium Penyakit Tanaman, UniversitasLampung dari Mei 2013 sampai dengan Agustus 2013. Penelitian ini menggunakan kedelai varieta Burangrang, Kaba, Argomulyo, Tanggamus dan Grobogan. Benih-benih tersebut diinkubasi menggunakan metode blotter test dan agar plate test dengan dua perlakuan, yaitu kontrol (tanpa NaOCl) dan dengan menggunakan NaOCl. Jamur-jamur yang tumbuh dari benih yang diinkubasi diidentifikasi dengan cara diamati dan difoto, selanjutnya dicocokkan dengan bubu-buku referensi tentang penyakit- penyakit kedelai. Selain itu juga dilakukan penghitungan persentase kemunculan jamur dari benih yang diinkubasi. Hasil yang diperoleh dari penelitian yang dilakukan dengan perlakuan desinfeksi maupun tanpa desinfeksi ditemukan jenis jamur yang berasal dari lapang (Fusarium sp., Cercospora sp., Sclerotium sp., Phomopsis sp., Rhizoctonia sp., dan Colletotrichum sp.) dan jenis jamur yang berasal dari gudang penyimpanan (Trichoderma sp., Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., dan Rhizopus sp.). Benih yang diberikan perlakuan desinfeksi dapat mengurangi tumbuhnya jamur yang berasal dari gudang/tempat penyimpanan (kontaminan) tetapi tidak menghilangkan jenis jamur yang menginfeksi di dalam benih (jamur yang berasal dari lapang). Pada varietas Grobogan Rhizoctonia sp. memiliki persentase kemunculan jamur yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan jamur lainnya yaitu sebesar 60,56%. Pada benih dengan perlakuan tanpa desinfeksi persentase kemunculan Aspergillus sp. pada varietas Kaba dan Tanggamus lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan jamur lainnya sebesar 63,33%. Pada media perlakuan desinfeksi dengan menggunakan media kertas saring persentase kemunculan jamur pada varietas Kaba Cercospora sp. memiliki persentase lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan jamur lainnya sebesar 30%. Pada media perlakuan tanpa desinfeksidengan menggunakan media kertas saring, Trichoderma sp. pada varietas Kaba memiliki persentase kemunculan jamur lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan jamur lainnya, dengan persentase kemunculan masing-masing sebesar 77,23%.

scholarly journals Hygienic Quality of Indian Sweet Milk Products from Different Sources

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 32-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Karthikeyan ◽  
B Dhanakakshmi
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
Penicillium Sp ◽  
Total Percentage ◽  
Viable Bacteria ◽  
Fusarium Sp ◽  
Aspergillus Sp ◽  
Rhizopus Sp ◽  
Different Sources

Seventy samples of milk sweets including 30 samples of khoa, 10 samples of burfi, 10 samples of gulabjamun, 10 samples of kalakand and 10 samples of peda from local vendors, private manufacturers and organized dairies in and around Chennai, India were collected. The milk products were examined for microbial quality that includes enumeration of total viable bacteria, coliforms, phychrotrops, aerobic spore farmers, yeast and mould and isolation, identification of mould species were carried out. The results revealed that the bacterial count, yeast and mould count of local vendor’s samples were significantly (P<0.01) higher when compared to private manufacturers and organized dairies except psychrotrophic count in local and private vendor’s samples were identical. The total percentage of occurrence of Aspergillus sp. isolated from khoa samples was found to be the highest (63.08 per cent) followed by Penicillium sp. (17.38 per cent), Rhizopus sp. (10.86 per cent), Fusarium sp. (4.34 per cent) and Mucor sp (4.34 per cent). However, the total percentage of occurrence of Aspergillus sp isolated from khoa based milk sweet samples was also found to be the highest (70.90 per cent) followed by Penicillium sp. (15.11 per cent), Rhizopus sp. (9.30 per cent), Mucor sp. (3.48 per cent) and Fusarium sp. (1.16 per cent). The present study concluded that the khoa, khoa based sweets produced by the local vendors were inferior in quality as compared private and organized dairies. Key words: Khoa; milk sweets; bacteriological count; yeast and mould; different sourcesDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v27i2.9168 BJM 2010; 27(2): 32-37

scholarly journals Microorganismos potencialmente fitopatógenos en aguas de riego proveniente de la cuenca media del rio Bogotá

Nova ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (29) ◽  
pp. 71-89
Author(s):  
Lucía Constanza Corrales Ramírez ◽  
Ligia Consuelo Sánchez Leal ◽  
Melco Esteban Quimbayo Salamanca
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Fumigatus ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Penicillium Sp ◽  
Fusarium Sp ◽  
Rhizopus Sp ◽  
Del Rio

Objetivo. Identificar microorganismos fitopatógenos presentes en las aguas utilizadas para riego en la cuenca media del rio Bogotá. Métodos. Las muestras fueron tomadas en doce fincas de la cuenca media y analizadas con la técnica de filtración por membrana. Las bacterias se identificaron por bioquímica y los hongos por claves dicotomas. Resultados. El agua de riego analizada contenía bacterias como: E.coli, P. vulgaris, A. urinae, E. cloacae, B.cereus, S. marcescens, B. brevis, y en cuanto a los hongos se encontraron: Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus., Mucor sp., Rhizopus sp., Penicillium sp. y Fusarium sp. La presencia de estos potenciales fitopatógenos en el agua indican un alto riesgo de contaminación y dispersión de éstos en los cultivos.

scholarly journals Incidência fúngica no arroz (Oryza sativa) Comercializado no Município de Soure – Pará

2020 ◽  
pp. 109-132
Author(s):  
Noemy Silva da Silva ◽  
Jess Arthur Moura de Jesus ◽  
Adriano Biancalana ◽  
Adriane da Silva Pamplona ◽  
Fernanda Simas Corrêa Biancalana
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Penicillium Sp ◽  
Fusarium Sp ◽  
Aspergillus Sp ◽  
Rhizopus Sp

O arroz (Oryza sativa) é um dos alimentos mais consumidos no mundo todo. Por isso, sua qualidade e sanidade são de extrema importância, pois qualquer contaminação poderá afetar a saúde do consumidor e, por ser um cereal que serve como excelente substrato, os fungos encontram condições adequadas para se desenvolverem. Com isso, o objetivo desta pesquisa é avaliar a incidência de fungos nos grãos de arroz (Oryza sativa) comercializado no município de Soure, Marajó, que podem apresentar ou não algum tipo de contaminação prejudicial à saúde do consumidor. As amostras foram adquiridas durante o período de janeiro a outubro de 2019, em dois supermercados do município de Soure. Foram utilizadas amostras de arroz de 1 kg, levando em consideração as marcas mais consumidas no município sendo: 1kg de arroz polido tipo I (Tio João), 1 kg de arroz polido tipo I (Salvaterra), 1 kg de arroz integral (Natu Qualy) e 1 kg de arroz polido tipo II (Gama Lopes), avaliando a condição da embalagem, o estado de conservação, data de fabricação e validade na hora da coleta. O preparo das amostras e identificação, assim como o isolamento e o plaqueamento, foram feitos na cabine de segurança biológica e submetidos a luz UV, impedindo a contaminação externa; logo após, foi realizada a incubação; em seguida, a observação das amostras foi efetuada com o auxílio do microscópio para a identificação dos gêneros fúngicos; para finalizar, foi feita a análise dos gêneros mais comuns encontrados nas amostras. Após as análises dos meses de janeiro a outubro de 2019, foi verificado a incidência fúngica nas amostras coletadas, sendo: Aspergillus sp, mucor sp, Fusarium sp, Rhizopus sp, Curvularia sp, Chaetomium sp, Penicillium sp, leveduras, até mesmo ácaros e uma espécie de inseto Oryzophagus oryzae, conhecido como gorgulho-aquático. Esses microrganismos podem causar prejuízos à saúde do consumidor, seja em pequenas ou grandes concentrações, a curto ou longo prazo e, mesmo sendo feito o cozimento, as toxinas podem continuar ativas nos grãos, contaminando quem o consome. Palavras-chave: Arroz, saúde do consumidor, incidência, contaminação, fungos.

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