scholarly journals Economic Effects of Lifting the Spring Load Restriction Policy in Minnesota

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Smalkoski ◽  
Ning Li ◽  
David Levinson
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Performance Model ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Heavy Vehicles ◽  
Demand Model ◽  
Restriction Policy ◽  
Additional Costs ◽  
Pavement Performance Model ◽  
Pavement Damage ◽  
The Cost

Spring load restrictions (SLR) regulate the weight per axle carried by heavy trucks during the spring thaw period. This policy aims to reduce pavement damage caused by heavy vehicles and extend the useful life of roads, but it also imposes costs on the trucking industry. A cost/benefit study, based on the results of surveys of industry costs, a pavement performance model, and a freight demand model, concludes that the benefits of lifting the existing SLR policy outweigh the additional costs. The cost of additional damage should be recovered from those who benefit from the change in policy.

Effects of Spatial Repeatability On Long-Term Flexible Pavement Performance

1996 ◽  
Vol 210 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
A C Collop ◽  
D Cebon ◽  
D J Cole
Keyword(s):  
Performance Model ◽  
Pavement Performance ◽  
Heavy Vehicles ◽  
Environmental Loading ◽  
Vehicle Fleet ◽  
Pavement Performance Model ◽  
Pavement Damage ◽  
Long Term Performance ◽  
Term Performance

The effects of spatial repeatability of dynamic tyre forces on the long-term performance of three typical British pavement constructions are investigated. Long-term pavement performance is calculated using a ‘whole-life pavement performance Model’ (WLPPM). The WLPPM is capable of predicting deterministic pavement damage due to realistic traffic and environmental loading, throughout the life of the pavement. Particular attention is given to modelling dynamic tyre forces and patterns of loading applied to the pavement by a typical fleet of heavy vehicles. A method is described for simulating vehicle fleets with varying degrees of spatial repeatability using a small number of dynamic tyre force histories. Results indicate that thinner pavements are most sensitive to the level of spatial repeatability exhibited by the vehicle fleet. Pavement damage predictions made without assuming an appropriate level of spatial repeatability can be in error by 20–150 per cent, the higher values being for thinner pavements that fail by fatigue damage.

We Never Built Small Modular Reactors (SMRs), but What Do We Know About Modularization in Construction?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benito Mignacca ◽  
Giorgio Locatelli ◽  
Mahmoud Alaassar ◽  
Diletta Colette Invernizzi
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Project Managers ◽  
Schedule Compression ◽  
Small Modular Reactors ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
Additional Costs ◽  
Structured Knowledge ◽  
The Cost

The key characteristics of small modular reactors (SMRs), as their name emphasized, are their size and modularity. Since SMRs are a family of novel reactor designs, there is a gap of empirical knowledge about the cost/benefit analysis of modularization. Conversely, in other sectors (e.g. Oil & Gas) the empirical experience on modularization is much greater. This paper provides a structured knowledge transfer from the general literature (i.e. other major infrastructure) and the Oil & Gas sector to the nuclear power plant construction world. Indeed, in the project management literature, a number of references discuss the costs and benefits determined by the transition from the stick-built construction to modularization, and the main benefits presented in the literature are the reduction of the construction cost and the schedule compression. Additional costs might arise from an increased management hurdle and higher transportation expenses. The paper firstly provides a structured literature review of the benefits and costs of modularization divided into qualitative and quantitative references. In the second part, the paper presents the results of series of interviews with Oil & Gas project managers about the value of modularization in this sector.

scholarly journals THE COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF THE ROMANIAN NATIONAL GAMBLING OFFICE

2020 ◽  
Vol 13(62) (2) ◽  
pp. 157-166
Author(s):  
Ștefan Bulboacă ◽  
Ovidiu Mircea Țierean
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Public Institution ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Societal Costs ◽  
Gambling Industry ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Way

"This paper aims to evaluate the economic effects that the Romanian National Gambling Office has over the gambling industry and to determine whether this public institution brings enough benefits to cover the costs. The aim of the research was to gather information about the Romanian gambling industry, the way that this industry is managed and to make a comparison between its societal costs and benefits. "

A Model of Whole-Life Flexible Pavement Performance

1995 ◽  
Vol 209 (6) ◽  
pp. 389-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
A C Collop ◽  
D Cebon
Keyword(s):  
Permanent Deformation ◽  
Damage Model ◽  
Surface Profile ◽  
Primary Response ◽  
Performance Model ◽  
Pavement Performance ◽  
Vehicle Simulation ◽  
The Road ◽  
Pavement Performance Model ◽  
Pavement Damage

A new ‘whole-life’ pavement performance model (WLPPM), which is capable of making deterministic pavement damage predictions due to realistic traffic and environmental loading, has been developed. A vehicle simulation is used to generate dynamic tyre forces that are a function of distance along the road. These dynamic tyre forces are then combined with the appropriate pavement primary response influence functions (stress, strain and displacement) to give primary response histories at regularly spaced points along the pavement. The primary response histories are then transformed into pavement damage (fatigue and permanent deformation) using an appropriate damage model. The result is an increment of damage at each point along the pavement due to a single vehicle pass. The pavement surface profile is then updated to reflect permanent deformation damage and the layer material parameters are changed to reflect fatigue damage. The procedure is then repeated for the next vehicle pass. Particular attention is given to modelling strength variations in the pavement and dynamic tyre forces. The model is used to investigate the relationship between ‘hot spots’ (due to peak dynamic loads), ‘weak spots’ (due to initial pavement stiffness variations) and long-term pavement damage.

scholarly journals Economic justification of investment in defense against torrential floods on the example of the Ljubovidja river

2015 ◽  
pp. 121-134
Author(s):  
Miodrag Zlatic ◽  
Mirjana Todosijevic ◽  
Natalija Momirovic
Keyword(s):  
Flood Control ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
The Past ◽  
Economic Justification ◽  
Dynamic Methods ◽  
The Cost

Torrential floods have caused great material and economic damage in Serbia, in the past and even more frequently nowadays. Definitely, the reduction of negative consequences can be achieved by taking preventive measures which include integral basin arrangement. The economic justification of investment in the protection against torrential floods includes a specific approach, especially when it comes to technical facilities in this area. On the basis of the example of flood control on a part of the river Ljubovidja, variants of protection were selected on the basis of economic criteria. On the basis of the techniques of avoided damage, evaluation of the economic effects of provided embankments for flood control was done using dynamic methods: the cost-benefit relationship and net present value. It was concluded that the second option is more economical, even though it does not protect the whole area from floods, because a part of that role would be taken over by the intended dam in the upper flow of this river.

E-mail in modern language development

ReCALL ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 19-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Austin ◽  
Florian Mendlick
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Mail ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Language Teachers ◽  
Modern Language ◽  
Training Requirements ◽  
Budgetary Control ◽  
Cost Benefit Ratio ◽  
Additional Costs ◽  
The Cost ◽  
E Mail

Although there is now a growing volume of literature on the role of electronic mail in schools, relatively little has been published about the specific value to modern language teachers of using such technology. In the few cases where projects have been described, it is claimed that such links are ‘valuable’ (NCET, 1991), with an implication that school age students are able to go beyond ‘mere transactional language’ to develop ‘more creative use of language’. This paper describes a language project which began from the premise that for teachers to embark on e-mail, with its additional costs, new approaches to classroom learning and training requirements, it would be essential to establish what realistic learning improvements might be expected. To look closely at the ‘cost-benefit’ ratio was felt to be particularly important in the context of increasingly tight budgetary control in schools.

scholarly journals Application of selected methods for effectiveness evaluation on the example of modernization of ST44 diesel locomotive

2018 ◽  
Vol 80 ◽  
pp. 225-233
Author(s):  
Magdalena Satora ◽  
Maciej Szkoda
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Effectiveness Evaluation ◽  
Life Cycle Cost Analysis ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Diesel Locomotive ◽  
The Cost

The paper presents the effectiveness evaluation of modernization of the ST44 diesel locomotive based on the analysis of the Life Cycle Cost Analysis and the Cost-Benefit Analysis. The analysis was aimed at identifying measurable economic effects obtained thanks to the modernization of the locomotive in the 25-year period of operation.

scholarly journals HPV Vaccination Program for Sixth-Grade Girls in Washington, D.C.: A Cost-Benefit Analysis

2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Sarah Snyder
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Hpv Vaccination ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Sixth Grade ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Of Treatment ◽  
Additional Costs ◽  
The Cost

This cost-benefit analysis studies the most significant costs and benefits of the new requirement in Washington, D.C. that all parents of sixth-grade girls certify that their children are vaccinated against the Human Papillomavirus (HPV). Thelargest costs are the economic cost of purchasing the vaccine and the costs of administration to providers, which total just over $2.1 million per year. Additional costs that cannot be easily monetized but are included conceptually include the potential for adverse events and opportunity costs of providers and parents. The largest potential for benefits from this policy relate to the two diseases prevented by the vaccine: genital warts and cervical cancer. By quantifying the cost of treatment for both diseases and estimating the economic value of lives lost, this analysis estimates the benefits to be nearly $1.5 million yearly. Thus, the economic analysis finds this policy inefficient, since benefits greatly outweigh costs in all but one scenario of sensitivity analysis. The analysis also identifies the limitations of this study and of cost-benefit analysis generally, and cautions against the sole use of cost-benefit analysis, especially for health policy decisions.

scholarly journals Cost–benefit Analysis of Human Papillomavirus Vaccine in Iran

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasrin Sargazi ◽  
Amirhossein Takian ◽  
Rajabali Daroudi ◽  
Azin Nahvijou ◽  
Mehdi Yaseri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Cost Of Illness ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Hpv Vaccination ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Quadrivalent Vaccines

Abstract Background: Despite increasing global attention to the national human papillomavirus (HPV) immunization program, this program is controversial in Iran. Evidence indicate that HPV vaccination is not cost-effective in Iran. Using cost-effectiveness analysis for decision-making about public health interventions such as vaccination is debated, because its potential benefits may not fit this framework. Our objective was to evaluate economic effects of HPV vaccination by cost-benefit analysis (CBA). In this case, we used bivalent and quadrivalent in Iran in 2020. Methods: We performed a CBA from a societal perspective. We used two approaches of the vaccine's economic benefit: willingness to pay by discrete choice experiment; and cost of illness. Costs only included the vaccine cost. Results: The cost of two doses of bivalent and quadrivalent vaccines were US $ 29 and US $ 151, respectively (US $1 =IRR 42,000). The benefits of bivalent and quadrivalent vaccines were US $ -432, and US $ 380 per person using willingness to pay approach and they were US $ 7,375 and US $ 6,590 thorough cost-of-illness approach. The cost-benefit ratio (CBR) of bivalent and quadrivalent vaccines was -15.114 and 2.512 by willingness to pay approach, and it was 258.12 and 43.51, by cost of illness approach. Conclusions: This study confirms the benefit of both the national bivalent and quadrivalent vaccination program and provide reliable evidence for policy-makers when programming HPV vaccination.

Economic Evaluation of Pharmacologic Therapy

1986 ◽  
Vol 20 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 594-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter L. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
National Average ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Pharmacologic Therapy ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Average Hospital ◽  
Hospital Stays ◽  
The Cost

Cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analyses are defined and described, particularly as they apply to evaluating costs in pharmacologic therapy. The cost-benefit analysis (CBA) approach is used to compare dissimilar alternatives, whereas the cost-effectiveness (CEA) approach compares similar alternatives with similar objectives. A CBA, for instance, will demonstrate the economic effects of a program and can thus be used as a tool to compare the outcomes of several programs. A CEA, on the other hand, can help determine which of several alternatives is the least costly in achieving a stated objective. A CEA approach was used to examine results of clinical trials with cefoxitin or piperacillin in 86 patients undergoing intraabdominal surgery at two institutions. Results of multivariate analysis showed that patients who had received piperacillin had significantly shorter hospital stays (1.59 days) than those who had received cefoxitin. Based on national average hospital per diem rates, piperacillin patients were said to have saved $680 compared with patients treated with cefoxitin. Moreover, piperacillin was less expensive than cefoxitin.

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