scholarly journals A-3 Sahaba; their Ijitihad and School of thoughts in understanding Quranic Text and its academic importance

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-39
Author(s):  
Nasrullah Qureshi ◽  
Hadi Bux Chhijan
Keyword(s):  
Primary Source ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Arabic Literature ◽  
Natural Method

The generation of Sahaba is only generation, observed the revelation of the Quran-primary source of Islam and its teachings-. They were aware of the surroundings, backgrounds and reasons of its revelations. Whenever they faced any problem about understanding of the Quran, they went to the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) in person during his life-time. When the Prophet died, they tried to understand the meanings of the Quran by its natural method; got aid from Mufasir Sahaba, Arabic Literature of the time. This period showed their understanding abilities, skills to tackle An-Nawazil, and etc. Also the period was the beginning of development of different Islamic sciences. This study will discuss in detail their methods of understanding the Quran, and its major schools of thout in detail.

scholarly journals Perwatakan Tokoh Pergerakan Feminisme dalam Novel Ahlâm Al-Nisâ Al-Harem Karya Fatima Mernissi (Sebuah Kajian Strukturalisme Genetik)

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Syarifuddin Syarifuddin
Keyword(s):  
Women Leaders ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Women's Movements ◽  
Arabic Literature ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Written Information ◽  
Fatima Mernissi ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Feminist Movements ◽  
Modern Arabic

This article describes the figures of feminist movements in the novel Ahlâm Al-Nisâ Al-Harem by Fatima Mernissi, a Moroccan sociologist and writer, who has contributed and influenced the development of modern Arabic literature. Using Goldmann's genetic structuralism approach, the author is interested in researching this novel because it pictures women leaders who aggressively carried out feminist movements in order to break down the boundaries of custom that narrow women's movements. This research uses qualitative data in the form of facts, information, statements or images obtained from the primary source: Ahlâm Al-Nisâ Al-Harem by Fatima Mernissi. The data were analyzed using a descriptive qualitative method  focusing on content analysis, which is an in-depth analysis of the content of written information. 

Analysis of first flush to improve the water quality in rainwater tanks

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 421-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Kus ◽  
J. Kandasamy ◽  
S. Vigneswaran ◽  
H. K. Shon
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
First Flush ◽  
Roof Runoff ◽  
Rainwater Tank ◽  
Rainwater Tanks

Although most Australians receive their domestic supply from reticulated mains or town water, there are vast areas with very low population densities and few reticulated supplies. In many of these areas rainwater collected in tanks is the primary source of drinking water. Heavy metals have recently become a concern as their concentration in rain water tanks was found to exceed recommended levels suitable for human consumption. Rainwater storage tanks also accumulate contaminants and sediments that settle to the bottom. Although not widely acknowledged, small amounts of contaminants such as lead found in rain water (used as drinking water) may have a cumulative and poisonous effect on human health over a life time. This is true for certain factors that underlie many of the chronic illnesses that are becoming increasingly common in contemporary society. The paper reports on a study which is part of a project that aims to develop a cost effective in-line filtration system to improve water quality in rainwater tanks. To enable this, the characteristics of rainwater need to be known. One component of this characterization is to observe the effects of the first flush on a rainwater tank. Samples of the roof runoff collected from an urban residential roof located in the Sydney Metropolitan Area in the initial first few millimetres of rain were analysed. The results show that bypassing the first 2 mm of rainfall gives water with most water quality parameters compliant with the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines (ADWG) standards. The parameters that did not comply were lead and turbidity, which required bypassing approximately the first 5 mm of rainfall to meet ADWG standards. Molecular weight distribution (MWD) analysis showed that the concentration of rainwater organic matter (RWOM) decreased with increasing amount of roof runoff.

SEM and Auger microanalysis studies of Cu-Be dynode surfaces at each activation condition

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 524-525
Author(s):  
T. Koshikawa ◽  
Y. Fujii ◽  
E. Sugata ◽  
F. Kanematsu
Keyword(s):  
Electron Emission ◽  
Secondary Electron ◽  
Secondary Electron Emission ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Beam Diameter ◽  
Activation Temperature ◽  
Electron Multiplier ◽  
Activation Condition ◽  
Activation Conditions

The Cu-Be alloys are widely used as the electron multiplier dynodes after the adequate activation process. But the structures and compositions of the elements on the activated surfaces were not studied clearly. The Cu-Be alloys are heated in the oxygen atmosphere in the usual activation techniques. The activation conditions, e.g. temperature and O2 pressure, affect strongly the secondary electron yield and life time of dynodes.In the present paper, the activated Cu-Be dynode surfaces at each condition are investigated with Scanning Auger Microanalyzer (SAM) (primary beam diameter: 3μmϕ) and SEM. The commercial Cu-Be(2%) alloys were polished with Cr2O3 powder, rinsed in the distilled water and set in the vacuum furnance.Two typical activation condition, i.e. activation temperature 730°C and 810°C in 5x10-3 Torr O2 pressure were chosen since the formation mechanism of the BeO film on the Cu-Be alloys was guessed to be very different at each temperature from the results of the secondary electron emission measurements.

Vitamin D Deficiency in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction: An Italian Single-Center Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 85 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 23-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aneta Aleksova ◽  
Rita Belfiore ◽  
Cosimo Carriere ◽  
Salam Kassem ◽  
Salvatore La Carrubba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Acute Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Sun Exposure ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Vitamin D Status ◽  
High Exposure

Abstract. Background: Hypovitaminosis D is a vitamin deficiency that has been increasing in developed countries; it was also suggested as an emerging risk factor for developing of atherosclerosis and acute myocardial infarction. The primary source of vitamin D is its cutaneous synthesis under exposure to sunlight. It has been suggested that 30 min of sun exposure twice weekly leads to sufficient vitamin D synthesis. The residents of Trieste (Italy) are well-known for their high exposure to sunlight in all seasons. We aimed to investigate the vitamin D status in subjects with acute myocardial infarction living in this area. Methods: Vitamin D status was identified in 478 subjects diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction. Results: The median serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration was 14.5 [7.8 - 22.7] ng/mL. Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency were present in 324 (68 %) and 107 (22 %) subjects, respectively. Vitamin D deficiency was less frequent among subjects enrolled in the period from July to the end of September (p < 0.001). In a multivariate analysis vitamin D deficiency was predicted by older age (p = 0.02), female gender (p = 0.002), higher body mass index (p = 0.05), autumn/winter sampling (p < 0.001), increased parathyroid hormone (p = 0.03) and alkaline phosphatase (p = 0.003). Conclusions: We observed very high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among subjects with myocardial infarction in all seasons of enrollment. However, it was lower in the summer when sun exposure is higher. The exposure to sunlight may be a cost-saving therapeutic strategy for the management of vitamin D deficiency.

Negative Life Events Associated With Deliberate Self-Harm in an African Population in Uganda

Crisis ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Kinyanda ◽  
H. Hjelmeland ◽  
S. Musisi
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Negative Life Events ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Dose Effect ◽  
Deliberate Self Harm ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Self Harm ◽  
Suicide Interventions

Abstract. Negative life events associated with deliberate self-harm (DSH) were investigated in an African context in Uganda. Patients admitted at three general hospitals in Kampala, Uganda were interviewed using a Luganda version (predominant language in the study area) of the European Parasuicide Study Interview Schedule I. The results of the life events and histories module are reported in this paper. The categories of negative life events in childhood that were significantly associated with DSH included those related to parents, significant others, personal events, and the total negative life events load in childhood. For the later-life time period, the negative life events load in the partner category and the total negative life events in this time period were associated with DSH. In the last-year time period, the negative life events load related to personal events and the total number of negative life events in this time period were associated with DSH. A statistically significant difference between the cases and controls for the total number of negative life events reported over the entire lifetime of the respondents was also observed, which suggests a dose effect of negative life events on DSH. Gender differences were also observed among the cases. In conclusion, life events appear to be an important factor in DSH in this cultural environment. The implication of these results for treatment and the future development of suicide interventions in this country are discussed.

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