scholarly journals Selected Metals in Various Fractions of Soil and Fungi in a Swedish Forest

ISRN Ecology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mykhailo Vinichuk
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Process ◽  
Concentration Gradient ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Metal Accumulation ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Bulk Soil ◽  
Fungal Mycelium ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Soil Mycelium ◽  
Mycelium Biomass

The patterns of uptake and distribution of Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb in the soil-mycelium-sporocarps compartments in various transfer steps are presented. I attempted to find out whether there is a difference between the uptake of metals from soil to fungi (mycelium/soil ratio) and transport within fungal thalli (sporocarps/mycelium ratio). The concentration of Cu, Zn, and Cd increased in the order bulk soil < soil-root interface (or rhizosphere) < fungal mycelium < fungal sporocarps. The concentration of Co, Ni, and Pb decreased in the order bulk soil (or rhizosphere) < fungal mycelium < soil-root interface < fungal sporocarps. The uptake of Cu, Zn, and Cd during the entire transfer process in natural conditions between soil and sporocarps occurred against a concentration gradient. Mycorrhizal fungi (mycelium and sporocarps) only absorbed Co, Ni, and Pb but did not accumulate these elements in their thalli. Metal accumulation within fungal mycelium biomass in the top forest soil layer (0–5 cm) may account for about 5% of the total amount of Co, 4% Ni, 7% Cu, 8% Zn, 24% Cd, and 3% Pb.

scholarly journals Organic mulching promotes soil organic carbon accumulation to deep soil layer in an urban plantation forest

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaodan Sun ◽  
Gang Wang ◽  
Qingxu Ma ◽  
Jiahui Liao ◽  
Dong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Carbon Accumulation ◽  
Bulk Soil ◽  
Organic Mulch ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Soc Fractions

Abstract Background Soil organic carbon (SOC) is important for soil quality and fertility in forest ecosystems. Labile SOC fractions are sensitive to environmental changes, which reflect the impact of short-term internal and external management measures on the soil carbon pool. Organic mulching (OM) alters the soil environment and promotes plant growth. However, little is known about the responses of SOC fractions in rhizosphere or bulk soil to OM in urban forests and its correlation with carbon composition in plants. Methods A one-year field experiment with four treatments (OM at 0, 5, 10, and 20 cm thicknesses) was conducted in a 15-year-old Ligustrum lucidum plantation. Changes in the SOC fractions in the rhizosphere and bulk soil; the carbon content in the plant fine roots, leaves, and organic mulch; and several soil physicochemical properties were measured. The relationships between SOC fractions and the measured variables were analysed. Results The OM treatments had no significant effect on the SOC fractions, except for the dissolved organic carbon (DOC). OM promoted the movement of SOC to deeper soil because of the increased carbon content in fine roots of subsoil. There were significant correlations between DOC and microbial biomass carbon and SOC and easily oxidised organic carbon. The OM had a greater effect on organic carbon fractions in the bulk soil than in the rhizosphere. The thinnest (5 cm) mulching layers showed the most rapid carbon decomposition over time. The time after OM had the greatest effect on the SOC fractions, followed by soil layer. Conclusions The frequent addition of small amounts of organic mulch increased SOC accumulation in the present study. OM is a potential management model to enhance soil organic matter storage for maintaining urban forest productivity.

scholarly journals Artificial Cultivation System for Gastrodia spp. and Identification of Associated Mycorrhizal Fungi

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chie Shimaoka ◽  
Hirokazu Fukunaga ◽  
Seishu Inagaki ◽  
Shinichiro Sawa
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Cultivation System ◽  
Horticultural Plants ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Single Tuber ◽  
Artificial Cultivation

The Orchidaceae are the largest and most diverse family of flowering plants on earth, and include some of the most important horticultural plants. While mycoheterotrophic orchids belonging to the genus Gastrodia are known to be provided with carbon through mycorrhizal fungi, the relationship between the plants and fungi is poorly understood. Furthermore, it is challenging to cultivate Gastrodia spp. in vitro. In this study, we present an efficient method for germinating Gastrodia pubilabiata (Gp), Gastrodia nipponica (Gn), and Gastrodia confusa (Gc) plants in vitro, which results in the production of a protocorm and tuber, as under natural conditions. The Gp and Gc plants produced flowers 126 and 124 days after germination, respectively, and set seed under our artificial conditions. In addition, Gp plants flowered up to three times a year from a single tuber. Using our artificial cultivation system, we identified some of the mycorrhizal fungi associated with these plants. Gastrodia spp. appear to obtain carbon from many kinds of mycorrhizal fungi. Our artificial cultivation method is a rapid and efficient means of growing Gastrodia spp. In addition to having applications in research and commercial nurseries, this method could be used to conserve Gastrodia spp. in ex situ, many of which are endangered.

scholarly journals Symbiotic and Asymbiotic Germination of Dendrobium officinale (Orchidaceae) Respond Differently to Exogenous Gibberellins

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (17) ◽  
pp. 6104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Chen ◽  
Bo Yan ◽  
Yanjing Tang ◽  
Yongmei Xing ◽  
Yang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Calcium Binding ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Dendrobium Officinale ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Fungal Mycelium ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Symbiotic Germination ◽  
Asymbiotic Germination

Seeds of almost all orchids depend on mycorrhizal fungi to induce their germination in the wild. The regulation of this symbiotic germination of orchid seeds involves complex crosstalk interactions between mycorrhizal establishment and the germination process. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of gibberellins (GAs) on the symbiotic germination of Dendrobium officinale seeds and its functioning in the mutualistic interaction between orchid species and their mycobionts. To do this, we used liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer to quantify endogenous hormones across different development stages between symbiotic and asymbiotic germination of D. officinale, as well as real-time quantitative PCR to investigate gene expression levels during seed germination under the different treatment concentrations of exogenous gibberellic acids (GA3). Our results showed that the level of endogenous GA3 was not significantly different between the asymbiotic and symbiotic germination groups, but the ratio of GA3 and abscisic acids (ABA) was significantly higher during symbiotic germination than asymbiotic germination. Exogenous GA3 treatment showed that a high concentration of GA3 could inhibit fungal colonization in the embryo cell and decrease the seed germination rate, but did not significantly affect asymbiotic germination or the growth of the free-living fungal mycelium. The expression of genes involved in the common symbiotic pathway (e.g., calcium-binding protein and calcium-dependent protein kinase) responded to the changed concentrations of exogenous GA3. Taken together, our results demonstrate that GA3 is probably a key signal molecule for crosstalk between the seed germination pathway and mycorrhiza symbiosis during the orchid seed symbiotic germination.

scholarly journals Growth model for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (24) ◽  
pp. 773-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Schnepf ◽  
T Roose ◽  
P Schweiger
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Foraging Strategies ◽  
Fungal Mycelium ◽  
Hyphal Length ◽  
Solute Uptake ◽  
Acaulospora Laevis

In order to quantify the contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi to plant phosphorus nutrition, the development and extent of the external fungal mycelium and its nutrient uptake capacity are of particular importance. We develop and analyse a model of the growth of AM fungi associated with plant roots, suitable for describing mechanistically the effects of the fungi on solute uptake by plants. The model describes the development and distribution of the fungal mycelium in soil in terms of the creation and death of hyphae, tip–tip and tip–hypha anastomosis, and the nature of the root–fungus interface. It is calibrated and corroborated using published experimental data for hyphal length densities at different distances away from root surfaces. A good agreement between measured and simulated values was found for three fungal species with different morphologies: Scutellospora calospora (Nicol. & Gerd.) Walker & Sanders; Glomus sp.; and Acaulospora laevis Gerdemann & Trappe associated with Trifolium subterraneum L. The model and findings are expected to contribute to the quantification of the role of AM fungi in plant mineral nutrition and the interpretation of different foraging strategies among fungal species.

Is cortical root colonization required for carbon transfer to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi? Evidence from colonization phenotypes and spore production in the reduced mycorrhizal colonization (rmc) mutant of tomato

Botany ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 86 (9) ◽  
pp. 1009-1019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Manjarrez ◽  
F. Andrew Smith ◽  
Petra Marschner ◽  
Sally E. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Glomus Intraradices ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Colonization ◽  
Fungal Mycelium ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum L ◽  
Carbon Transfer ◽  
External Mycelium ◽  
First Time

For the first time, the phenotypes formed in the reduced mycorrhizal colonization (rmc) Solanum lycopersicum  L. (tomato) mutant with different arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi were used to explore the potential of different fungal structures to support development of external fungal mycelium and spores. The life cycle of AM fungi with rmc was followed for up to 24 weeks. Results showed that production of external mycelium was slight and transitory for those fungi that did not penetrate the roots of rmc (Pen–) ( Glomus intraradices DAOM181602 and Glomus etunicatum ). For fungi that penetrated the root epidermis and hypodermis (Coi–, Glomus coronatum and Scutellospora calospora ) the mycelium produced varied in size, but was always smaller than with the wild-type 76R. Spores were formed by these fungi with 76R but not with rmc. The only fungus forming a Myc+ phenotype with rmc, G. intraradices WFVAM23, produced as much mycelium with rmc as with 76R. We observed lipid accumulation in hyphae and vesicles in both plant genotypes with this fungus. Mature spores were formed with 76R. However, with rmc, spores remained small and (presumably) immature for up to 24 weeks. We conclude that significant carbon transfer from plant to fungus can occur in Coi– interactions with rmc in which no cortical colonization occurs. We speculate that both carbon transfer and root signals are required for mature spores to be produced.

scholarly journals A novel seed baiting technique for the epiphytic orchid Rhynchostele cervantesii, a means to acquire mycorrhizal fungi from protocorms

Lankesteriana ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesús Bernardo Cruz-Higareda ◽  
Bárbara Susana Luna-Rosales ◽  
Amadeo Barba-Álvarez
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Pure Culture ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Epiphytic Orchid ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Mature Seeds

We developed a new and novel seed baiting technique sowing mature seeds of the epiphyitic orchid Rhynchostele cervantesii under natural conditions, We introduced a sponge in each package that may serve as a reservoir for water retention to benefit germination; In three of 22 packets we found protocorms in an early stage of development, six of wich were of sufficient size to warrant fungal isolations; Nine strains were isolated in pure culture and were inoculated on seeds and protocorms under in vitro conditions. 

scholarly journals Efectos De La Fertilización Nitrogenada Y Fosfatada Sobre Poblaciones De Micorrizas Asociadas Al Cultivo De Cacao

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 464
Author(s):  
Wilson Latacela Coello ◽  
Eduardo Colina Navarrete ◽  
Carlos Castro Arteaga ◽  
Danilo Santana Aragone ◽  
Joffre León Paredes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Phosphate Fertilizer ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Application Systems ◽  
Agricultural Structure ◽  
Soil Mycelium ◽  
Tree Index

Cocoa is one of the most significant assets in the ecuadorian agricultural structure, which also provides a good source of income for thousands of farmworker families. However, fertilization research works in cocoa cultivation have been relatively scarce. Decades of global research have shown that mycorrhizal fungi determine the fertilization and conservation of agrosystems. Fertilization is considered to be among the cultural and agricultural practices affecting mycorrhizas, which diminishes or prevents the fungal colonization. The objectives of research works were the following: the characterization of mycorrhiza species associated with cocoa, to determine the effects of nitrogen and phosphate fertilization in plant population and to identify the critical dose affecting the fungus development. A factorial design was used (AxBxC), with two (2) application systems, four (4) doses of nitrogen fertilizer, and two (2) doses of phosphate fertilizer with three repetitions. The turkey’s test was used to evaluate means with confidence interval of 95%. The evaluated variables were: diameter and length of cocoa pods, number of cocoa pods per tree, index of cocoa beans and almond yield per hectare, as well as, mycorrhizal spore counting, percentage of mycorrhizal fungi colonization, visual density of endophyte, and characterization of mycorrhiza species. The results concluded that the application of 100 Kg/ha N + 70 kg/ha P in the system below the soil surface, achieved yield increments of 68% over the absolute witness. The same dose and application method, increased the number of spores per gram of soil, mycelium colonization and density of mycorrhizal endophyte in roots.

scholarly journals Micorrizas arbusculares no crescimento de mudas de sabiá em um substrato proveniente da mineração de manganês

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaio Gráculo Vieira Garcia ◽  
Vânia Felipe Freire Gomes ◽  
Aldênia Mendes Mascena de Almeida ◽  
Paulo Furtado Mendes Filho
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mining Area ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Glomus Etunicatum ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Mn Toxicity ◽  
Glomus Clarum ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

<p>O manganês (Mn) é considerado um micronutriente essencial às plantas, porém o seu excesso pode resultar em toxidez, causando clorose e necrose nas folhas. O uso de leguminosas inoculadas com fungos micorrízicos arbusculares tem se tornado uma importante estratégia do ponto de vista da remediação de áreas contaminadas com metais como é o caso do manganês. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento de mudas de <em>Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia</em> Benth. inoculadas com micorrizas arbusculares sob condições de substrato esterilizado e natural proveniente de uma área de mineração de Mn do município de Ocara – CE. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, utilizando-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4x2, considerando-se: quatro tratamentos de inoculação (controle não-inoculado, inoculado com <em>Glomus clarum</em>, inoculado com <em>Glomus etunicatum</em> e com a mistura dos dois fungos (Mix)) e duas condições de substrato (estéril e natural), com quatro repetições. As mudas de sabiá foram produzidas em bandeja de isopor, sendo transplantadas e inoculadas em vasos após treze dias da semeadura. Após trinta dias do transplantio foram realizadas avaliações de altura da parte áerea, diâmetro do colo, número de folíolos e porcentagem de sobrevivência. A inoculação com fungos micorrízicos arbusculares favoreceu o crescimento das mudas de sabiá em substrato da mineração de manganês, em condições naturais, principalmente quando se utilizou o <em>Glomus etunicatum</em>. No substrato esterilizado a inoculação com micorrizas arbusculares proporcionou a atenuação da toxidez de Mn nas mudas de sabiá favorecendo o crescimento das mesmas nestas condições.</p><p align="center"><strong><em>Arbuscular mycorrhiza on the growth of sabiá seedlings on a substrate from the manganese mining</em></strong></p><p><strong>Abstract:</strong> Manganese (Mn) is considered an essential micronutrient to plants but its excess can result in toxicity causing chlorosis and necrosis on the leaves.  The use of leguminous plants inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi have become an important point of view of the remediation strategy contaminated with metals such as manganese.  In this sense, the objective of this study was to evaluate the growth of <em>Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia</em> Benth. seedlings inoculated with mycorrhiza under conditions of sterile and natural substrate from a Mn mining area of the municipality of Ocara - CE.  The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using a completely randomized design in a 4x2 factorial scheme considering four inoculation treatments (non-inoculated control, inoculated with <em>Glomus clarum</em>, inoculated with <em>Glomus etunicatum</em> and with the mixture of two fungi (Mix)) and two substrate conditions (sterile and natural), with four replications.  The seedlings of sabiá were produced in styrofoam tray, being transplanted and inoculated in pots after thirteen days of sowing.  After thirty days of transplanting been evaluated shoot height, stem diameter, number of leaflets and percentage of survival.  Inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi favored the growth of sabiá seedlings in manganese mining substrate, in natural conditions, especially when using the <em>Glomus etunicatum</em>.  In the substrate sterilized inoculation with mycorrhiza provided attenuation of Mn toxicity in sabiá seedlings favoring their growth under these conditions.</p>

The Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Agro- and Natural Ecosystems

2000 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.C. Dodd
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Land Plant ◽  
Fungal Mycelium ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Soil Pathogens ◽  
Fundamental Reason ◽  
Plant Families

Symbionts called ‘mycorrhizal fungi’ occur in most biomes on earth, and are a fundamental reason for plant growth and development on the planet. The most common group of mycorrhizal fungi is that of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which colonize the roots of over 80% of land plant families, but they cannot as yet be cultured away from the host plant. AMF are primarily responsible for nutrient transfer from soil to plant, but have other roles such as soil aggregation, protection of plants against drought stress and soil pathogens, and increasing plant diversity. This is achieved by the growth of their fungal mycelium within a host root and out into the soil beyond. There is an urgent need to study the below-ground microbiology of soils in agro-and natural ecosystems, as AMF are pivotal in closing nutrient cycles and have a proven multifunctional role in soil–plant interactions. More information is also needed on the biodiversity and functional diversity of these microbes and their interactions with crops and plants.

scholarly journals Production and regeneration of protoplasts from orchid Mycorrhizal Fungi Epulorhiza repens and Ceratorhiza sp.

2010 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene da Silva Coelho ◽  
Marisa Vieira de Queiroz ◽  
Maurício Dutra Costa ◽  
Maria Catarina Megumi Kasuya ◽  
Elza Fernandes de Araújo
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Fungal Mycelium ◽  
Osmotic Stabilizer ◽  
Orchid Mycorrhizal Fungi

The aim of this work was to study the standardization of conditions to obtain and regenerate Epulorhiza repens and Ceratorhiza sp. protoplasts. For E. repens, the largest number of protoplasts (8.0 × 10(6) protoplasts/mL) was obtained in 0.6 M KCl, using 15 mg/mL of Lysing Enzymes, and 2-day-old fungal mycelium. When 0.5 M sucrose was used as osmotic stabilizer, the highest frequency of regeneration was achieved (8.5 %); 80.0 % of protoplasts were nucleated, and 20.0 % anucleated. For Ceratorhiza sp., the largest number of protoplasts (4.0 × 10(7) protoplasts/mL) was achieved in 0.6 M NaCl, when 15 mg/mL of Lysing Enzymes and 15mg/mL of Glucanex, with 2-day-old fungal mycelium were used. The highest frequency of regeneration was 6.7 % using 0.5 M sucrose as osmotic stabilizer; 88.8 % of protoplasts were nucleated, and 11.2 % anucleated.

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