scholarly journals CARRIAGE OF PSITTACOSIS CAUSATIVE AGENT IN PET BIRDS

2021 ◽  
pp. 40-44
Author(s):  
Z.M. Reznichenko ◽  
◽  
G.A. Fedorova ◽  
L.V. Tkachenko ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Causative Agent ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Recent Decade ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Contaminated Sites ◽  
Livestock Farming ◽  
Pet Birds ◽  
And Control ◽  
Actual Prevalence

The analysis of data on the actual prevalence of chla-mydiosisand thedamage to human health, poultry and livestock farming proves that the disease is a noteworthy problem for public health and farming. The spread of chla-mydia infection often leads to large scale damage to pet birds, as well as to humans, so its diagnosis and control measures are important. In Russia, in recent decade, the number of contaminated sites regarding ornithosis annually ranges from 30 to 53. The number of contaminated sites changes slightly but the number of sick birds noticeably changes from 131 to 2390 heads. According to the Veteri-nary Department, 9 contaminated sites were registered in the Altai Region from 2010 through 2020, i.e. 1-3 sites per year. The infectiousness of Clamydia psittaci is very high which leads to inapparent, chronic infection and long-term carriage, intense chlamydial release; that is an important epizootological prerequisite for a consistent continuous and latent infection in the animal population. Therefore, the main sources of the causative agent are sick birds and asymptomatic chlamydia carriers. Of the 145 examined individuals, inclusion bodies were found in 52, or 36%. In 2008, similar studies were carried out on 11 parrots; 6 birds were infected with the causative agent of psittacosis, or 54.5%. The autopsy of parrots revealed characteristic signs of psittacosis in 19 (82.6%) cases: pneumonia, exudate and fibrosis depositions in the air sacs, enlarged spleen and liver, in 5 cases -hemorrhages on the epicardium.

scholarly journals Heterogeneity and effectiveness analysis of COVID-19 prevention and control in major cities in China through time-varying reproduction number estimation

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing Cheng ◽  
Zeyi Liu ◽  
Guangquan Cheng ◽  
Jincai Huang
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Correlation Method ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control

AbstractBeginning on December 31, 2019, the large-scale novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged in China. Tracking and analysing the heterogeneity and effectiveness of cities’ prevention and control of the COVID-19 epidemic is essential to design and adjust epidemic prevention and control measures. The number of newly confirmed cases in 25 of China’s most-affected cities for the COVID-19 epidemic from January 11 to February 10 was collected. The heterogeneity and effectiveness of these 25 cities’ prevention and control measures for COVID-19 were analysed by using an estimated time-varying reproduction number method and a serial correlation method. The results showed that the effective reproduction number (R) in 25 cities showed a downward trend overall, but there was a significant difference in the R change trends among cities, indicating that there was heterogeneity in the spread and control of COVID-19 in cities. Moreover, the COVID-19 control in 21 of 25 cities was effective, and the risk of infection decreased because their R had dropped below 1 by February 10, 2020. In contrast, the cities of Wuhan, Tianmen, Ezhou and Enshi still had difficulty effectively controlling the COVID-19 epidemic in a short period of time because their R was greater than 1.

scholarly journals Salvage felling in the Slovak forests in the period 2004–2013

2015 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 188-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrej Kunca ◽  
Milan Zúbrik ◽  
Juraj Galko ◽  
Jozef Vakula ◽  
Roman Leontovyč ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Forest Health ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Spruce Bark ◽  
Important Pest ◽  
Health Quality ◽  
And Control

Abstract Salvage felling is one of the indicators of the forest health quality and stability. Most of the European Union countries monitor forest harmful agents, which account for salvage felling, in order to see trends or functionality between factors and to be able to predict their development. The systematic evidence of forest harmful agents and volume of salvage felling in Slovakia started at the Forest Research Institute in Zvolen in 1960. The paper focuses on the occurrence of the most relevant harmful agents and volume of salvage felling in the Slovak forests over the last decade. Within the 10 years period (2004–2013) salvage felling in Slovakia reached 42.31 mil. m3 of wood, which was 53.2% of the total felling. Wind and European spruce bark beetle Ips typographus damaged 78.4% of salvage wood, i.e. they were the most important pest agents. Norway spruce (Picea abies) was the most frequently damaged tree species that represented the amount of 35.6 mil. m3 of wood (81.2% of total volume of salvage felling). As Norway spruce grows mostly in mountains, these regions of Central and Northern Slovakia were most affected. At the damaged localities new forests were prevailingly established with regard to suitable ecological conditions for trees, climate change scenarios and if possible, natural regeneration has been preferred. These approaches in forest stand regeneration together with silvicultural and control measures are assumed to gradually decrease the amount of salvage felling over long term perspective.

Corporate Structure, Industrial Development, and Structural Change in South Africa

2021 ◽  
pp. 348-374
Author(s):  
Pamela Mondliwa ◽  
Simon Roberts
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Corporate Structure ◽  
Continuity And Change ◽  
Economic Concentration ◽  
And Control

The orientation of large corporations is at the heart of how countries develop. These firms make large-scale investments and realize economies of scale and scope, as well as make long-term commitments to the learning and research necessary to build capabilities required for industrial development. In many industries and sectors the large firms have key technologies, govern access to markets, and control material inputs which can shape the structure of an economy. The chapter reviews the changing corporate structure in South Africa focusing on the implications for industrial development, the evolving internationalization of South African businesses, and the political economy of economic policy. While the South African economy has remained highly concentrated, the corporate structure has altered in fundamental ways. The chapter identifies key elements of continuity and change to explain the implications of the continued high levels of economic concentration for the economy through the lens of the corporate structure.

Suspected transmission of norovirus in eight long-term care facilities attributed to staff working at multiple institutions

2011 ◽  
Vol 140 (9) ◽  
pp. 1702-1709 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. NGUYEN ◽  
J. P. MIDDAUGH
Keyword(s):  
Long Term Care ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Staff Members ◽  
Care Facilities ◽  
Stool Specimens ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
And Control

SUMMARYThis study reports on gastroenteritis outbreaks suspected of being norovirus infections in eight long-term care facilities. A descriptive epidemiological investigation was used to depict sources of infections and control measures. Outbreaks affected 299 (31%) of 954 residents and 95 (11%) of 843 staff. Attack rates were higher in residents (range 17–55%) than staff (range 3–35%). Person-to-person spread was suspected. The case-hospitalization rate was 2·5%, and no death occurred. Eight staff members were employed at multiple affected facilities and may have introduced disease into three facilities. Thirty-two stool specimens were positive for norovirus by real-time reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction or enzyme immunoassay. Sequenced specimens were closely related to GII.4 New Orleans. A concurrent Clostridium difficile outbreak was also detected at one facility. Staff members who work at multiple facilities may transmit norovirus between them. Regulatory agencies should consider precluding ill staff from working in multiple facilities during outbreaks. Guidelines to control norovirus must be applied promptly and meticulously by facilities.

Emergence and Growth of Trumpetcreeper (Campsis radicans) as Affected by Rootstock Size and Planting Depth

2004 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 816-819 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey T. Edwards ◽  
Lawrence R. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Regenerative Capacity ◽  
Direct Competition ◽  
Varying Length ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
And Control ◽  
Shoot Emergence

Trumpetcreeper, a deciduous, perennial vine found in the midwestern and southeastern United States, causes crop losses through direct competition and by crop entanglement, and control measures include both herbicides and tillage. The regenerative capacity of trumpetcreeper rootstocks of varying length and diameter when planted at different depths was evaluated in greenhouse experiments in Arkansas. Deeper placement of rootstocks delayed trumpetcreeper emergence but had no effect on shoot growth after emergence. Larger rootstock segments produced more shoots per plant and more total biomass production. However, smaller rootstock segments produced more shoots and total biomass per centimeter of rootstock. Overall, decreasing trumpetcreeper rootstock size will delay shoot emergence but may not result in increased long-term control.

Control of Transmission of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium in a Long-Term–Care Facility

1999 ◽  
Vol 20 (05) ◽  
pp. 312-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxine Armstrong-Evans ◽  
Margaret Litt ◽  
Margaret A. McArthur ◽  
Barbara Willey ◽  
Darlene Cann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enterococcus Faecium ◽  
Long Term Care ◽  
Care Facility ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Long Term Care Facility ◽  
Rectal Swabs ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant ◽  
And Control

AbstractObjectives:To describe the investigation and control of transmission of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in a residential long-term-care (LTC) setting.Outbreak Investigation:A strain of vancomycin-resistantEnterococcus faeciumnot previously isolated in Ontario colonized five residents of a 254-bed LTC facility in Toronto. The index case was identified when VRE was isolated from a urine culture taken after admission to a local hospital. Screening of rectal swabs from all 235 residents identified four others who were colonized with the same strain ofE faecium.Control Measures:Colonized residents were cohorted. VRE precautions were established as follows: gown and gloves for resident contact, restriction of contact between colonized and noncolonized residents, no sharing of personal equipment, and daily double-cleaning of residents' rooms and wheelchairs.Outcome:Two colonized residents died of causes unrelated to VRE. Although bacitracin therapy (75,000 units four times a day X 14 days) failed to eradicate carriage in two of three surviving residents, both cleared their carriage within 7 weeks. Repeat rectal swabs from 224 residents (91%) 2 months after isolation precautions were discontinued and from 125 residents (51%) 9 months later identified no new cases. Total cost of investigation and control was $12,061 (Canadian).Conclusion:VRE may be transmitted in LTC facilities, and colonized LTC residents could become important VRE reservoirs. Control of VRE transmission in LTC facilities can be achieved even with limited resources.

A population model for Noogoora Burr (Xanthium occidentale).

1983 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 54 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ Martin ◽  
JA Carnahan
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Weed Biological Control ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Seed Reserves ◽  
Control Procedures ◽  
Grazing Lands ◽  
And Control

Noogoora burr (Xanthium occidentale), an annual species, is an important weed of sheep grazing lands in eastern Australia. This paper describes a model of Noogoora bun population dynamics which enables alternative management and control procedures to be simulated. The model is based on a two-phase life cycle with a long-lived overlapping population of seeds and short-lived non- overlapping populations of plants. The model takes into account changes in soil seed reserves due to germination, decay and dispersal. Density dependent processes affecting seed production were incorporated by using Shinozaki's reciprocal yield equation and measure- ments were made of seed losses due to granivory by birds and mice. Simple rainfall records were used to derive the model which was used to predict changes in seed populations in various environments. Theoretical seed populations were close to those actually observed. The model was also used to predict how particular control measures might affect population densities and the types of organisms which might be appropriate for biological control of the weed. Biological control appears to be the only possible means of controlling the large scale infestations of Noogoora burr in semi- arid areas where landholders have abandoned conventional control techniques.

Projecting the future impact of past accomplishments in tobacco control

2020 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2019-055487
Author(s):  
Michael V Maciosek ◽  
Ann W St Claire ◽  
Paula A Keller ◽  
Amy B LaFrance ◽  
Zack Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Smoking Prevalence ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Tobacco Prevention ◽  
Quit Smoking ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
And Control ◽  
Productivity Gains ◽  
Population Effects

BackgroundThe benefits to adults who quit smoking increase over time as former smokers live longer, healthier lives. Youth who never smoke will benefit for decades. Thus, the long-term population effects of tobacco prevention and control policies may be substantial. Yet they are rarely quantified in evaluations of state tobacco control programmes.MethodsUsing a microsimulation model, we predicted the benefits to Minnesotans from 2018 to 2037 of having reduced cigarette smoking prevalence from 1998 to 2017. We first simulated the health and economic harms of tobacco that would have occurred had smoking prevalence stayed at 1997 levels. The harms produced by that scenario were then compared with harms in scenarios with smoking declining at observed rates from 1998 to 2017 and either expected declines from 2018 to 2037 or a greater decline to 5% prevalence in 2037.ResultsWith expected smoking prevalence decreases from 2018 to 2037, Minnesotans will experience 12 298 fewer cancers, 72 208 fewer hospitalisations for cardiovascular disease and diabetes, 31 913 fewer respiratory disease hospitalisations, 14 063 fewer smoking-attributable deaths, $10.2 billion less in smoking-attributable medical expenditures and $9.4 billion in productivity gains than if prevalence had stayed at 1997 levels. These gains are two to four times greater than for the previous 20 years, and would be about 15% higher if Minnesota achieves a 5% adult prevalence rate by 2037.ConclusionsThe tobacco control measures implemented from 1998 to 2017 will produce accelerated benefits during 2018–2037 if modest progress in tobacco prevalence rates is maintained.

Regional Dissemination and Control of Epidemic Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

1999 ◽  
Vol 20 (03) ◽  
pp. 202-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay E. Nicolle ◽  
Brenda Dyck ◽  
Genevieve Thompson ◽  
Susan Roman ◽  
Amin Kabani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Care Facilities ◽  
And Control

AbstractA methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) strain introduced into the largest tertiary-care teaching hospital in Manitoba in 1993 led to a sustained outbreak with secondary outbreaks at one community hospital, two large long-term-care facilities, and nosocomial transmission at a second teaching hospital. Control measures were consistent at each institution and were coordinated on a province-wide basis. MRSA is not currently endemic in any facility in the province.

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