“It Is Easy Enough to Establish Camps”

Author(s):  
Jacob A. C. Remes

This chapter examines the geographies of community and resistance in Salem following the fire. The Salem fire created immediate and pressing problems for residents: where to sleep and what to eat. The next morning, the militia began to establish two large refugee camps that soon sparked tensions between disaster relief authorities and refugees. Both groups of actors had conflicting motivations that they had to balance as they made decisions. At the root of their decisions and contestations were questions of power, authority, and control. This chapter describes the conflicts between relief authorities, particularly the militia, and French Canadians living in one Salem refugee camp. It considers how conflicts about domestic and formal labor played out spatially in fights over the arrangement of the camp and the refugees' presence there.

Author(s):  
Delf Rothe ◽  
Christiane Fröhlich ◽  
Juan Miguel Rodriguez Lopez

Abstract Digital visual technologies have become an important tool of humanitarian governance. They allow the monitoring of crises from afar, making it possible to detect human rights violations and refugee movements, despite a crisis area being inaccessible. However, the political effects of such “digital humanitarianism” are understudied. This article aims to amend this gap by analyzing which forms of seeing, showing, and governing refugee camps are enabled by digital technologies. To this end, the article combines scholarship on the politics of the refugee camp with the emerging body of work on digital humanitarianism. It proposes the notion of a “visual assemblage of the refugee camp” to conceptualize the increasing adoption of visual technologies in refugee camp governance. Using the two paradigmatic cases of Zaatari and Azraq, two refugee camps for displaced Syrians in Jordan, the text outlines how this visual assemblage enacts the refugee camp in different ways—thus bringing about different versions of the camp. The case study reveals three such enactments of the refugee camp—as a technology of care and control; as a political space; and, as a governmental laboratory—and discusses how these interact and clash in everyday camp life. Les technologies visuelles numériques sont devenues un outil important de la gouvernance humanitaire. Elles permettent de surveiller les crises à distance tout en offrant la possibilité de détecter les violations des droits de l'Homme, les mouvements de réfugiés, etc. malgré l'inaccessibilité de la zone de crise. Les effets politiques d'un tel « humanitarisme numérique » sont toutefois sous-étudiés. Cet article vise à combler cette lacune en analysant les formes de technologies d'observation à distance, d'affichage et de gouvernance qui seraient adaptées au cas des camps de réfugiés. Pour cela, cet article associe une étude portant sur la politique des camps de réfugiés aux travaux émergents sur l'humanitarisme numérique. Il propose la notion « d'assemblage visuel de camp de réfugiés » pour conceptualiser l'adoption croissante des technologies visuelles dans la gouvernance des camps de réfugiés. Ce texte s'appuie sur les deux cas paradigmatiques de Zaatari et Azraq, deux camps de réfugiés pour les Syriens déplacés en Jordanie afin de décrire comment cet assemblage visuel représente les camps de différentes manières, en faisant ainsi apparaître différentes perspectives des camps. L’étude de cas révèle trois représentations des camps: Technologie de soins et de contrôle, Espace politique et Laboratoire gouvernemental. Il aborde ensuite la manière dont ces représentations interagissent et entrent en conflit dans la vie quotidienne des camps. Las tecnologías visuales digitales se han convertido en una importante herramienta de la gestión humanitaria. Permiten observar las situaciones de crisis a distancia y, así, detectar las violaciones de los derechos humanos, los movimientos de refugiados y demás a pesar de que no se pueda acceder a la zona afectada. Sin embargo, los efectos políticos de ese “humanitarismo digital” no se han estudiado lo suficiente. En el artículo se intenta llenar este vacío mediante el análisis de qué formas de ver, mostrar y dominar las tecnologías remotas sirven en el caso de los campos de refugiados. Para esto, el artículo relaciona los estudios sobre las políticas del campo de refugiados con las nuevas investigaciones sobre el humanitarismo digital. Propone la noción de un “montaje visual del campo de refugiados” para conceptualizar la creciente adopción de tecnologías visuales en la gestión de los campos de refugiados. A partir de los casos paradigmáticos de Zaatari y Azraq, dos campos de refugiados para sirios desplazados en Jordania, el texto esboza cómo este montaje visual representa el campo de refugiados de diferentes maneras y da lugar a diversas perspectivas del campo. El estudio de caso revela tres de estas representaciones del campo de refugiados (como una tecnología de cuidado y control, como un espacio político y como un laboratorio gubernamental) y expone cómo estas interactúan y chocan en la vida cotidiana del campo.


2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-233
Author(s):  
Ayham Dalal

AbstractLiterature in Human Geography has given much attention to “encounters” and their impact on negotiating difference in everyday life. These studies, however, have focused solely on cities, while “other” spaces like refugee camps have received little attention to date. In this paper, I highlight the significance of “encounters” in camps by exposing three main types: the “refugee-refugee,” the “refugee-humanitarian,” and the “refugee-more-than-human” encounters. Using empirical examples from Zaatari camp in Jordan, I show that the “refugee-refugee” encounters cannot be fully understood without taking refugees’ culture, background, and urban identities into consideration. I also explain how the “refugee-humanitarian” encounters result in new types of behaviors and might harden the boundaries between both groups. And lastly, I demonstrate how the “refugee-more-than-human” encounters can inform us about refugees’ unique experiences with shelters, space, and materiality. Building on the examples given for each type, this article suggests that “encounters” have the ability to generate knowledge and learnings, which contributes to shaping the space of the camp by either enforcing boundaries between different groups and/or by allowing new and hybrid spatialities to emerge. This not only confirms that “encounters” are an important entry point in understanding the socio-spatial and material composition of refugee camps, but also that further studies in this regard are direly needed. It also suggests that architects and planners need to allow for the “new” to emerge as a result of these encounters and, therefore, to enable flexibility and adaptability within camps’ design and planning.


2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 36-44
Author(s):  
Shahd Adnan M. Qzeih ◽  
Rafooneh Mokhtarshahi Sani

Wars and conflicts have caused millions of people to seek asylum outside their homelands and the issue of refugee camps has become a pressing subject in international policy discussions. Conflicts continue to escalate in different parts of the world, especially in Middle Eastern countries. In 1948, the Palestinian-Israeli conflict forced displacement of many Palestinian people. The resulting camps have developed into cluster camp shelters of three to four stories in the West Bank, Gaza, and other regions around historical Palestine; some are perceived to be like gated communities. Being self-sufficient environments, refugee camps have rarely been approached from the perspective of urban psychology. This research deals with sensory perceptual analysis of Balata, the largest refugee camp in the West Bank of Palestinian Territories. Balata is situated in Nablus and has raised four generations of refugees since its establishment. In order to explore the spatial characteristics of such specific environmental experiences, the research adopted a mixed-method approach – systematically evaluating the related literature on sensory perceptual spaces and applying content analysis methods. The study modified the sensory slider tool of Malnar and Vodvarka according to the framework matrix based on the content analysis. Moreover, the case study analysis consisted of observation of the chosen area and 30 in-depth interviews with refugees who were forced out of their homes and settled in the camp as well as some who were born in the camp. The research results show that investigating what camp residents perceive of the five senses can capture meaningful sensory perceptual experiences and can generate a holistic mental image of the refugee camp. Particularly, perceptions of the built environment reflect the difficulty of life experiences. The study concludes that the characteristics of camps in this seventy-year-old conflict environment may not be found in other parts of the world.


Refuge ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele C. Deramo

How does a free press resist state biopower? This article studies  the development and dissemination of KANERE Free Press, a refugee-run news source operating in the Kakuma Refugee Camp, that was founded to create “a more open society in refugee camps and to develop a platform for fair public debate on refugee affairs” (KANERE Vision Statement). The analysis of KANERE and its impact on the political subjectivity of refugees living in Kakuma is framed by Foucault’s theory of biopower, the state-sanctioned right to “make live or let die” in its management of human populations. The author demonstrates the force relations between KANERE, its host country of Kenya, and the UNHCR through two ongoing stories covered by KANERE: the broad rejection of the MixMe nutritional supplement and the expressed disdain for the camp’s World Refugees Day celebration. Using ethnographic and decolonizing methodologies, the author privileges the voices and perspectives of the KANERE editors and the Kakuma residents they interviewed in order to provide a ground-level view of refugee’s lived experiences in Kakuma. As KANERE records refugees’ experiences of life in the camp, they construct a narrative community that is simultaneously produced by and resistant to the regulations and control of camp administration and state sovereignty. In doing so, KANERE creates a transgressive space that reaches beyond the confines of the camp.


2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (10) ◽  
pp. 997-1003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrike Grote ◽  
Benjamin Schleenvoigt ◽  
Christine Happle ◽  
Christian Dopfer ◽  
Martin Wetzke ◽  
...  

Abstract Purpose Refugees often live in confined housing conditions with shared kitchen and sanitary facilities, rendering susceptible to communicable diseases. We here describe the outbreak, spread and self-limiting nature of a norovirus outbreak in a German refugee camp in the winter of 2015. Methods During a norovirus outbreak, data on clinical symptoms, nationality and living conditions was obtained in a refugee camp in northern Germany in the winter of 2015. Furthermore secondary data on norovirus outbreaks in 2015 was assessed. Results Amongst n = 982 refugees, n = 36 patients (3.7 %) presented with acute norovirus gastroenteritis. The vast majority of cases were children, only the first patient was admitted to the hospital. Intensified hygiene measures were implemented on day 2 of the outbreak, but new cases peaked on day 21 and occurred until one month after the first case. Different cultural backgrounds, eating habits and hygiene standards amongst the refugees made it particularly challenging to implement stringent isolation and hygiene measures. Despite these predisposing factors, only minor norovirus outbreaks were reported in refugee camps in 2015. Conclusion Adults refugees had a low attack rate of symptomatic norovirus infection, while small children are at high risk. Infection spreads despite hygiene measures and camp sites and staff should be prepared for the particular challenges of such situations with a particular focus on cultural-background specific implementation of hygiene measures.


Author(s):  
Matthew Waritay Guah

Many studies have looked at leadership during disasters and emergencies in a number of countries but hardly any has concentrated on developing countries and the implications of these nations' infrastructure, culture, and control systems. This chapter attempts to examine the leadership of Mrs. Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf, the first female president on the African continent, who led a global medical epidemic response during Liberia's recent Ebola crises. It identifies lessons to be learned by future leaders of developing countries as well as executives of non-governmental organizations frequently working on disaster relief projects around the globe.


Author(s):  
Hazem Smadi ◽  
Nader Al Theeb ◽  
Haneen Bawa’neh

Purpose It is essential to provide drinking water to affected population directly after a disaster. The purpose of this paper is to develop an optimization methodology that helps in the distribution of drinking water in post-disaster situations. Design/methodology/approach The research was conducted on two phases: phase 1 aims at identifying an appropriate way to deliver drinking water to refugee camps from external sources, considering required drinking water quantities and four possible sources of water with respect to cost and risk assessments. Phase 2 investigates drinking water distribution within a refugee camp using covering models. The MCLP–optimal number of facilities model is proposed to ensure that the water is distributed and delivered to all individuals in a camp with minimum number of water storage tanks required. A control policy is proposed to ensure the fair distribution of water to all targeted individuals. Findings Al-Za’atari refugee camp, located in northeast of Jordan, was considered as the case study for this research. The result showed that the appropriate way to deliver water to the camp is by using tanker–trucks, and a minimum number of five tanks are required to distribute water to individuals inside the camp with respect to tank locations and the allocation of tank of each area. Originality/value The proposed methodology is essential in decision making for the distribution of drinking water in refugee camps in short-term needs. The model adds important value to the literature as the proposed problem has no solution in the literature before.


1982 ◽  
Vol 72 (6) ◽  
pp. 589-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Feldstein ◽  
R Weiss

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