Dominant soil orders in Tasmania: distribution and selected properties

Soil Research ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 537 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. Cotching ◽  
S. Lynch ◽  
D. B. Kidd
Keyword(s):  
Parent Material ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
Soil Carbon Content ◽  
Dominant Soil ◽  
Australian State ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Soil Distribution ◽  
North And South

Dermosols (24%) and Organosols (14.8%) are the dominant soil orders in Tasmania, with the mapped occurrence of >985 000 ha of Organosols in Tasmania being the greatest in any Australian State. Tenosols and Rudosols are well represented in all 3 natural resource management (NRM) regions and Kurosols are more prevalent in the NRM North and South Regions. Tasmania has a greater proportion of Ferrosols (8.4%) than the whole of Australia (0.8%) and these soils are some of the most productive in Tasmania with >25 000 ha used for cropping. Hydrosols (3.7%) are probably underestimated. Chromosols (5.3%) and Sodosols (1.6%) are relatively minor soils in Tasmania, occurring predominantly in lower rainfall areas with <800 mm average annual rainfall. Parent material is a strong determinant of soil distribution in Tasmania but many Soil Orders occur on a wide range of parent materials. Brown suborders are predominant in several Soil Orders. A large part of Tasmania (2 658 000 ha) is mapped as being used for conservation, with one-third of this area being mapped as Organosols. The mean surface horizon soil carbon content (4.3%) is relatively high, likely due to Tasmania’s relatively high annual rainfall and cool temperatures. Most Soil Orders have moderately acid surface horizons but soils on calcareous parent materials are neutral to strongly alkaline (Tenosols and Calcarosols). The dataset covers the mainland extent of Tasmania, as well as all large islands around Tasmania’s coastline including King, Flinders, Hunter, Three Hummock, Robbins, Cape Barren, Clarke, and Maria Islands.

Systematic Mn fluctuations in laminated rock varnish developed on coeval early Holocene flint artifacts along a climatic transect, Negev desert, Israel

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 474-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yonaton Goldsmith ◽  
Yehouda Enzel ◽  
Mordechai Stein
Keyword(s):  
Negev Desert ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Light Rain ◽  
Environmental Controls ◽  
Mean Annual Rainfall ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Rock Varnish ◽  
Chemical Profiles ◽  
Mn Content ◽  
The Mean

AbstractThis study presents an assessment of the potential application of Mn content in rock varnish laminae as a paleoclimate indicator. To investigate the environmental controls on varnish formation, we determined Mn composition in rock varnish formed on flint artifacts produced during the earliest Holocene from eight coeval prehistoric sites in the Negev desert, Israel. These sites lie along a north–south annual rainfall transect ranging between 120 and 30 mm yr− 1. The varnish is ~ 100 times enriched in Mn relative to the content in the desert dust source material. Chemical profiles across the varnish display 4–6 distinct Mn peaks in all sampled sites, pointing to systematic fluctuations within the varnish along a wide range of environmental settings. The mean Mn contents in the various sites range between 10.7 and 15.6 at.%, yet within this range, the Mn content in the Negev varnish does not show a correlation with mean annual rainfall. As moisture is needed for Mn mobility, wetting cycles by dew or light rain, which are not adequately represented by the mean annual rainfall amounts but control the number of wetting–drying cycles may explain the variance within the results from the arid and hyperarid Negev varnish.

scholarly journals Tropical Volcanic Soils From Flores Island, Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Hikmatullah Hikmatullah ◽  
Kesumo Nugroho
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Tropical Region ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Volcanic Soils ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
Tropical Volcanic Soils

Tropical Volcanic Soils from Flores Island, Indonesia (Hikmatullah and K Nugroho): Soils that are developed in tropical region with volcanic parent materials have many unique properties, and high potential for agricultural use. The purpose of this study is to characterize the soils developed on volcanic materials from Flores Island, Indonesia, and to examine if the soils meet the requirements for andic soil properties. Selected five soils profiles developed from andesitic volcanic materials from Flores Island were studied to determine their properties. They were compared in their physical, chemical and mineralogical characteristics according to their parent material, and climatic characteristic different.  The soils were developed under humid tropical climate with ustic to udic soil moisture regimes with different annual rainfall. The soils developed from volcanic ash parent materials in Flores Island showed different properties compared to the soils derived from volcanic tuff, even though they were developed from th e same intermediary volcanic materials. The silica contents, clay mineralogy and sand fractions, were shown as the differences. The different in climatic conditions developed similar properties such as deep solum, dark color, medium texture, and very friable soil consistency. The soils have high organic materials, slightly acid to acid, low to medium cation exchange capacity (CEC). The soils in western region have higher clay content and showing more developed than of the eastern region. All the profiles meet the requirements for andic soil properties, and classified as Andisols order. The composition of sand mineral was dominated by hornblende, augite, and hypersthenes with high weatherable mineral reserves, while the clay fraction was dominated by disordered kaolinite, and hydrated halloysite. The soils were classified into subgroup as Thaptic Hapludands, Typic Hapludands, and Dystric Haplustands.

Frost Sorted Patterned Ground: A Review

1976 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard P. Goldthwait
Keyword(s):  
New Hampshire ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
Baffin Island ◽  
Patterned Ground ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Unit Cells ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Nearly Continuous ◽  
Maximum Clast

Sorted circles, polygons, and stripes are reported from Alaska, Greenland, Baffin Island, Antarctica, and New Hampshire. From these studies and key references, all cases are found to have: (1) a mixed parent material, commonly till, composed of a wide range of clast sizes unsorted below frost table, (2) gutter depressions containing the largest stones and carrying summer drainage, and (3) tabular stones on edge in the gutters showing expansion-squeezing from the sides. The size of the unit cells, gutter to gutter, is a function of mean maximum clast size: smallest chips making forms 10 cm diameter across and largest forms 20 m across. The slope determines the shape: polygons, and nets form on slopes up to 2 or 4° depending upon amount of water and fines. Ellipses form on 3 to 6° slopes, and stripes form on 4 to 11° slopes. Clearly shape is an effect of solifluction. Lastly, time involves seasons of sporadic sorting until there is a stable end form with lichen-covered stone gutters and tundra-covered soil centers. The up-and-out mechanism, described by Corté, is the best known for the primary sorting. Larger sorted forms (2–20 m in diameter) are reported almost exclusively where nearly continuous permafrost exists. They form where the mean annual temperature is below − 4°C. Former permafrost is indicated where lichen and turf are dense and not overturned and where measured motion is nil. Small forms (under 1 m in diameter) are generated in a year or two where there is only deep annual freezing (0.1–2 m), but no permafrost.

A Comparison of Physiological Demand between Self-Propelled and Motorized Treadmill Exercise

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 13-21
Author(s):  
Todd Backes ◽  
Charlene Takacs
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Exchange Ratio ◽  
Treadmill Exercise ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
The Self ◽  
Mixing Chamber ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Computer Controlled

There are a wide range of options for individuals to choose from in order to engage in aerobic exercise; from outdoor running to computer controlled and self-propelled treadmills. Recently, self-propelled treadmills have increased in popularity and provide an alternative to a motorized treadmill. Twenty subjects (10 men, 10 women) ranging in age from 19-23 with a mean of 20.4 ± 0.8 SD were participants in this study. The subjects visited the laboratory on three occasions. The purpose of the first visit was to familiarize the subject with the self-propelled treadmill (Woodway Curve 3.0). The second visit, subjects were instructed to run on the self-propelled treadmill for 3km at a self-determined pace. Speed data were collected directly from the self-propelled treadmill. The third visit used speed data collected during the self-propelled treadmill run to create an identically paced 3km run for the subjects to perform on a motorized treadmill (COSMED T150). During both the second and third visit, oxygen consumption (VO2) and respiratory exchange ratio (R) data were collected with COSMED’s Quark cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) metabolic mixing chamber system. The VO2 mean value for the self-propelled treadmill (44.90 ± 1.65 SE ml/kg/min) was significantly greater than the motorized treadmill (34.38 ± 1.39 SE ml/kg/min). The mean R value for the self-propelled treadmill (0.91 ± 0.01 SE) was significantly greater than the motorized treadmill (0.86 ± 0.01 SE). Our study demonstrated that a 3km run on a self-propelled treadmill does elicit a greater physiological response than a 3km run at on a standard motorized treadmill. Self-propelled treadmills provide a mode of exercise that offers increased training loads and should be considered as an alternative to motorized treadmills.

Impact of changing rainfall conditions on surface and groundwater resources in an experimental watershed in Greece

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-125
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Annual Runoff ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Rainfall Regime ◽  
Winter Rainfall ◽  
Rainfall Depth ◽  
Rainfall Volume ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Groundwater Reserves ◽  
The Impact

The present study concerns the impact of a change in the rainfall regime on surface and groundwater resources in an experimental watershed. The research is conducted in a gauged mountainous watershed (15.18 km2) that is located on the eastern side of Penteli Mountain, in the prefecture of Attica, Greece and the study period concerns the years from 2003 to 2008. The decrease in the annual rainfall depth during the last two hydrological years 2006-2007, 2007-2008 is 10% and 35%, respectively, in relation to the average of the previous years. In addition, the monthly distribution of rainfall is characterized by a distinct decrease in winter rainfall volume. The field measurements show that this change in rainfall conditions has a direct impact on the surface runoff of the watershed, as well as on the groundwater reserves. The mean annual runoff in the last two hydrological years has decreased by 56% and 75% in relation to the average of the previous years. Moreover, the groundwater level follows a declining trend and has dropped significantly in the last two years.

The way of value of Correlation of genomic DNA microsatellite loci and live weight of Chukchi reindeer

2020 ◽  
pp. 27-32
Author(s):  
V. Dodokhov ◽  
N. Pavlova ◽  
T. Rumyantseva ◽  
L. Kalashnikova
Keyword(s):  
Microsatellite Markers ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Tribal Community ◽  
High Germination ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Level ◽  
Dna Microsatellite

The article presents the genetic characteristic of the Chukchi reindeer breed. The object of the study was of the Chukchi reindeer. In recent years, the number of reindeer of the Chukchi breed has declined sharply. Reduced reindeer numbers could lead to biodiversity loss. The Chukchi breed of deer has good meat qualities, has high germination viability and is adapted in adverse tundra conditions of Yakutia. Herding of the Chukchi breed of deer in Yakutia are engaged only in the Nizhnekolymsky district. There are four generic communities and the largest of which is the agricultural production cooperative of nomadic tribal community «Turvaurgin», which was chosen to assess the genetic processes of breed using microsatellite markers: Rt6, BMS1788, Rt 30, Rt1, Rt9, FCB193, Rt7, BMS745, C 143, Rt24, OheQ, C217, C32, NVHRT16, T40, C276. It was found that microsatellite markers have a wide range of alleles and generally have a high informative value for identifying of genetic differences between animals and groups of animal. The number of identified alleles is one of the indicators of the genetic diversity of the population. The total number of detected alleles was 127. The Chukchi breed of deer is characterized by a high level of heterozygosity, and the random crossing system prevails over inbreeding in the population. On average, there were 7.9 alleles (Na) per locus, and the mean number of effective alleles (Ne) was 4.1. The index of fixation averaged 0.001. The polymorphism index (PIC) ranged from 0.217 to 0.946, with an average of 0.695.

Celiac Disease in Kosovar Albanian Children: Evaluation of Clinical Features and Diagnosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-247
Author(s):  
Atifete Ramosaj-Morina ◽  
Alije Keka-Sylaj ◽  
Arbana Baloku Zejnullahu ◽  
Lidvana Spahiu ◽  
Virgjina Hasbahta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Celiac Disease ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Dominant Mode ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Classical Form ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Mean

Background: Celiac disease is an immune-mediated disorder characterized by variable clinical manifestations, specific antibodies, HLA-DQ2/DQ8 haplotypes, and enteropathy. Objectives: The aim of this study was to present the clinical spectrum and patterns of celiac disease in Kosovar Albanian children. Methods: A cross-sectional retrospective study was performed with Albanian children aged 0-18 years, treated for celiac disease in the Pediatric Clinic, University Clinical Center of Kosovo from 2005 to 2016. Results: During the study period, 63 children were treated for celiac disease. The mean age at diagnosis was 5.5 years (SD ± 3.31). The mean age at celiac disease onset was 3.3 years (SD ± 2.02), while the mean delay from the first symptoms indicative of celiac disease to diagnosis was 2.2 years (SD ± 2.09). More than 70% of the patients were diagnosed in the first 7 years of life, mainly presented with gastrointestinal symptoms, while primary school children and adolescents mostly showed atypical symptoms (p<0.001). The classical form of celiac disease occurred in 78% of the cases. Sixty (95%) patients carried HLA-DQ2.5, DQ2.2 and/or HLA-DQ8 heterodimers, and only three of them tested negative. Conclusions: Kosovo, as the majority of developing countries, is still facing the classical form of celiac disease as the dominant mode of presentation; as a result, most children with other forms of the celiac disease remain undiagnosed. : Physicians should be aware of the wide range of clinical presentations and utilize low testing thresholds in order to prevent potential long-term problems associated with untreated celiac disease.

Shooting a Tiger

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijaya Ramadas Mandala
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Colonial India ◽  
British Raj ◽  
Early Colonial ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Forest Legislation ◽  
Imperial Governance ◽  
North And South

The main contention of Shooting a Tiger is that hunting during the colonial period was not merely a recreational activity, but a practice intimately connected with imperial governance. The book positions shikar or hunting at the heart of colonial rule by demonstrating that, for the British in India, it served as a political, practical, and symbolic apparatus in the consolidation of power and rule during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The book analyses early colonial hunting during the Company period, and then surveys different aspects of hunting during the high imperial decades in the later nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The book draws upon an impressive array of archival material and uses a wide range of evidence to support its contentions. It examines hunting at a variety of social and ethnic levels—military, administrative, elite, princely India, Indian professional hunters, and in terms of Indian auxiliaries and (sometimes) resisters. It also deals with different geographical contexts—the plains, the mountains, north and south India. The exclusive privilege of hunting exercised by the ruling classes, following colonial forest legislation, continued to be extended to the Indian princes who played a critical role in sustaining the lavish hunts that became the hallmark of the late nineteenth-century British Raj. Hunting was also a way of life in colonial India, undertaken by officials and soldiers alike alongside their everyday duties, necessary for their mental sustenance and vital for the smooth operation of the colonial administration. There are also two final chapters on conservation, particularly the last chapter focusing on two British hunter-turned-conservationists, Jim Corbett and Colonel Richard Burton.

scholarly journals Planetary Nebulae in M31: Abundances, and comparison with bright Planetary Nebulae in the LMC

1997 ◽  
Vol 180 ◽  
pp. 475-476
Author(s):  
M. G. Richer ◽  
G. Stasińska ◽  
M. L. McCall
Keyword(s):  
Planetary Nebula ◽  
Luminosity Function ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Wavelength Region ◽  
Planetary Nebulae ◽  
Surprising Result ◽  
Population Synthesis ◽  
Abundance Distribution ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Mean

We have obtained spectra of 28 planetary nebulae in the bulge of M31 using the MOS spectrograph at the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope. Typically, we observed the [O II] λ3727 to He I λ5876 wavelength region at a resolution of approximately 1.6 å/pixel. For 19 of the 21 planetary nebulae whose [OIII]λ5007 luminosities are within 1 mag of the peak of the planetary nebula luminosity function, our oxygen abundances are based upon a measured [OIII]λ4363 intensity, so they are based upon a measured electron temperature. The oxygen abundances cover a wide range, 7.85 dex < 12 + log(O/H) < 9.09 dex, but the mean abundance is surprisingly low, 12 + log(O/H)–8.64 ± 0.32 dex, i.e., roughly half the solar value (Anders & Grevesse 1989). The distribution of oxygen abundances is shown in Figure 1, where the ordinate indicates the number of planetary nebulae with abundances within ±0.1 dex of any point on the x-axis. The dashed line indicates the mean abundance, and the dotted lines indicate the ±1 σ points. The shape of this abundance distribution seems to indicate that the bulge of M31 does not contain a large population of bright, oxygen-rich planetary nebulae. This is a surprising result, for various population synthesis studies (e.g., Bica et al. 1990) have found a mean stellar metallicity approximately 0.2 dex above solar. This 0.5 dex discrepancy leads one to question whether the mean stellar metallicity is as high as the population synthesis results indicate or if such metal-rich stars produce bright planetary nebulae at all. This could be a clue concerning the mechanism responsible for the variation in the number of bright planetary nebulae observed per unit luminosity in different galaxies (e.g., Hui et al. 1993).

Assessing the Ergonomic Benefits of a New Adjustable Forklift Backrest

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 976-980
Author(s):  
Pranav Madhav Kuber ◽  
Ehsan Rashedi
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Motion Capture ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Body Movement ◽  
Pressure Change ◽  
Motion Capture System ◽  
Design Features ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Body Sizes ◽  
The Mean

A new forklift backrest has been developed by incorporating adjustability concepts into the design to facilitate comfort to a wide range of users. We have conducted a comparative study between the new and original backrests to assess the effectiveness of design features. Using the phenomenon of restlessness, discomfort of the user was associated with the amount of body movement, where we have used a motion- capture system and a force platform to quantify the individuals’ movement for a wide range of body sizes. Meanwhile, subjective comfort and design feedback were collected using a questionnaire. Our results showed a reduction in the mean torso movement and the maximum center of pressure change of location by 300 and 6 mm, respectively, for the new design. Taking advantage of adjustability feature, the new backrest design exhibited enhanced comfort for longer durations and reduced magnitude of discomfort for a wide range of participants’ body sizes.

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