Basic pain terms in Beserman Udmurt

2021 ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
Maria Usacheva
Keyword(s):  
Close Contact ◽  
Body Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Physical Pain ◽  
Grammatical Encoding ◽  
Turkic Languages ◽  
Level I ◽  
Syntactic Properties ◽  
Cause Of Pain

This paper is devoted to semantic structure and syntactic properties of predicates of pain in Beserman Udmurt. Beserman is a variety of Udmurt spoken in northwestern Udmurtia, which has undergone contact infl uence of Russian dialects and of Turkic languages. We analyze meanings and compatibility of units which denote pain, describe grammatical encoding of diff erent participants of the situation of pain — the experiencer, the body part where pain is located, and the cause of pain. We consider the following parameters to be relevant for encoding the situation of pain in Beserman Udmurt: type of experiencer, location of pain and its cause (including a human making someone feel pain), pure pain vs. pain accompanied by functionality loss, physical pain vs. painful emotions, intensity of pain and its type. We compare Beserman Udmurt data with those from idioms which either are closely related to Udmurt genetically or are in the situation of close contact with it — namely, with the data from Komi-Zyrian, certain Russian dialects, and Turkic languages. We show that unlike Komi-Zyrian, its relative, Beserman Udmurt encodes diff erent types of pain on the lexical level (i. e. by verbal roots and ideophones), not on the grammatical one (i. e. through morphological derivation). In this respect, Beserman Udmurt resembles certain Turkic languages. The diversity of argument encoding in expressions of pain is a common trait of Beserman Udmurt and Komi-Zyrian; it seems to be supported by the infl uence of Russian dialects.

scholarly journals Ergonomic Evaluation of Hand Operated Maize Sheller for Reducing Drudgery of Farm Women in Bihar

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
BIKASH SARKAR ◽  
PREM K SUNDARAM ◽  
A P ANURAG ◽  
RAKESH KUMAR ◽  
UJJWAL KUMAR ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Body Part ◽  
Physical Stress ◽  
The Body ◽  
Farm Women ◽  
Performance Parameters ◽  
Physical Pain ◽  
Technical Performance ◽  
Body Pain ◽  
Cardiac Cost

Maize shelling is one of the tedious and time-consuming agricultural operations. To reduce the drudgery of farm women involved in maize shelling, a hand-held octagonal maize sheller (OMS) tool was introduced. The OMS tool was evaluated for its impact on human health and shelling efficiency. An ergonomic study of the OMS tool was carried out with farm women as subjects for evaluation. Various ergonomic and technical performance parameters were assessed for two types of shelling viz. hand shelling and shelling using OMS tool. The results revealed that the OMS tool and hand shelling recorded an output of 23.71 and 8.87 kg/h, respectively. The cardiac cost per unit of output worked out was 69.73 and 287.09 beats/kg for OMS tool and hand shelling, respectively. Compared to hand shelling, the OMS tool reduced drudgery by 75.71%. Overall discomfort rating was 1.58 and 2.12 while the body part discomfort score was 21.27 and 30.41 for OMS tool and hand shelling, respectively. Adoption of OMS tool reduced the physical stress as very small percentage of subjects (less than 40%) reported about the body pain. In view of increased shelling efficiency and reduced physical pain, the OMS tool was found more suitable and is recommended for maize shelling.

scholarly journals Timing of Bisphosphonate Initiation After Fracture: What Does the Data Really Say?

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 215145932098036
Author(s):  
David W. Barton ◽  
C. Taylor Smith ◽  
Amit S. Piple ◽  
Sterling A. Moskal ◽  
Jonathan J. Carmouche
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Healing ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Osteoporosis Treatment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Non Union ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Level I ◽  
Timing Of Initiation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Published Research

Introduction: Osteoporosis is often not clinically recognized until after a fracture occurs. Individuals who have 1 fracture are at increased risk of future fractures. Prompt initiation of osteoporosis treatment following fracture is critical to reducing the rate of future fractures. Antiresorptives are the most widely used class of medications for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Many providers are hesitant to initiate antiresorptives in the acute post-fracture period. Concerns include interference with bone remodeling necessary for successful fracture healing, which would cause increased rates of non-union, malunion, and refracture. While such concerns should not extend to anabolic medications, physicians may also hesitate to initiate anabolic osteoporosis therapies due to high cost and/or lack of familiarity. This article aims to briefly review the available data and present a digestible narrative summary to familiarize practicing orthopaedic surgeons with the essential details of the published research on this topic. Results: The results of 20 clinical studies and key pre-clinical studies related to the effect of anti-resorptive medications for osteoporosis on fracture healing are summarized in the body of this narrative review. Discussion & Conclusions: While few level I studies have examined the impact of timing of initiation of osteoporosis medications in the acute post-fracture period, the few that have been published do not support these concerns. Specifically, data from level I clinical trials indicate that initiating bisphosphonates as early as 2 weeks post-fracture does not increase rates of non-union or malunion. By reviewing the available data, we hope to give clinicians the confidence to initiate osteoporosis treatment promptly post-fracture.

An Approach to Pain in Research Animals

1988 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-154
Author(s):  
David B. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Damage ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Physical Pain ◽  
Insufficient Information ◽  
Experimental Procedure ◽  
Analgesic Drugs ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Experimental Subjects ◽  
Decisive Action ◽  
Cause Of Pain

Pain can either signal the threat of tissue-damage (nociception) or can result from tissue damage itself. The physiology and “pathology” of pain, in the second instance, suggest that it can be diagnosed (not “measured”, “assessed”, etc.) on the basis of its association, but not equality, with tissue damage and by its coincidence with changes in behaviour. Pain will be present as part of a syndrome and cannot occur without cause or association. Pain may occur in experiments: a) coincidentally and unrelated to any experimental procedure, b) accidentally, when a procedure goes amiss, and c) as part of the experimental design. Where pain is intrinsic to the aims of an experiment (for example in the testing of analgesics), “escape routes” and “limits” must be formulated for the benefit of experimental subjects. In addition, the empirical value of the experiment must be assessed. There is insufficient information on the use and efficacy of analgesic drugs in animals. These drugs, however, are neither the only nor the most effective means of alleviating physical pain in animals. Other forms of treatment are considered. All depend on sound diagnosis and prognosis. Decisive action against the cause of pain is necessary.

scholarly journals Experiential ownership and body ownership are different phenomena

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Caleb Liang ◽  
Wen-Hsiang Lin ◽  
Tai-Yuan Chang ◽  
Chi-Hong Chen ◽  
Chen-Wei Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conscious Experience ◽  
Distinct Type ◽  
Body Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Ownership ◽  
Rubber Hand ◽  
Person Perspective ◽  
The One ◽  
First Time ◽  
Full Body

AbstractBody ownership concerns what it is like to feel a body part or a full body as mine, and has become a prominent area of study. We propose that there is a closely related type of bodily self-consciousness largely neglected by researchers—experiential ownership. It refers to the sense that I am the one who is having a conscious experience. Are body ownership and experiential ownership actually the same phenomenon or are they genuinely different? In our experiments, the participant watched a rubber hand or someone else’s body from the first-person perspective and was touched either synchronously or asynchronously. The main findings: (1) The sense of body ownership was hindered in the asynchronous conditions of both the body-part and the full-body experiments. However, a strong sense of experiential ownership was observed in those conditions. (2) We found the opposite when the participants’ responses were measured after tactile stimulations had ceased for 5 s. In the synchronous conditions of another set of body-part and full-body experiments, only experiential ownership was blocked but not body ownership. These results demonstrate for the first time the double dissociation between body ownership and experiential ownership. Experiential ownership is indeed a distinct type of bodily self-consciousness.

Maximizing Recall of Gruesome Images for Health Effects Advertising: An Experimental Investigation

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 112-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brennen W. Mills ◽  
Owen B. J. Carter ◽  
Robert J. Donovan
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Body Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
Advertising Effectiveness ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Online Study ◽  
Video Clips ◽  
Video Images ◽  
The Impact

The objective of this case study was to experimentally manipulate the impact on arousal and recall of two characteristics frequently occurring in gruesome depictions of body parts in smoking cessation advertisements: the presence or absence of an external physical insult to the body part depicted; whether or not the image contains a clear figure/ground demarcation. Three hundred participants (46% male, 54% female; mean age 27.3 years, SD = 11.4) participated in a two-stage online study wherein they viewed and responded to a series of gruesome 4-s video images. Seventy-two video clips were created to provide a sample of images across the two conditions: physical insult versus no insult and clear figure/ground demarcation versus merged or no clear figure/ground demarcation. In stage one, participants viewed a randomly ordered series of 36 video clips and rated how “confronting” they considered each to be. Seven days later (stage two), to test recall of each video image, participants viewed all 72 clips and were asked to identify those they had seen previously. Images containing a physical insult were consistently rated more confronting and were remembered more accurately than images with no physical insult. Images with a clear figure/ground demarcation were rated as no more confronting but were consistently recalled with greater accuracy than those with unclear figure/ground demarcation. Makers of gruesome health warning television advertisements should incorporate some form of physical insult and use a clear figure/ground demarcation to maximize image recall and subsequent potential advertising effectiveness.

Body Image in Anorexia Nervosa

1981 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 224-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Garner
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Body Satisfaction ◽  
Body Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
Size Perception ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Size Estimation ◽  
Psychological Disturbance ◽  
Body Image Disturbances

Despite much recent interest in the objective measurement of body image in anorexia nervosa, many questions remain regarding basic mechanisms responsible for the findings as well as their meaning in the disorder. It is unclear if “whole body” measures assess the same underlying phenomena as the “body part” method, and it is unclear if body image disturbances are etiologic or a byproduct of anorexia nervosa. The possible association between self-esteem and body satisfaction and the relationship of the latter variable to actual size estimation supports the hypothesis that size perception may be closely tied to satisfaction with non-physical aspects of self. Finally it must be determined if over estimation is a function of a general psychological disturbance or of a deficit of specific interest in this disorder. Despite these questions, the way in which anorexic patients see themselves as well as the cognitive and affective responses to this perception remains an interesting and potentially fruitful area of study with this disorder.

Simple vacuum cup to identify the primary myofascial restriction: the root cause of pain elsewhere

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. e240214
Author(s):  
Lenny Thinagaran Vasanthan ◽  
Manigandan Chockalingam
Keyword(s):  
Musculoskeletal Pain ◽  
Simple Technique ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
The Body ◽  
Detailed History ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Cause Of Pain ◽  
Musculoskeletal Examination ◽  
Gold Standards

Identification of the primary source of pain determines the success of musculoskeletal pain management. A detailed history and physical examination are the current gold standards for identifying musculoskeletal pain source in day-to-day clinical practice. This process, at times, may potentially result in inadequate/inappropriate identification of the pain source. In this case report, we present the usefulness of a simple and inexpensive vacuum cup. We found that this accurately identified the primary pain source, distant from and unrelated to the site of pain presentation in a 30-year-old man with back pain. Routine use of this simple technique in conjunction with the regular musculoskeletal examination may better identify primary restrictions in the body tissues. Based on our experience, we propose that this approach has the potential to offer better outcomes in the treatment of musculoskeletal pain in the future.

Neuronal Sodium Leak Channel Is Responsible for the Detection of Sodium in the Rat Median Preoptic Nucleus

2011 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 650-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Tremblay ◽  
Emmanuelle Berret ◽  
Mélaine Henry ◽  
Benjamin Nehmé ◽  
Louis Nadeau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Close Contact ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Reversal Potential ◽  
Outward Current ◽  
The Body ◽  
Equilibrium Potential ◽  
Preoptic Nucleus ◽  
Leak Channel ◽  
Median Preoptic Nucleus ◽  
Electrophysiological Recordings

Sodium (Na+) ions are of primary importance for hydromineral and cardiovascular homeostasis, and the level of Na+ in the body fluid compartments [plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)] is precisely monitored in the hypothalamus. Glial cells seem to play a critical role in the mechanism of Na+ detection. However, the precise role of neurons in the detection of extracellular Na+ concentration ([Na+]out) remains unclear. Here we demonstrate that neurons of the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO), a structure in close contact with the CSF, are specific Na+ sensors. Electrophysiological recordings were performed on dissociated rat MnPO neurons under isotonic [Na+] (100 mM NaCl) with local application of hypernatriuric (150, 180 mM NaCl) or hyponatriuric (50 mM NaCl) external solution. The hyper- and hyponatriuric conditions triggered an in- and an outward current, respectively. The reversal potential of the current matched the equilibrium potential of Na+, indicating that a change in [Na+]out modified the influx of Na+ in the MnPO neurons. The conductance of the Na+ current was not affected by either the membrane potential or the [Na+]out. Moreover, the channel was highly selective for lithium over guanidinium. Together, these data identified the channel as a Na+ leak channel. A high correlation between the electrophysiological recordings and immunofluorescent labeling for the NaX channel in dissociated MnPO neurons strongly supports this channel as a candidate for the Na+ leak channel responsible for the Na+-sensing ability of rat MnPO neurons. The absence of NaX labeling and of a specific current evoked by a change in [Na+]out in mouse MnPO neurons suggests species specificity in the hypothalamus structures participating in central Na+ detection.

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