AVALIAÇÃO DO RENDIMENTO EM MADEIRA SERRADA DE Eucalyptus benthamii E DE Eucalyptus grandis POR MEIO DO DESDOBRO TANGENCIAL E RADIAL

O objetivo foi determinar o aproveitamento do Eucalyptus benthamii e do Eucalyptus grandis no processo de desdobro. A metodologia envolveu duas classes diamétricas (20-25 cm e 25,01-30 cm) e dois sistemas de desdobro (tangencial e radial). O rendimento do desdobro foi obtido pela relação entre o volume de toras e o de madeira serrada, sendo separado em bruto, sem rachaduras, sem destopo e líquido. Na análise do rendimento, adotou-se a Análise da Variância e o Teste de Tukey. Os resultados encontrados demonstraram que o sistema de desdobro tangencial apresentou melhor aproveitamento da matéria-prima. Os tratamentos compostos pelo E. benthamii e sistema tangencial foram os que apresentaram maior redução no rendimento em função da retirada das partes rachadas das peças, enquanto que, para a perda devida ao destopo, as porcentagens encontradas foram equivalentes para ambas as espécies. No rendimento final do processo, houve uma redução do rendimento em madeira serrada, com o aumento do diâmetro das toras para as duas espécies.Palavras-chave: Eucalipto; rachaduras de topo; aproveitamento da matéria-prima; serraria. AbstractEvaluation of the yield in sawnwood of Eucalyptus benthamii Maiden et Cambage and Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden by tangential and radial sawing. The aim was to determine the yield of Eucalyptus benthamii and Eucalyptus grandis in the process of the sawing. The methodology involved two diameter classes (20-25 cm and 25.1-30 cm) and two systems sawing (tangential and radial). The yield of sawing was obtained through the relationship between the volume of logs and lumber, being separated into gross yield, no splits, no trimming and liquid. The analysis yield was adopted the Analysis of Variance and Tukey test. The results demonstrated that the system of tangential sawing showed better utilization of raw-material. The treatments consisted of the E. benthamii and tangential system presented the greatest yield reduction due to the removal of parts of the split pieces, while for the loss due to destopo, the percentages found were similar for both species. In the final yield of the process, there was no reduction of yield in lumber with the increase of the diameter of the logs for both species.Keywords: Eucalypt; log end splits; utilization of raw material; sawmill.

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Strategy and structure of the hotel industry in Malaysia

Social and Management Research Journal ◽

10.24191/smrj.v4i1.5129 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 97

Author(s):

Salleh Mohd Radzi ◽

Mohamed Amran ◽

Abdul Razak Aziz ◽

Azlan Supardi

Keyword(s):

Structural Equation Modeling ◽

Analysis Of Variance ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Hotel Industry ◽

Strategic Orientation ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Major Purpose ◽

Strategy And Structure ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

The major purpose ofthis study was to examine the relationship of strategy and structure. Porter s(/980) strategic typology was utilized to classify hotel firms by strategic orientation; and, an analysis of variance was performed to determine the differences in their performance. Structural Equation Modeling was used to confirm the factors underlying the strategy and structure constructs.

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Sodium Metasilicate Cemented Analogue Material and Its Mechanical Properties

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering ◽

10.1155/2016/3716145 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-17 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Songlin Yue ◽

Yanyu Qiu ◽

Pengxian Fan ◽

Pin Zhang ◽

Ning Zhang

Keyword(s):

Complex Geometry ◽

Sodium Metasilicate ◽

Raw Material ◽

Fine Aggregate ◽

Regression Equations ◽

Deformation And Failure ◽

Orthogonal Experiments ◽

Low Modulus ◽

New Type ◽

The Relationship

Analogue material with appropriate properties is of great importance to the reliability of geomechanical model test, which is one of the mostly used approaches in field of geotechnical research. In this paper, a new type of analogue material is developed, which is composed of coarse aggregate (quartz sand and/or barite sand), fine aggregate (barite powder), and cementitious material (anhydrous sodium silicate). The components of each raw material are the key influencing factors, which significantly affect the physical and mechanical parameters of analogue materials. In order to establish the relationship between parameters and factors, the material properties including density, Young’s modulus, uniaxial compressive strength, and tensile strength were investigated by a series of orthogonal experiments with hundreds of samples. By orthogonal regression analysis, the regression equations of each parameter were obtained based on experimental data, which can predict the properties of the developed analogue materials according to proportions. The experiments and applications indicate that sodium metasilicate cemented analogue material is a type of low-strength and low-modulus material with designable density, which is insensitive to humidity and temperature and satisfies mechanical scaling criteria for weak rock or soft geological materials. Moreover, the developed material can be easily cast into structures with complex geometry shapes and simulate the deformation and failure processes of prototype rocks.

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Life-Cycle Assessment of Carbon Footprint of Bike-Share and Bus Systems in Campus Transit

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13010158 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 158

Author(s):

Sishen Wang ◽

Hao Wang ◽

Pengyu Xie ◽

Xiaodan Chen

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle Assessment ◽

Life Cycle ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Carbon Footprint ◽

Co2 Emission ◽

Raw Material ◽

Transit System ◽

Two Systems ◽

Bus System ◽

Bike Share

Low-carbon transport system is desired for sustainable cities. The study aims to compare carbon footprint of two transportation modes in campus transit, bus and bike-share systems, using life-cycle assessment (LCA). A case study was conducted for the four-campus (College Ave, Cook/Douglass, Busch, Livingston) transit system at Rutgers University (New Brunswick, NJ). The life-cycle of two systems were disaggregated into four stages, namely, raw material acquisition and manufacture, transportation, operation and maintenance, and end-of-life. Three uncertain factors—fossil fuel type, number of bikes provided, and bus ridership—were set as variables for sensitivity analysis. Normalization method was used in two impact categories to analyze and compare environmental impacts. The results show that the majority of CO2 emission and energy consumption comes from the raw material stage (extraction and upstream production) of the bike-share system and the operation stage of the campus bus system. The CO2 emission and energy consumption of the current campus bus system are 46 and 13 times of that of the proposed bike-share system, respectively. Three uncertain factors can influence the results: (1) biodiesel can significantly reduce CO2 emission and energy consumption of the current campus bus system; (2) the increased number of bikes increases CO2 emission of the bike-share system; (3) the increase of bus ridership may result in similar impact between two systems. Finally, an alternative hybrid transit system is proposed that uses campus buses to connect four campuses and creates a bike-share system to satisfy travel demands within each campus. The hybrid system reaches the most environmentally friendly state when 70% passenger-miles provided by campus bus and 30% by bike-share system. Further research is needed to consider the uncertainty of biking behavior and travel choice in LCA. Applicable recommendations include increasing ridership of campus buses and building a bike-share in campus to support the current campus bus system. Other strategies such as increasing parking fees and improving biking environment can also be implemented to reduce automobile usage and encourage biking behavior.

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Comparison of the Effects of Conching Parameters on the Contents of Three Dominant Flavan3-ols, Rheological Properties and Sensory Quality in Chocolate Milk Mass Based on Liquor from Unroasted Cocoa Beans

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26092502 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (9) ◽

pp. 2502

Author(s):

Bogumiła Urbańska ◽

Hanna Kowalska ◽

Karolina Szulc ◽

Małgorzata Ziarno ◽

Irina Pochitskaya ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rheological Properties ◽

Yield Stress ◽

Sensory Quality ◽

Raw Material ◽

Antioxidant Compounds ◽

Chocolate Milk ◽

Cocoa Beans ◽

Variable Parameters ◽

The Relationship ◽

Manufacturing Parameters

The content of polyphenols in chocolate depends on many factors related to the properties of raw material and manufacturing parameters. The trend toward developing chocolates made from unroasted cocoa beans encourages research in this area. In addition, modern customers attach great importance to how the food they consume benefits their bodies. One such benefit that consumers value is the preservation of natural antioxidant compounds in food products (e.g., polyphenols). Therefore, in our study we attempted to determine the relationship between variable parameters at the conching stage (i.e., temperature and time of) and the content of dominant polyphenols (i.e.,catechins, epicatechins, and procyanidin B2) in chocolate milk mass (CMM) obtained from unroasted cocoa beans. Increasing the conching temperature from 50 to 60 °C decreased the content of three basic flavan-3-ols. The highest number of these compounds was determined when the process was carried out at 50 °C. However, the time that caused the least degradation of these compounds differed. For catechin, it was 2 h; for epicatechin it was 1 h; and for procyanidin it was 3 h. The influence of both the temperature and conching time on the rheological properties of chocolate milk mass was demonstrated. At 50 °C, the viscosity and the yield stress of the conched mass showed its highest value.

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Personal Adjustment and Authoritarian Attitudes toward the Mentally ILL

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1972.31.2.483 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 31 (2) ◽

pp. 483-486 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

John Fracchia ◽

Charles Sheppard ◽

Joseph Pintyr ◽

James Crovello ◽

Sidney Merlis

Keyword(s):

Analysis Of Variance ◽

Mentally Ill ◽

Mental Hospital ◽

State Mental Hospital ◽

Mentally Ill Persons ◽

Personal Adjustment ◽

Large State ◽

The Relationship ◽

State Mental ◽

Inferior Class

The relationship between authoritarian attitudes, which reflect the belief that mentally ill persons comprise an inferior class requiring coercive handling, and personal adjustment was examined for 77 female psychiatric aides at a large state mental hospital. Correlations and analysis of variance suggested the lack of a systematic association between the two variables.

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Synthesis of DHA/EPA Ethyl Esters via Lipase-Catalyzed Acidolysis Using Novozym® 435: A Kinetic Study

Catalysts ◽

10.3390/catal10050565 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 565 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Chia-Hung Kuo ◽

Chun-Yung Huang ◽

Chien-Liang Lee ◽

Wen-Cheng Kuo ◽

Shu-Ling Hsieh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Ester ◽

Ethyl Esters ◽

Raw Material ◽

Maximum Reaction Rate ◽

Mechanism Model ◽

Maximum Reaction ◽

Substrate Ratio ◽

Free Fatty Acid Form ◽

The Relationship ◽

Predictive Relationship

DHA/EPA ethyl ester is mainly used in the treatment of arteriosclerosis and hyperlipidemia. In this study, DHA+EPA ethyl ester was synthesized via lipase-catalyzed acidolysis of ethyl acetate (EA) with DHA+EPA concentrate in n-hexane using Novozym® 435. The DHA+EPA concentrate (in free fatty acid form), contained 54.4% DHA and 16.8% EPA, was used as raw material. A central composite design combined with response surface methodology (RSM) was used to evaluate the relationship between substrate concentrations and initial rate of DHA+EPA ethyl ester production. The results indicated that the reaction followed the ordered mechanism and as such, the ordered mechanism model was used to estimate the maximum reaction rate (Vmax) and kinetic constants. The ordered mechanism model was also combined with the batch reaction equation to simulate and predict the conversion of DHA+EPA ethyl ester in lipase-catalyzed acidolysis. The integral equation showed a good predictive relationship between the simulated and experimental results. 88–94% conversion yields were obtained from 100–400 mM DHA+EPA concentrate at a constant enzyme activity of 200 U, substrate ratio of 1:1 (DHA+EPA: EA), and reaction time of 300 min.

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Attitudes of Parents and Guardians towards Education, School and Teachers, and Children's Academic Achievement

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1996.79.3f.1387 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 79 (3_suppl) ◽

pp. 1387-1390 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Varghese I. Cherian ◽

Lily Cherian

Keyword(s):

Academic Achievement ◽

Analysis Of Variance ◽

Positive Relationship ◽

Education School ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

To study the relationship of parents' attitudes towards teachers, school, and education with the academic achievement of their children, a questionnaire was given to the parents of 1021 Standard 7 pupils (369 boys and 652 girls) randomly chosen from the Standard 7/Year 9 population of 14,765 boys and 26,109 girls. Analysis of variance indicated a positive relationship between parents' attitudes and the academic achievement of their children regardless of whether the children's parents were deceased or alive.

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Behavior of xylans from the Eucalyptus species. Part 2. Characterization of 4-O-methylglucuronoxylans isolated from black liquors of kraft pulping of Eucalyptus grandis and E. urophylla

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf-2012-0035 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 67 (2) ◽

pp. 123-128

Author(s):

Andréia S. Magaton ◽

Teresa Cristina F. Silva ◽

Jorge Luiz Colodette ◽

Dorila Piló-Veloso ◽

Flaviana Reis Milagres ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Average Molecular Weight ◽

Eucalyptus Grandis ◽

Kraft Pulping ◽

Raw Material ◽

Size Exclusion ◽

Eucalyptus Species ◽

Exclusion Chromatography ◽

Ft Ir ◽

Black Liquors

Abstract 4-O-methylglucuronoxylans isolated from Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus urophylla kraft black liquors (KBLs) were chemically characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Doses of alkali charge, expressed as active alkali (AA), were 16, 17, and 18% while the sulfidity was kept at 25%. Kappa numbers of 19.1, 17.5, and 16.1 for E. grandis and 20.4, 16.8, and 15.4 for E. urophylla were obtained. At higher alkali charges, the recovery of xylans from the KBLs was lower and the degree of substitution of xylans with uronic acids decreased. The average molecular weight (Mw) of the recovered xylans was greater under conditions of mild pulping, i.e., in the case of pulps with higher kappa numbers. Mw of xylans ranged from 16.1 to 19.1 kDa for E. grandis and from 15.4 to 20.4 kDa for E. urophylla. The xylans from KBL may be useful as pulp modifying agents or as a raw material for advanced applications.

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Dependency in Africa: Stages of African Political Economy

Alternatives Global Local Political ◽

10.1177/030437548300900203 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 229-247 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Amechi Okolo

Keyword(s):

Political Economy ◽

International System ◽

Raw Material ◽

The West ◽

Cheap Labour ◽

History Of ◽

The Common ◽

First Contact ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship

This paper traces the history of the relationship between Africa and the West since their first contact brought about by the outward thrust of the West, under the impetus of rising capitalism, in search of cheap labour and cheap raw material for its industries and expanding markets for its industrial products, both of which could be better ensured through domination and exploitation. The paper identifies five successive stages that African political economy has passed through under the impact of this relationship, each phase qualitatively different from the other but all having the common characteristic of domination-dependence syndrome, and each phase having been dictated by the dynamics of capitalism in different eras and by the dominant forces in the changing international system. Its finding is that the way to the latest stage, the dependency phase, was paved by the progressive proletarianization of the African peoples and the maintenance of an international peonage system. It ends by indicating the direction in which Africa can make a beginning to break out of dependency and achieve liberation.

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Material Properties and Design Aspects of Folding Bicycle Frame

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.264-265.777 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 264-265 ◽

pp. 777-782 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

M.A. Maleque ◽

M.S. Hossain ◽

S. Dyuti

Keyword(s):

Material Properties ◽

Raw Material ◽

New Materials ◽

Materials Properties ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Bicycle Frame ◽

Successful Design ◽

Future Direction ◽

The Relationship ◽

Comprehensive Study

successful design of folding bicycle should take into account the function, material properties, and fabrication process. There are some other factors that should be considered in anticipating the behavior of materials for folding bicycle. In order to understand the relationship between material properties and design of a folding bicycle and also for the future direction in new materials with new design, a comprehensive study on the design under different conditions are essential. Therefore, a systematic study on the relationship between material properties and design for folding bicycle has been performed. The advantages and disadvantages matrix between conventional bicycle and folding bicycle is presented for better understanding of the materials properties and design. It was found that the materials properties of the folding bicycle frame such as fatigue and tensile strength are the important properties for the better performance of the frame. The relationship between materials properties and design is not straight forward because the behavior of the material in the finished product could be different from that of the raw material. The swing hinge technique could be a better technique in the design for the folding bicycle frame.

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