scholarly journals INTERJECTIVE CONSTRUCTIONS WITH COMPONENT ADA IN THE TURKIC AND MONGOLIAN LANGUAGES: ON THE NATURE OF INTERJECTIONS

Author(s):  
М. Д. Чертыкова

Статья посвящена описанию феномена тюркско - монгольской лексемы ада, пока ещё спорной в плане исторической принадлежности, обладающей гибкостью и сложностью семантической структуры. В монгольских и якутском языках ад (также адьарай/ажарай) является полноценной единицей с обобщённой семантикой «демон, злой дух». В тюркских языках слово ада действует как компонент междометных конструкций, имеющих семантические, грамматические и синтаксические особенности. Ада в них полностью десемантизировался, сохранив свои грамматические свойства. Конструкции с ада выражают различные эмоции: удивление, восторг, восхищение и т. д. Лингвоспецифичность хакасских междометных конструкций заключается в том, что они представляют собой реакцию говорящего на чьё - либо высказывание, оцененное как абсурдное, недостоверное. The article is devoted to the description of the phenomenon of the Turkic-Mongolian lexeme of hell, which is still controversial in terms of historical affiliation, and has a flexible and complex semantic structure. In the Mongolian and Yakut languages, ad (also adyaray / azharay) is a full - fledged unit with the generalized semantics of 'demon, evil spirit'. In the Turkic languages, word ada acts as a component of interjective constructions that have semantic, grammatical and syntactic features. Ada in them is completely desemanticized, retaining its grammatical properties. Constructions with ada express various emotions: surprise, delight, admiration, etc. The linguistic specificity of Khakass interjective constructions is that they represent a speaker's reaction to someone's statement, evaluated as absurd, unreliable.

2021 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-40
Author(s):  
Zh. Belassarova ◽  

The article deals with the categories of cases in the Turkic languages. Turkic languages consist of applications such as suffixes and endings , according to their belonging to the group of connected languages. In the ancient Turkic script, there is a category of existing kinship, among the Turkic languages that are being updated and used today. However, due to historical and geographical changes, it is obvious that the neighboring countries have not suffered in terms of language. Despite the fact that the historical path of development and the nature of the formation of declensions in the Kazakh language is identical to other Turkic languages, there is a partial difference. It can be said that Kazakh scientists have deeply studied the system of declension and its semantic and personal nature. Special attention in the Kazakh language is paid to the formal system of cases, in the works of M. Tomanov the semantic structure of cases is analyzed. The article analyzes this issue in detail.


Author(s):  
Mariya Chertykova

Статья посвящена выявлению и описанию дифференциальных особенностей семантики периферийных глаголов со значением зрительного восприятия. В данную подгруппу мы классифицируем семь хакасских глаголов, выражающих различные стороны зрительного акта, из них четыре глагола имеют лексические соответствия в других тюркских языках. В ходе семантико-когнитивного анализа материала выявляются общие и отличительные особенности этих глаголов. Таким образом, выявлено, что лексические соответствия хакасских глаголов хара- «пристально смотреть; обозревать», пахла- «подсматривать, заглядывать» в других тюркских языках (например, в турецком, азербайджанском, татарском, башкирском, казахском) имеют обширную семантическую структуру и в результате развития многозначности они могут демонстрировать ослабление исходного перцептивного признака в последующих вторичных значениях. Глагол хара- / кара-, помимо перцептивного обозначения, указывает и на другие сферы человеческой деятельности, например, в азербайджанском, каракалпакском языках данный глагол обладает лексико-семантическим вариантом (ЛСВ) «подчиняться». В татарском, башкирском и др. языках данный глагол в силу частотности употребления, принимает на себя модальное значение «попробовать». Проанализированы также семантические составляющие глаголов, характерных (по нашим наблюдениям) для хакасского языка. В сибирских тюркских же языках эти глаголы в своих ЛСВ обычно сохраняют перцептивную сему, только тув.: каракта- и тоф.: қарақта- показывают семантический сдвиг в плане когнитивного соотношения зрительного и ментального процессов. По нашим наблюдениям, характерными для хакасского языка оказались глаголы: хылчаңна-, хайбағын-, маркированные семой «[смотреть], поворачивая голову» и глагол аңды-, актуализирующий признак целенаправленности и концентрации зрительного акта.The article is devoted to the identification and description of the differential features of the semantics of peripheral verbs with the meaning of visual perception. In this subgroup, we classify seven Khakass verbs expressing various aspects of the visual act, of which four verbs have lexical correspondences in other Turkic languages. In the course of semantic-cognitive analysis of the material, the common and distinctive features of these verbs are revealed. Thus, it has been revealed that the lexical correspondences of the Khakass verbs хара- «watch closely; observe», пахла- «peep, peep» in other Turkic languages (for example, Turkish, Azeri, Tatar, Bashkir, Kazakh) have an extensive semantic structure and as a result of the development of ambiguity, they can demonstrate a weakening of the original perceptive trait in subsequent secondary values. The verb хара- / кара-, in addition to perceptual designation, indicates other spheres of human activity, for example, in the Azerbaijani, Karakalpak languages, this verb has the LSW «to obey». In the Tatar, Bashkir and other languages, this verb, due to its frequency of use, assumes the modal meaning «try». The semantic components of the verbs characteristic (according to our observations) for the Khakass language are also analyzed. In the Siberian Turkic languages, these verbs in their lexico-semantic variants (LSV) usually retain perceptual semo, only tuv.: каракта- and tof.: қарақта- show the semantic shift in terms of the cognitive relation of the visual and mental processes. According to our observations, the characteristic verses for Khakass were: хылчаңна-, хайбағын-, marked with sema «[watch], turning the head» and verb аңды-, the actualizing sign of focus and concentration of the visual act.


Author(s):  
O. Yu. Shagdurova ◽  
E. V. Tyuntesheva

The article describes the semantic structure of one of the most polysemantic motion verbs in Turkic languages, namely the verb čïq= ~ sïx= and the correlating Tuvan verb ün=. The secondary meanings of these verbs in South- ern Siberian Turkic languages (Altai, Khakas, Tuvan) are analyzed in comparison with Kipchak languages. The verb čïq= ~ sïx= has been actively developing its meaning since it was fixed in the ancient Turkic monuments. This verb was found to possess similar meanings in various Turkic languages. At the same time, čïq= ~ sïx= is combined with different words in these languages. Regional values or values specific to specific languages are also detected. The languages under consideration are divided according to the action values expressed by constructions with the verb čïq= and its analogs: the beginning in the Turkic languages of Siberia and the completion, exhaustion of action in non-Siberian languages. It may be a manifestation of Mongolian influence on the Siberian languages, since the semantics of initialization is characteristic of the Mongolian gar=, the semantic structure of which is almost similar to the Turkic čïq= and ün=. The secondary meanings of the verb considered reflect the representations of linguistic groups associated with such concepts as top / bottom, previous / subsequent (in time). The semantics of čïq= ~ sïx= and ün= reflects the spatial-temporal aspect of the Turkic world view. These verbs combine the meanings of various vectors of direction (horizontally and vertically), as well as motions taking place on various spatial-temporal intervals, including the opposite ones: the manifestation of an object / the beginning of an action (to appear / to begin; to begin, to start some activity); the action during some space-time interval (to overcome any space / to overcome any period; to happen, to occur); the disappearance of an object / the completion of an action (to disappear / to come to an end; to finish, to complete some activity).


Author(s):  
Maria D. Chertykova ◽  

The current paper aims at describing the semantic structure of the common Türkic verb кöр- «look, see» and identifying the relevant features in its semantics. Particularly, the meaning of «direction of view» is analyzed when the verb is joined by a noun in the accusative and directional cases, a subordinate clause describing specific situations as well as adverbs with the corresponding meaning. Being polysemantic, the verb, beside its direct meaning, is characterized by 8 indirect ones that are common for other Turkic languages; they are related to 3 spheres: social, emotional, and mental. In addition to those, 4 other lexical-semantic variants were found that preserve the seme of perceptiveness, although it is not dominant in them. All these findings demonstrate huge word-building, high structural and analytic potential of this verb in the Khakas language.


Author(s):  
Éva Á. Csató ◽  
Lars Johanson

This chapter deals with the Northwestern (Kipchak) branch of the Turkic language family. Examples taken from this branch of Turkic illustrate phonological, morphological, and syntactic features typical of Turkic languages. Reference is also made to special developments leading to the emergence of non-typical features in some Northwestern languages. Special emphasis is given to the description of the southern Kipchak language, Kazakh, in the middle of the Turkic-speaking world and to the moribund western Kipchak language, Lithuanian Karaim, on its northwestern periphery. Moreover, the typical Turkic features are compared to the 20 core structures (CS) in Transeurasian languages evaluated in Robbeets (2017h and this Oxford Guide).


Author(s):  
Maria Usacheva

This paper is devoted to semantic structure and syntactic properties of predicates of pain in Beserman Udmurt. Beserman is a variety of Udmurt spoken in northwestern Udmurtia, which has undergone contact infl uence of Russian dialects and of Turkic languages. We analyze meanings and compatibility of units which denote pain, describe grammatical encoding of diff erent participants of the situation of pain — the experiencer, the body part where pain is located, and the cause of pain. We consider the following parameters to be relevant for encoding the situation of pain in Beserman Udmurt: type of experiencer, location of pain and its cause (including a human making someone feel pain), pure pain vs. pain accompanied by functionality loss, physical pain vs. painful emotions, intensity of pain and its type. We compare Beserman Udmurt data with those from idioms which either are closely related to Udmurt genetically or are in the situation of close contact with it — namely, with the data from Komi-Zyrian, certain Russian dialects, and Turkic languages. We show that unlike Komi-Zyrian, its relative, Beserman Udmurt encodes diff erent types of pain on the lexical level (i. e. by verbal roots and ideophones), not on the grammatical one (i. e. through morphological derivation). In this respect, Beserman Udmurt resembles certain Turkic languages. The diversity of argument encoding in expressions of pain is a common trait of Beserman Udmurt and Komi-Zyrian; it seems to be supported by the infl uence of Russian dialects.


2018 ◽  
Vol 79 (8) ◽  
pp. 72-77
Author(s):  
A. V. Zelenin

The expression karmannye den’gi (pocket-money) is the calque of French Argent de poche or German Taschengeld, appeared in Russian in the second half of XVIII century and connected with the semantic transformation of the noun karman (pocket) (loanword of Turkic languages) and adjective karmannyy (pocket). The dynamic getting of the westeuropean facts into Russian life and terms into the language in the beginning of 18th century caused the impact in semantic structure of the word karman (pocket) with its old meaning ‘pouch; sewing on clothes moneybag’ and the new one, calqued ‘sewed inside part f clothes’. Next to the new meaning lots of other calqued collocations both for particular things (pocket watch, pop-up dictionary) (karmannye chasy, karmannye den‘gi entered the Russian language. The adaptation and implanting of the borrowed collocation karmannye den’gi (pocket-money) in the Russian language of 18 – beginnig of 20th century.


2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc W. Howard ◽  
Aditya V. Datey ◽  
Hong-Liang Gai
Keyword(s):  

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