METFORMIN PREVENTS PHENYTOIN INDUCED COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT

INDIAN DRUGS ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (01) ◽  
pp. 66-71
Author(s):  
Prashant Tiwari ◽  
Nirjharini Patel ◽  
Susmita Jena ◽  
Shakti Ketan Prusty ◽  
Pratap Kumar Sahu
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Elevated Plus Maze ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Radial Arm Maze ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Y Maze ◽  
Plus Maze

Cognitive impairment is one of the major problems associated with antiepileptic drugs. Phenytoin is one of the widely used anticonvulsant drugs, but it adversely affects learning and memory on prolonged use due to generation of reactive oxygen species. Metformin promotes neurogenesis, enhances spatial memory function and protects the brain against oxidative imbalance. Metformin, due to its interference with apoptotic cascade, prevents cell death. Hence the present study was undertaken to evaluate the nootropic effects of metformin against phenytoin induced cognitive impairment by using several preclinical models such as actophotometer, rotarod, elevated plus maze, radial arm maze and Y-maze. Adult wistar albino rats (150-200g) of both sexes were divided into three groups. Group-I was treated as control, Group-II was administered with phenytoin whereas Group-III was subjected to metformin followed by phenytoin. Metformin (200mg/kg) was administered orally 1h before administration of phenytoin (25mg/kg) for 21 days. Metformin showed significant (p<0.05) increase in locomotor activity in actophotometer, time of fall in rotarod, number of correct entries in radial arm maze, % SAB in Y-maze and decrease in time spent in open arm in elevated plus maze, thereby reversing the effects of phenytoin.

A Study on the Effect of Samoa Extract (Cleome droserifolia) on Sperm Quality in Male Albino Rats Exposed to Pyrethroid

2021 ◽  
pp. 39-45
Author(s):  
Nura I. Al-Zail ◽  
Salah F. Kamies
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Group Iv ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Protective Agent ◽  
Group V ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Induced Changes

Pyrethroid cyhalothrin (PC) is an insecticide that is used worldwide for pest control in agriculture and household use. Samoa extract (SE) is a potent antioxidant protecting cells from oxidative stress. The present study investigates the protective and therapeutic effect of SE on PC-induced changes in sperm quality in male rats. Fifty adult male albino rats were divided into five groups: group I: served as control; group II: received PC i.p. only (6.2 mg/kg b.wt.); group III: received SE only (100 mg/kg b.wt., p.o.) for eight weeks; group IV: received SE as a protective agent daily for eight weeks, then followed by the administration of PC (i.p.) three times a week for two weeks; group V: exposed to PC (i.p.) three times a week for two weeks, then treated with the SE daily for 8 weeks. Results showed that PC caused markedly impaired sperm quality (a count, viability, motility, and abnormality). Compared to PC-treated animals, SE in the protective group markedly restored the alteration of sperm indices. However, SE in the curative group was found to be less effective in restoring PC-induced alterations. In conclusion, the data of this study revealed that the SE as a protective agent is more effective than as a therapeutic agent. Keywords: Samoa; Pyrethroid; Sperm quality; Rat

scholarly journals Anti-anxiety activity of Eucalyptus tereticornis n-hexane extract in Wistar albino rats

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 577
Author(s):  
Shyamjith Manikkoth ◽  
Sheeba Damodar ◽  
Melinda Sequeira ◽  
Kevin Samuel
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Index ◽  
Antioxidant Property ◽  
Hexane Extract ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
High Therapeutic Index ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Wistar Albino Rats

Background: To find out a new agent with a high therapeutic index for the treatment of anxiety, an indigenous medicinal plant Eucalyptus terteticornis was screened for its effect on anxiety in experimental animal model.Methods: Thirty six adult Wistar albino rats of both sexes weighing 175-200g were divided into three groups: Group I: DMSO 10% (0.1ml/200g), Group II: hexane extract of leaves of Eucalyptus terteticornis (ETHE) (100mg/kg/body weight), Group III: Diazepam (1mg/kg orally). All test compounds were administered orally for ten days. On tenth day, after one hour of test compounds administration, Wistar rats were taken for elevated plus maze (EPM) and light dark arena (LDA) tests. Statistical comparisons among the groups were performed by One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey Krammer test.Results: The results showed that ETHE treated animals (Group II) significantly (p <0.001) increased the time spent in open arms of EPM and in bright arena of LDA on comparing with normal (Group I).Conclusions: The anti-anxiety activity of Eucalyptus terteticornis can be due to its effect on brain neurotransmitters or due to antioxidant property.

scholarly journals Differential Expression of CD3, TNF-α, and VEGF Induced by Olanzapine on the Spleen of Adult Male Albino Rats and the Possible Protective Role of Vitamin C

Biomedicines ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Sahar Youssef ◽  
Marwa Salah
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
White Pulp ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Group Ii

Olanzapine is an antipsychotic drug effective in the treatment of stress-associated psychiatric illnesses, but its effect on the spleen remains unclear. Vitamin C is essential for the optimum function of the immune system. We aim to investigate the effect of Olanzapine on spleen structures and to assess the protective effect of vitamin C. Forty adult male albino rats were divided into four groups: group (I), a control; group (II), rats were given vitamin C at 40 mg/kg body weight; group (III), rats were given Olanzapine at 2 mg/kg body weight; and group (IV), rats were given vitamin C and Olanzapine at the same dose of group (II) and group (III) for one month. The hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) of the olanzapine treated group showed focal areas of cellular depletion and a decrease in the size of the white pulp. The red pulp was expanded and showed marked congestion and dilatation of blood sinusoids. Cluster of differentiation 3 (CD3) was significantly reduced, however both tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were significantly higher. The administration of vitamin C repaired structural and immunohistochemical changes via increased CD3 and decreased TNF-α and VEGF. Therefore, the oxidative and the inflammatory pathways may be the possible mechanisms underlying olanzapine immunotoxicity. Vitamin C exerted immune modulator and antioxidant effects against olanzapine.

scholarly journals Effect of Sofosbuvir Administration and Its Withdrawal on the Submandibular Salivary Gland of Adult Male Albino Rats: A Histological and Ultra-Structural Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (23) ◽  
pp. 4101-4109
Author(s):  
Asmaa Mahmoud Abdeen ◽  
Tarik Essawy ◽  
Saher Sayed Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Submandibular Salivary Gland ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Histological Results

BACKGROUND: Sofosbuvir (SOF) was published in 2013 as a part of first-line treatments for hepatitis C virus (HCV); it has activity against all genotypes with extrahepatic adverse effects have recently arisen. AIM: Investigating sofosbuvir-induced alterations in the rat submandibular salivary gland (SMSG). METHODS: A group of 80 adult albino rats weighing about ± 150 gm were used in the experiment. The rats were divided into 3 groups: Group I (control group) received distilled water, Group II (experimental group) divided into 2 subgroups and received SOF 40 mg/kg/day dissolved in distilled water for 1 and 3 months and Group III (recovery group) allowed for 1 month of recovery after SOF withdrawal. All animals were sacrificed; the SMSG was dissected, and specimens were examined histologically and ultra-structurally. RESULTS: Compared to Group I, Group II subgroup (1) showed acinar and ductal vacuolisation, discontinuity of the epithelial lining associated with retained secretion and congested blood vessels. These changes were found to be exaggerated in the subgroup (2) accompanied by acinar and ductal shrinkage, interstitial oedema, haemorrhage, chronic inflammatory cells infiltration and loss of gland compactness. Amelioration of the histological changes was detected in Group III after SOF withdrawal. The ultrastructural examination confirmed the histological results. CONCLUSION: SOF had induced apparent alterations in the structure and ultrastructure of SMSG. The SOF-induced alterations were time-dependent, attributed mainly to mitochondrial toxicity and partially ameliorated by its withdrawal.  

scholarly journals Ameliorative Effects of Fenugreek Seeds and Curcumin on Hematotoxicity induced by Nicotine in Male Albino Rats

2022 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-08
Author(s):  
Azab Elsayed Azab ◽  
Mohamed Omar Albasha ◽  
Manal Abuelkasem Elnaif
Keyword(s):  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Group Iv ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Group V ◽  
Fenugreek Seeds ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I

The present study aimed to investigate the ameliorative effects of fenugreek seeds and curcumin on hematotoxicity induced by nicotine in male albino rats. 30 male F-344/NHsd Fischer rats, weighing from 180 to 200g were used in the present study. The animals were divided into five groups (6 rats for each); Group I (control group), Group II (nicotine treated group), Group III (nicotine/fenugreek seeds co-administered), Group IV (nicotine/curcumin co-administered), and Group V (nicotine/curcumin& fenugreek seeds co-administered). At the end of the experimentation and 24 hours after the last dose, all animals were anaesthetized with ether and blood samples were collected by heart puncture. The samples were collected in clean dry tubes containing the anticoagulant substance EDTA and used for the hematological studies. The results showed that the animals treated with nicotine for 4 weeks showed a significant decrease in RBCs count, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit value, MCH, MCHC, and platelets count, and increased MCV and WBCs count as compared to the control group. Co-administration of nicotine with fenugreek and/or curcumin caused improvement in all hematological parameters when compared with nicotine group. It can be concluded that nicotine had a strong effect on the hematological parameters. The ingestion of fenugreek and/or curcumin prevent the hematoxicity induced by nicotine. The current study suggests that fenugreek and curcumin may be useful in combating free radical-induced hematotoxicity induced by nicotine.

scholarly journals Evaluation of anxiolytic activity of aqueous extract of Nerium oleander flowers in albino rats

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 1797
Author(s):  
Shashikala G. H. ◽  
Shilpa B. N. ◽  
Mansi J. Shah
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Group Iv ◽  
Anxiolytic Activity ◽  
Nerium Oleander ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
Dose Dependent Decrease ◽  
Dose Dependent

Background: Anxiety has become a very important area of research interest in psychopharmacology as it affects one-eighth of the population worldwide. Benzodiazepines are still the most commonly used drugs for anxiety despite a number of side effects.There is a need for newer antianxiety drugs with increased safety and efficacy, hence this study was undertaken to evaluate the anxiolytic activity of Nerium oleander flowers.Methods: Aqueous extract of Nerium oleander flowers (NA) was prepared using soxhalet apparatus. A total of 24 Albino rats aged 8-10 weeks of either sex weighing about 100-150g were obtained and divided into 4 groups of 6 rats each. Group I: Normal saline 10mL/kg. Group II: Diazepam 2mg/kg Group III: NA at a dose of 200 mg/kg Group IV: NA at a dose of 400mg/kg. The anxiolytic activity of Aqueous extract of NA was tested by elevated plus maze and digital actophotometer models. Data was analysed using one way ANOVA followed by Posthoc Tukey’s test.Results: In EPM model, the NA at 200, 400mg/kg doses showed that the number of entries and time spent in the open arms were increased significantly as compared to the control animals. (p<0.001). In Actophoptometer model, two different doses of NA (200 and 400mg/kg) showed a dose-dependent decrease in the locomotor activity, when compared to the control animals (p<0.001).Conclusions: Both the doses of aqueous extract of Nerium oleander flowers (200mg and 400mg/kg) possess anxiolytic activity and could be used as a new approach to treat anxiety.

scholarly journals N-Acetylcysteine Protects against the Anxiogenic Response to Cisplatin in Rats

Biomolecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 892 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rade Vukovic ◽  
Igor Kumburovic ◽  
Jovana Joksimovic Jovic ◽  
Nemanja Jovicic ◽  
Jelena S. Katanic Stankovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Elevated Plus Maze ◽  
Anxiolytic Effect ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Behavioral Testing ◽  
Anxiogenic Effect ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
Wistar Albino Rats ◽  
Cisplatin Therapy

Since cisplatin therapy is usually accompanied with numerous toxicities, including neurotoxicity, that involve tissue oxidative damage, the aim of this study was to evaluate the possible protective effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on the anxiogenic response to cisplatin (CIS). Thirty-two male Wistar albino rats divided into four groups (control, cisplatin, NAC, and CIS + NAC). All treatments were delivered intraperitoneally. On day one, the control and cisplatin groups received saline while the NAC and CIS + NAC groups were administered with NAC (500 mg/kg). On the fifth day, the control group received saline while the CIS group was treated with cisplatin (7.5 mg/kg), the NAC group again received NAC (500 mg/kg), and the CIS + NAC group was simultaneously treated with cisplatin and NAC (7.5 and 500 mg/kg, respectively). Behavioral testing, performed on the tenth day in the open field (OF) and elevated plus maze (EPM) tests, revealed the anxiogenic effect of cisplatin that was significantly attenuated by NAC. The hippocampal sections evaluation showed increased oxidative stress (increased lipid peroxidation and decline in antioxidant enzymes activity) and proapoptotic action (predominantly by diminished antiapoptotic gene expression) following a single dose of cisplatin. NAC supplementation along with cisplatin administration reversed the prooxidative and proapoptotic effects of cisplatin. In conclusion, the results obtained in this study confirmed that antioxidant supplementation with NAC may attenuate the cisplatin-induced anxiety. The mechanism of anxiolytic effect achieved by NAC may include the decline in oxidative damage that down regulates increased apoptosis and reverses the anxiogenic action of cisplatin.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF ANTI-ALZHEIMER ACTIVITY OF ALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF COSTUS PICTUS D. DON LEAVES IN WISTAR ALBINO RATS

2019 ◽  
pp. 36-43
Author(s):  
PASHA KHOOSHBU ◽  
IMTIYAZ ANSARI
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Elevated Plus Maze ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Alcoholic Extract ◽  
Object Recognition Test ◽  
Albino Rat ◽  
Y Maze ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
Wistar Albino Rats ◽  
Phytochemical Studies

Objective: The aim was to assess the effect of anti-Alzheimer’s activity of the alcoholic extract of Costus pictus D. Don Leaves in Alzheimer induce Wistar albino rats. Methods: In the present study, the efficacy of an Extract of Costus pictus D. Don (ECPDD) was evaluated against scopolamine-induced Alzheimer in the Wistar albino rat. Donepezil at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg, ECPDD was given in rat at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight, 150 mg/kg body weight, and 200 mg/kg body weight. Anti-Alzheimer activity was assessed by victimization novel object recognition test, elevated plus maze, and Y-maze. And by biochemical test like neurotransmitter esterase activity, catalase activity, malonyldialdehyd and glutathione assays. Results: Results showed that extracts treatment prevents Alzheimer and increases the level of acetylcholine, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and phytochemical studies identified the presence of flavonoid and alkaloid in the ECPDD. Conclusion: According to the results, it was concluded that the leave of C. pictus D. Don has significant anti-Alzheimer activity due to the presence of potent antioxidants such as flavonoid and anticholinesterase enzyme present in alkaloids.

scholarly journals Curcumin Reverses the Scopolomine-induced Cognitive Impairment by iNOS and Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition in Rodent Model of Schizophrenia

2020 ◽  
pp. 122-128
Author(s):  
Henna Khan ◽  
AMIT CHAUDHARY ◽  
RASHID ALI KHAN ◽  
WAZID ALI
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Nitric Oxide Synthase ◽  
Elevated Plus Maze ◽  
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Acetyl Cholinesterase ◽  
Amnesic Effect ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
Oxide Synthase

Schizophrenia is a severe neuro-developmental psychiatric disorder. Curcumin is a polyphenolic compound extracted from turmeric. It is known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and precognitive properties. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the role of curcumin in scopolamine induced cognitive impairment in animal model of schizophrenia. The elevated plus-maze test was utilised to study the curcumin effect on learning and memory. Curcumin (100 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered daily for 28 days in animals. Behavioural tests such as transfer latency (TL) and spontaneous alteration behaviour was assessed after the last dose of curcumin on the 28th day, followed by biochemical estimations. Present study reported that curcumin showed anti-amnesic effect in animal models of cognitive impairment of schizophrenia. Curcumin reduced the TL compared to toxic control group (scopolamine per se) (P <0.001) in elevated plus maze. In spontaneous alteration behaviour test, curcumin significantly increased percentage alteration and possible alteration as compared to toxic control group (P <0.001). A significant change in acetyl cholinesterase activity, nitrate and oxidative parameters was observed, thus, confirming its anti acetyl cholinesterase, NOS (nitric oxide synthase) inhibition and antioxidant properties (P <0.05). The present study put forward the claim of curcumin as a new and safer therapeutic alternative for the treatment of cognitive impairment in Schizophrenia. The underlying mechanism of this potential effect may be related to anticholinesterase and nitric oxide synthase inhibition activity of curcumin. Further research is warranted for confirming the suggested pathways accountable for memory alleviating effects of curcumin in Schizophrenia.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF NEUROPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF AZILSARTAN AS MEMORY ENHANCER AGAINST SCOPOLAMINE AND SODIUM NITRITE-INDUCED AMNESIA IN SWISS ALBINO MALE RATS

2020 ◽  
pp. 132-135
Author(s):  
CHANCHAL THAKUR ◽  
VRISH DHWAJ ASHWLAYAN
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Nitrite ◽  
Elevated Plus Maze ◽  
Neuroprotective Effect ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Latency Time ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
Memory Enhancer

Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the neuroprotective effect of azilsartan as a memory enhancer against scopolamine-induced amnesia in rats. Methods: Albino Swiss male rats in equal numbers per group (n=6) were taken. Scopolamine hydrobromide was administered to induce amnesia within the rats. Control group rats were administered normal, negative control groups were administered with scopolamine to induce amnesia and nitrite during trials, positive control group rats were administered piracetam+ scopolamine and piracetam nitrite during trials, and test control group rats were administered azilsartan +sodium nitrite and azilsartan nitrite. Exteroceptive behavioral models just like the elevated plus-maze model, Morris water maze model, acquisition trials, and retrieval trial were wont to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of azilsartan. Results: The scopolamine and azilsartan have a significantly decreasing effect on time spent within the target quadrant (TSTQ) but piracetam has an increasing effect. The effect of azilsartan on transfer latency time (TLT) was observed against scopolamine-induced amnesia in rats using the elevated plus-maze test. Piracetam was found to decrease the TLT and restore memory function at a better dose. Within the case of scopolamine treated rats, a big increase in TLT was noted. Azilsartan treated group also increased TLT within the elevated plus maze. It is noted that the scopolamine features a significantly increasing effect on escape latency time (ELT). Piracetam features a decreasing effect on ELT. A rise in ELT was seen because of azilsartan. Conclusion: This study suggested that the azilsartan features a significant decreasing effect on TSTQ, azilsartan treated group also increased TLT and ELT.

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