scholarly journals Tropical Volcanic Soils From Flores Island, Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Hikmatullah Hikmatullah ◽  
Kesumo Nugroho
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Tropical Region ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Volcanic Soils ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
Tropical Volcanic Soils

Tropical Volcanic Soils from Flores Island, Indonesia (Hikmatullah and K Nugroho): Soils that are developed in tropical region with volcanic parent materials have many unique properties, and high potential for agricultural use. The purpose of this study is to characterize the soils developed on volcanic materials from Flores Island, Indonesia, and to examine if the soils meet the requirements for andic soil properties. Selected five soils profiles developed from andesitic volcanic materials from Flores Island were studied to determine their properties. They were compared in their physical, chemical and mineralogical characteristics according to their parent material, and climatic characteristic different.  The soils were developed under humid tropical climate with ustic to udic soil moisture regimes with different annual rainfall. The soils developed from volcanic ash parent materials in Flores Island showed different properties compared to the soils derived from volcanic tuff, even though they were developed from th e same intermediary volcanic materials. The silica contents, clay mineralogy and sand fractions, were shown as the differences. The different in climatic conditions developed similar properties such as deep solum, dark color, medium texture, and very friable soil consistency. The soils have high organic materials, slightly acid to acid, low to medium cation exchange capacity (CEC). The soils in western region have higher clay content and showing more developed than of the eastern region. All the profiles meet the requirements for andic soil properties, and classified as Andisols order. The composition of sand mineral was dominated by hornblende, augite, and hypersthenes with high weatherable mineral reserves, while the clay fraction was dominated by disordered kaolinite, and hydrated halloysite. The soils were classified into subgroup as Thaptic Hapludands, Typic Hapludands, and Dystric Haplustands.

scholarly journals Soil diversity and properties in mountainous subtropical areas, in Sierra Sur de Oaxaca, Mexico

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. E. García Calderón ◽  
A. Ibáñez Huerta ◽  
G. Alvarez Arteaga ◽  
P. V. Krasilnikov ◽  
A. Hernández Jiménez
Keyword(s):  
Mass Movement ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Soil Diversity ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
Soil Groups ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Agroforestry is a new practice of sustainable soil use in the mountainous Sierra Sur de Oaxaca area of Mexico. Coffee is also a common cash crop grown in the region. The objective of this study was to investigate the pedodiversity in the area. Soil development is very complex, and is influenced by slope parameters and parent materials. Several soil groups are found in the area investigated: Alisols, Umbrisols, and Cambisols. Morphology, chemical properties, and mineralogical composition of the clay fraction of these soils were studied. The soils vary in the extent of weathering, morphology, and chemical properties, which are important to farming in the area. Most of the soils have heterogeneous parent material. The distribution of major soil types of the area is related to mass movement along the slopes, both past and present. The studied soils represent a chronosequence from unleached and unweathered Cambisols to Alisols, characterized by strong clay illuviation and dominance of kaolinite and gibbsite in clay fraction. A mosaic of landslides and gullies of various ages, formed by catastrophic events such as earthquakes and hurricanes, form the pedodiversity of the area studied. Key words: Landslides, chronosequence, pedodiversity, Cambisols, Umbrisols, Alisols

scholarly journals Sediment yield, detachment, and runoff from soil under selected parent materials in Southeastern Nigeria.

2019 ◽  
pp. 35-44
Author(s):  
Agim L.C. ◽  
Igwe C.A.
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Yield ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Southeastern Nigeria ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
Wet Condition ◽  
Laboratory Procedures ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Soil degradation due to water erosion among other causes has been a major problem in southeastern Nigeria, therefore a study was conducted to determine sediment yield, detachment, and runoff from soil under selected parent material in southeastern Nigeria. The objective was to characterize the selected soils in terms of their physical and chemical parameters, carry out rainfall simulation, and to establish some relationships that exist among studied parameters with selected soil properties. Soil samples were collected in three replicates from twenty locations, 5 location each from 4 geologic formations namely Asu River Group, Bende Ameki Group, Coastal Plain Sand and False bedded Sandstone at a depth of 0 – 20 cm using soil auger. Standard laboratory procedures were followed for samples for routine analyses while the rest was subjected to rainfall simulation at an intensity of 190 mm/hr for a period of 30 minutes under dry and wet conditions of the soils. Result showed that significant P<0.05) differences among studied parameters. Sediment yield under wet and dry states ranged from 0.56 - 3.95 kg m-2 hr-1 and from 0.80 - 4.97 kg m-2hr-1. The highest sediment yield under both conditions was recorded at Ishiagu, Bende, Obinze and Okigwe from ARG, BAG, CPS and FBS derived parent materials, respectively. Detachment under both conditions ranged from 0.04 - 0.13 kg m-2hr-1 and from 0.03 - 0.21 kg m-2 hr- . Similarly, runoff ranged from 79.80 - 125.30 mm and 28.00 – 106.90 mm under wet and dry states. Result also indicated a negative relationship between clay fraction and sediment yield (r= - 0.62) under dry and ( r= - 0.27) under wet condition. Conclusively, the study noted that rainfall has great impact on studied soils as higher values of sediment yield and detachment were noted mostly under dry than in wet conditions.

Dominant soil orders in Tasmania: distribution and selected properties

Soil Research ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 537 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. Cotching ◽  
S. Lynch ◽  
D. B. Kidd
Keyword(s):  
Parent Material ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
Soil Carbon Content ◽  
Dominant Soil ◽  
Australian State ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Soil Distribution ◽  
North And South

Dermosols (24%) and Organosols (14.8%) are the dominant soil orders in Tasmania, with the mapped occurrence of >985 000 ha of Organosols in Tasmania being the greatest in any Australian State. Tenosols and Rudosols are well represented in all 3 natural resource management (NRM) regions and Kurosols are more prevalent in the NRM North and South Regions. Tasmania has a greater proportion of Ferrosols (8.4%) than the whole of Australia (0.8%) and these soils are some of the most productive in Tasmania with >25 000 ha used for cropping. Hydrosols (3.7%) are probably underestimated. Chromosols (5.3%) and Sodosols (1.6%) are relatively minor soils in Tasmania, occurring predominantly in lower rainfall areas with <800 mm average annual rainfall. Parent material is a strong determinant of soil distribution in Tasmania but many Soil Orders occur on a wide range of parent materials. Brown suborders are predominant in several Soil Orders. A large part of Tasmania (2 658 000 ha) is mapped as being used for conservation, with one-third of this area being mapped as Organosols. The mean surface horizon soil carbon content (4.3%) is relatively high, likely due to Tasmania’s relatively high annual rainfall and cool temperatures. Most Soil Orders have moderately acid surface horizons but soils on calcareous parent materials are neutral to strongly alkaline (Tenosols and Calcarosols). The dataset covers the mainland extent of Tasmania, as well as all large islands around Tasmania’s coastline including King, Flinders, Hunter, Three Hummock, Robbins, Cape Barren, Clarke, and Maria Islands.

Regosolic soils of Canada: Genesis, distribution and classification

2011 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 881-887 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. VandenBygaart
Keyword(s):  
Rocky Mountains ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Formation Processes ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
Plant Life ◽  
Anthropogenic Processes

VandenBygaart, A. J. 2011. Regosolic soils of Canada: Genesis, distribution and classification. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 881–887. Regosolic soils of the Canadian System of Soil Classification are those soils that are weakly developed and do not contain a recognizable B horizon at least 5 cm thick. They must be able to support plant life and thus represent the boundary between pedologic and geologic realms. They commonly occur in Canada where recent geomorphic or anthropogenic processes have exposed fresh parent materials to the climatic forcings at the earth's surface, but can also occur where parent materials are highly resistant to weathering or where climatic conditions are arid and cold. A key stage in their development involves stabilization of the parent material usually by vegetation, which through the plant carbon cycle provides organic matter to the surface, a key component of many soil formation processes. Regosolic soils occur broadly across Canada with major areas in southern Quebec, southern Manitoba, the Rocky Mountains and the Arctic. Classification and taxonomy are fairly straightforward in that all Regosolic soils lack a well-developed B horizon. They are divided into two Great Groups based on the development of an Ah horizon that is either greater than 10 cm thick or is less than 10 cm thick or absent.

scholarly journals Aeolian inputs as parent materials for Podzols and terra-rossa soils in a dolomitic landscape in the Italian Alps (Salmezza, BG, Italy)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele D'Amico ◽  
Enrico Casati ◽  
Marco Barcella ◽  
Franco Previtali
Keyword(s):  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Parent Rock ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Humid Climate ◽  
Quartz Content ◽  
Terra Rossa ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Pedogenic Processes ◽  
Different Soils

&lt;p&gt;On an unglaciated karst landscape in the Lombard Pre-Alps (Salmezza, Bergamo, Italy), an extremely high pedodiversity occurs across a few hectares on Norian dolostone. The rock is locally enriched in well crystallized sand-grained quartz. The climate of the area is suboceanic, with &gt;1500 mm of annual rainfall, and an average temperature around 6-8&amp;#176;C. Rendzic Leptosols and Phaeozems are developed on the steepest slopes, Podzols, Cambisols and Luvisols on flatter areas, while Rhodic Luvisols/Alisols (Terra-Rossa soils) are found in doline cracks and crevices. The sand-grained quartz content of the parent rock seems to be the main soil differentiating factor: where it is abundant (ca. 10-20% in volume), it is responsible for the genesis of Podzols.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We sampled and analyzed 9 soil profiles from the Salmezza area, thus characterizing all pedogenic processes active in the area. In particular, we analyzed standard soil chemical properties (pH, organic carbon, base status and Cation Exchange Capacity, dithionite and oxalate-extractable Fe and Al); we performed a total elemental analysis on most samples and on substrate samples, in order to calculate mass balance and element loss and enrichment; we observed thin sections and performed XRD analysis in powder samples and on the clay fraction of most pedogenic horizons as well.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The parent material is a rather pure dolostone, composed of dolomite, locally enriched in quartz. No other minerals have been observed. Very little amounts of Fe, Al and other elements are thus included in the parent rock (almost completely composed of Ca, Mg and Si), often very close to the analytical detection limit. Ca and Mg were almost completely lost during most soil forming processes in this temperate humid climate, while the enrichment in Si, Fe, Al varies broadly amidst the different soils, thanks to different pedogenic processes. Fe and Al, in particular, were up to 120 times more concentrated in Bt and Bhs horizons than in the parent rock. The ratios between stable elements in rocks and soils verifies important inputs of aeolian materials. The values are, however, different also amidst different soils, so an univocal origin of aeolian materials cannot be hypothesized. The mineralogy of the clay fraction is also strongly modified by pedogenesis, so that each soil type is characterized by a different mineralogical assemblage, making it difficult to detect signatures of specific aeolian origins as well.&lt;/p&gt;

ESTIMATION OF THE FERTILITY OF AGRICULTURAL SOILS IN THE NORTHERN PART OF THE YAROSLAVSK REGION AND TRENDS OF THEIR EVOLUTIONARY CHANGES FOR A 30-YEAR POST AGROGENIC PERIOD BASED ON THE SOIL- ECOLOGICAL INDEX

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksey Rusakov ◽  
Yulia Simonova ◽  
Aleksandr Ryumin ◽  
A. Popov ◽  
Natalya Lemeshko
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Humus Content ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Production Potential ◽  
Ecological Index ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Parent Rocks

The assessment of the agricultural production potential of the soils of the former arable lands was carried out on the basis of the updated soil-ecological index. It was revealed that among the agrosoils of Poshekhonsk district, soils with 20-39 points prevail, which generally indicates low and medium levels of potential soil fertility in the studied area in the late perestroika period. Comparison of morphological and genetic properties of soils for the period 1988-1990 and for 2019 showed the trends of their evolutionary changes. Multidirectional trends in the transformation of soil properties, developed on a contrasting lithogenic parent rocks, with a change in land use during the last 30-35-year period have been established. In loamy soils, stable hydromorphism features are observed everywhere, degradation processes prevail, expressed in dehumification, a sharp depletion of mobile forms of mineral nutrition elements of plants and, in some cases, acidification of humus postagrogenic horizons. It has been established that fallow soils on loamy parent material are characterized by a noticeable (by 1.1-1.9 times) decrease in the values of soil-ecological index in comparison with their arable state. On the contrary, in soils of light particle size distribution, the dominant processes are due to an increase in humus content and a decrease in acidity. The specificity of postagrogenic evolution and the emergence of new soil properties should be taken into account when performing soil-agroecological assessments and forecasting agricultural production potential against the background of changed climatic conditions.

scholarly journals Soil property variability in a humid natural Mediterranean environment: La Rioja, Spain .

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Navarro Pedreño ◽  
Ignacio Gómez Lucas ◽  
Ignacio Meléndez-Pastor
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Soil Property ◽  
Vegetation Type ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Mediterranean Environment ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
La Rioja

Estimating the spatial variability of soil properties is significant for evaluating environmental impacts. For example, many soil properties are directly used in the modelling of environmental processes such as global climate change. These aspects have not previously been studied at this level in La Rioja (a region of Spain with a humid Mediterranean environment). The intention of this study was to provide quantitative information on soil assessment and mapping methods for natural soils in a humid Mediterranean environment. The properties considered included: pH and organic matter, calcium carbonate and clay contents. For testing, samples were selected from several different soil types which, in theory, were only affected by pedogenetic processes and had developed on different parent materials. More than half of the samples did not contain any CaCO<sub>3</sub>, while the rest of the samples presented a variety of CaCO<sub>3</sub>, forms, with high percentages being present in certain cases (up to 65% on the surface). It was possible to establish two different areas: one predominantly acidic and the other principally basic. The predominately basic samples were due to the high percentage of carbonate in the parent materials. The clay content on the surface was similar to that in the subsurface layers. Finally, the organic matter contents in the uppermost layers presented average values of 3.9%,with a range of from 0.3 to 17.5%. The major variations in soils were determined by soil type (therefore by soil forming processes), parent material composition, and vegetation type. This study reveals that these methods are useful to determine the spatial distribution of some soil properties in undisturbed soils. The contour maps of soil property variability could be used to improve future sampling designs and management decisions.

scholarly journals Erodibility of soils of varying land utilization types and lithologic materials in central southeastern Nigeria

Agro-Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 104-109
Author(s):  
C.M. Ahukaemere ◽  
E.U. Onweremadu ◽  
F.O.R. Akamigbo
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Land Utilization ◽  
Southeastern Nigeria ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
Land Use Types

Land use and parent materials influence behaviour of soils including responsiveness to erosion forces. The study investigated some soil properties related to erodibility in Abia and Imo States of Nigeria. Soil sampling was guided by geology and land use type. Random sampling technique was adopted in field studies. Two parent materials and three land use types were chosen for the study. In each parent material, three land use types were studied and in each land use, three soil profiles were sunk, described, and sampled using FAO procedure. Soil samples were subjected to laboratory analyses and data generated were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical tools. Results showed that sand sized particles ranged from 533.10 to 778.80 g kg–1 and this distribution differed significantly between parent materials. Silt content ranged from 141.70 g kg–1 in soils derived from false-bedded sandstone to 202.20 g kg–1 in shale-derived soils. Clay-sized particles ranged from 77.30 g kg–1 in soils derived from false-bedded sandstone to 264.70 g kg–1 in shale-derived soils, respectively. Water-stable aggregate ranged from 19.38% in false-bedded sandstone to 29.23% in shale-derived soils. The DR (dispersion ratio) mean values ranged between 4.26 in shale and 8.46 in false-bedded sandstone, while the CDI (clay dispersion index) mean values ranged between 2.17 in shale and 8.41 in false-bedded sandstone, respectively. The forest soils had the lowest values of both DR (6.89) and CDI (6.40) for soils of the false-bedded sandstone, 3.85 and 1.59 for those derived from shale. The clay flocculation index (CFI) had mean of 2.16 in false-bedded sandstone and 7.83 in shale. In soils of the varying land use types, the mean soil pH (H2O) ranged from 4.28 to 4.64 in soils derived from false-bedded sandstone and 4.27-5.57 in those derived from Shale. From the results, parent material and land use influenced soil erodibility parameters (water-stable aggregates, mean-weight diameter, DR, CDI, and CFI) and other soil properties such as organic carbon, bulk density, and moisture content.

Mineralogy and genesis of selected soils and their implications for forest management in central and northeastern British Columbia

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 571-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Arocena ◽  
P. Sanborn
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
Fine Soil ◽  
Glaciofluvial Deposits ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Forest Floors

Soil properties in central and northeastern British Columbia are strongly influenced by parent materials because of geologically young till, glaciolacustrine, and glaciofluvial deposits. We examined pedogenesis on various parent materials to support studies of long-term forest productivity. We sampled nine pedons developed on till (Bobtail, Lucille Mountain, Skulow Lake, Log Lake, Topley, and Kiskatinaw), glaciofluvial (Bowron), and glaciolacustrine (Aleza Lake 1, 2) deposits. The Skulow Lake pedon is distinctive in the occurrence of talc, while the Lucille Mountain pedon has the only clay fraction in which kaolinite is absent. Other pedons on till contain mica, kaolinite, chlorite, smectite, and vermiculite. The Bowron pedon has mica, kaolinite, and chlorite, while the Aleza Lake pedons have mica, kaolinite, chlorite, and 2:1 expanding minerals. In pedons with low amount of 2:1 expanding clays in the C horizon, mica and chlorite appear to degrade into 2:1 expanding clays, while in pedons with C horizons containing 2:1 expanding clays, mica and chlorite seem stable and the formation of hydroxy-interlayered clays is the predominant process. Podzolization and lessivage are major pedogenic processes, while redoximorphic processes are observed in some pedons with illuvial Bt horizons. Significant soil compaction hazards are presented by the medium and fine soil surface textures. Although clay-rich Bt horizons may benefit soil nutrient regimes, conservation of nutrient-rich forest floors is important, given the low S contents in mineral soils. High contents of feldspars in these soils provide a large reserve of nutrients such as Ca and K. Key words: Clay minerals, parent material, podzolization, lessivage

Dryland landscapes in Brazil: the relationship between soils and vegetation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace Alves
Keyword(s):  
Sedimentary Basins ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Amazon Forest ◽  
Landscape Characteristics ◽  
Independent Events ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Vegetation Surveys ◽  
Shallow Soils

&lt;p&gt;The Brazilian semiarid have a diversity of soils and parent material, and this influences its flora. We observed different landscapes, and we revised papers about the vegetation surveys and their relationship with the landscape elements and their evolution. Brazil's semiarid area is between average latitudes 2&amp;#186; and 17&amp;#186; South, and longitudes 35&amp;#186; and 46&amp;#186; West, on the same latitude position of Amazon Forest and Savanna biomes, and one of the few sub-equatorial dryland regions. The semiarid biome is named Caatinga and characterized by Seasonally Dry Forests and Woodlands (SDFW), one of Brazil's most degraded and least studied biomes. It was considered low in species diversity and endemism for a long time, mainly because of the semiarid climate and low research quantities. Recent studies indicated high biodiversity, surpassing the Amazon concerning the number of plant species per area. The landscape presents vast rocky pediments scattered with Proterozoic crystalline massifs and elevated sedimentary basins forming table-like plateaus. Caatinga shows an average annual rainfall of around 600mm/year; marked by seasonal irregularity, the dry season occurs between August and October, and the rainy season concentrates during the summer. Orography effects are significant, and in the higher areas such as Plateaus, the precipitation can exceed 1000mm/year, and the lack of rainfall is distributed among depressions. Dry conditions started in the Miocene when the SDTFW arrived at the Brazil northeastern by connecting with two large SDTFW of South America. The crystalline shield is the basement of the Sertaneja Depression and the Borborema Plateau, both own soils related to semiarid conditions like Luvisols, Planosols, Phaeozems, Vertisols, and shallow soils, besides Lixisols at the colluvium materials at the foot of the hills.&amp;#160; These soils are mainly above granites, gneisses, and schists exposed during the notching of the Sertaneja surface, with some elevated areas by most resistant rocks. These areas harbor the most typical SDTFW of the Caatinga with deciduous and spiny woodlands or small forests, in the high altitude also influenced the vegetation assembly. On the Sedimentary regions, distinct floristic communities show seasonal dynamics not controlled exclusively by the rainfall supply; at least 50% of them maintain their leaves throughout the year. Flora presents independent events of ecological speciation over the last 1,5 Ma. Predominant soils are Ferrasols and Arenosols; the latter, in some cases, may represent an advanced stage of the Ferrasol with high clay loss. These soils did not form under current climatic conditions as they demand more and regular precipitation. We noted the close relationship between parent materials, soils, and vegetation controlling the landscape characteristics and their time and space evolution.&lt;/p&gt;

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